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Master of Arts / Department of Communication Studies, Theatre, and Dance / Charles J. Griffin / This rhetorical history study attempts to refocus the narrow debate on the concept of the “Separation of Church and State.” Most scholars and popular organizations primarily focus their determination of the original intent of the Establishment Clause on the views of James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and Virginia. However, according to the United States Constitution it takes three-fourths of the states and two-thirds of Congress to ratify an amendment. As a result, most arguments on this topic center on an extremely small minority of evidence: one of fourteen states, and only one of eighty-one members of Congress to determine the Founders’ original intent. This study reverses this trend and consults evidence from all the states involved as well as the records of Congress. Since comparable documents are vital to understanding history, all the state constitutions, state bills of rights, and state proposed amendments to the Federal Constitution are consulted as evidence at the beginning of this study. Additionally, every reference of religion in the above documents are individually presented in order to alleviate concerns of potential evidence manipulation. Further, the debates in Congress and the multiple drafts of the Establishment Clause are evaluated in the process of determining the Founders’ original intent. Throughout the study, several useful tables have been constructed in order to facilitate the processing and evaluation of such a large base of evidence. The results of this study indicate a lack of evidence for the contemporary view that the Founders’ intent was to create a total separation between church and state. From the specific religious concerns voiced in the state ratification debates of the Constitution, what religious limits were written into state constitutions/bills of rights, and the amendments that states proposed concerning religion; it becomes evident that the Founders’ intention was only to prevent a particular Christian denomination from becoming the established "National American Church.”

The problem of understanding political foundings is situated at the nexus between political philosophy and political science. This thesis rethinks founding by asking both the philosophical question of how political order comes into being, and the political science question of how to understand particular founding moments. These two questions stimulate and structure a dialogue between the works of Leo Strauss, Hannah Arendt and Eric Voegelin. The approach of founding in all three has a common starting point: they begin from ordinary experience and outline a political science that is mindful of the phenomenality of political life. I show that Strauss’s return to ordinary experience is partial. By limiting political life to the normative claims raised in it and submitting them to philosophical judgment, Strauss moves too quickly beyond political phenomena. His account of founding, as a consequence, vacillates between understanding particular founding acts and conceiving the perfect founding moment in abstract thought. Arendt’s work decisively shifts the problem on the side of practical understanding. Yet, her ontological account of action as appearance subtly displaces her concern for understanding historical actions. I move away from approaching historical foundings as a mode of appearing in the world, by recovering an account of action as experience. On that basis, I suggest a hermeneutics of experience which approaches foundings in light of the quest for meaning. With Voegelin founding is recovered as a symbol that exists only in the quest of understanding. Founding occurs in the experience of struggle to restore a reality that has become symbolically opaque. This experience is shared by the philosopher and the political actor; therefore to understand moments of founding requires the interweaving, and not separation, of political philosophy and political science. At the end, the quest of understanding founding moments is neither derivative, nor preparatory, but encompassing the philosophical question of how order comes into being.

The problem of this study was to determine the type of metals used in the foundries in the high schools of Texas and the treatment of these metals. The data for this study were provided by thirty metalworking instructors of Texas high schools. Of the Texas high schools offering foundry as part of their metalworking curriculum, all included aluminum as a basic metal. In addition, the amount of metals used and their treatment varied from school to school.

La présente recherche s’intéresse à l’évolution des finalités de l’université québécoise dans le contexte de mondialisation en opérant une analyse de contenu des politiques publiques concernant les universités (1998-2009). Notre démarche, qui s’ancre dans une approche socio-historique, a donné lieu à l’appréhension du concept de mondialisation par ses trois dimensions (économique, politique et culturelle), et celui des finalités de l’université par ses missions (formation, recherche et « troisième mission »). Le cadre conceptuel élaboré par la suite a permis d’examiner l’évolution des finalités de l’université dans sa complexité. L’analyse a permis de constater que les thématiques suivaient rarement une évolution linéaire, subissant tantôt une réification, tantôt une stagnation, ou carrément un changement de sens. L’analyse transversale des deux objets permet de dégager des tensions dialectiques qui s’alignent sur le mouvement des dimensions économique, politique et culturelle de la mondialisation. L’influence de la première entraîne un glissement sémantique qui redéfinit le rôle de l’université ainsi que la nature des savoirs à l’éclairage du discours sur l’économie des savoirs. Au plan de la dimension politique, l’application de la nouvelle gestion publique suscite aussi des glissements sémantiques, telle la réification de la définition de la qualité des missions. La dimension culturelle laisse quant à elle entrevoir une forme d’individualisation des rapports avec l’université, notamment en voyant le contrat social dans lequel l’université doit s’engager avec la société se déplacer vers un contrat de gestion. Si les documents font état d’une dichotomie entre savoirs désintéressés et savoirs utiles, il est proposé dans le cadre de cette recherche de dépasser ces oppositions qui finalement émergent de postures idéologiques. / This research focuses on the evolution of the aims of the Québec University in the context of globalization by completing a content analysis of public policies concerning universities (1998-2009). The method used is rooted in a socio-historical approach. It resulted in the comprehension of the concept of globalization in its three dimensions (economic, political and cultural), and the purpose of university by its missions (training, research and “third mission”). The conceptual framework subsequently developed allowed the examination of the evolution of the university's goals in its complexity. The analysis revealed that the themes rarely follow a linear evolution through time, but rather can undergo reification, stagnation, or change of meaning. The transversal analysis of the two objects draws dialectical tensions that are aligned with the movement of the economic, political and cultural dimensions of globalization. The influence of the first object causes a semantic shift which redefines the role of the University and the nature of knowledge in light of the knowledge economy. In terms of political dimension, the application of the new public management also raises semantic shifts, namely the reification of the definition of the quality of the missions. The cultural dimension, for its part, suggests a form of individualization of relationships to University, particularly in light of the social contract university must commit to, along with society moving towards a management contract. If the documents analysed show a dichotomy between disinterested and useful knowledge, it is proposed in the context of this research to look past these arguments, as they emerge from ideological positions.

Energy cooperatives have become an important player in the German energy transition. After two legal amendments in the Renewable Energy Act in 2012 and 2014 the number of new foundations dropped sig-nificantly. Several studies have investigated potential barriers and opportunities for energy cooperatives to expand their business model beyond energy production and adapt to the legal changes. This study aims to identify relevant factors that lead energy cooperatives to have a high or a low level of diversification. To this end, I interviewed board members of eight energy cooperatives and complemented the findings by the assessment of firm documents and newspaper articles. While no single factor seems to be decisive, the founding initiative, in particular a clear vision and concrete business goals correlate with the level of di-versification. Important is, that a high level of internal resources or strong support from the local govern-ment alone cannot explain a high level of diversification. Instead, I identified two important aspects, in-teractive effects and threshold effects, that help to understand why energy cooperatives have a high or low level of diversification. Interactive effects mean, that a negative performance in one factor, such as a low level of internal resources, can be outbalanced by a very positive performance in another factor, such as external resources or local political environment. Threshold effects mean, that apparently a certain perfor-mance of a factor might be sufficient to achieve a high level of diversification, whereas a high performance of all factors, also leads to a very high level of diversification, as was shown with one cooperative, that serves as best practice example and corresponds to the theoretical model as forecasted. That means future research should deal with the complex nature of energy cooperatives, as diversification and probably de-velopment in general cannot be explained by looking at single factors, such as the level of internal re-sources. The findings also suggest, that for some energy cooperatives the plan to adopt new business mod-els was already laid at the foundation and did not spontaneously emerge as response to the legal changes. A future study should investigate, whether that applies to energy cooperatives more generally, or was just found  to be  true  for the eight cases  studied  here. The role of external resources  to adopt  new  business models has to be emphasized and calls for more cooperation among energy cooperatives and with external partners, to continuously be important players for the energy transition.

O estudo relaciona temas relevantes e atuais: a economia solidária e a indústria têxtil e de confecção inserida no contexto contemporâneo da moda. As propostas da economia solidária vão ao encontro das questões sociais e ambientais, evidenciadas nos últimos anos em decorrência das revelações sobre a precarização do trabalho e a exploração de recursos naturais na cadeia têxtil e de confecção e, sugere uma nova forma de economia, que visa a geração de renda e trabalho. Por outro lado, apresentase relevante observar a aplicação de atributos relativos à construção da moda brasileira, que fazem referência à elementos da natureza tropical e edênica, considerados nesta pesquisa como referências do Mito Fundador. Como um empreendimento econômico solidário atuante na indústria têxtil e de confecção nacional poderia se desenvolver, a partir da identificação e aplicação de atributos da moda brasileira em sua produção? Este estudo propõe identificar atributos identitários relativos ao Mito Fundador que compõe a moda brasileira e verificar a aplicação de tais atributos em empreendimento econômicos solidários do setor de confecção. Para isso, foram realizados estudos de fundamentação teórica sobre economia solidária no Brasil e sua atuação na indústria têxtil e de confecção e sobre a moda brasileira sob a ótica do Mito Fundador, cujos resultados propiciaram a elaboração de sistematizações necessárias à criação de categorias de análise, respectivamente, sobre os temas de Economia Solidária e atributos identitários relativos ao mito fundador que compõe a moda brasileira contemporânea. Os resultados obtidos nas etapas bibliográfica e estudo de campo revelam que os princípios fundamentais da economia solidária estão presentes e regem as ações e decisões de cada empreendimento, sobretudo a ética, o respeito ao meio ambiente e a valorização do trabalhador, porém, ressalta-se como desafio do trabalho solidário concentrar-se em nichos de mercado ainda iniciantes e sem investimentos governamentais. Nos empreendimentos de economia solidária, a elaboração de peças com técnicas artesanais é um potencial de identidade do fazer manual brasileiro que promove os conceitos de economia solidária na parceria do trabalho cooperado de artesãs. A pesquisa conclui ser recomendável a ampliação de parcerias entre empreendimentos de economia solidária, a divulgação organizada para a transmissão de seus principais valores aos consumidores, o investimento governamental em educação e capacitação de trabalhadores e o processo de produção orientado por projetos concebidos com atuação da área de Design de forma colaborativa / The study relates relevant and current themes: the solidarity economy and the textile and clothing industry inserted in the contemporary context of fashion. Solidarity economys proposals meet the social and environmental issues evidenced in recent years as a result of the revelations about the precariousness of labor and the exploitation of natural resources in the textile and clothing chain, and proposes a new form of economy aimed at the generation of income and work to the excluded population. On the other hand, it is relevant to observe the application of attributes related to the construction of the Brazilian fashion that refer to the elements of tropical and Edenic nature, considered in this research as references of the Founding Myth. How could a solidary economic enterprise operating in the Brazilian textile and clothing industry develop from the identification and application of attributes of Brazilian fashion in its production? This study proposes to identify attributes related to the Founding Myth that composes the Brazilian fashion and verify the application of such attributes in solidarity economic enterprises of the clothing manufacturing sector with the intention of presenting development perspectives of solidarity economy in the textile and clothing industry in the current context of national fashion, as sustainable means of growth of the domestic market and participation in the foreign market. The results obtained in the bibliographic and field studies show that the fundamental principles of solidarity economy are present and govern the actions and decisions of each enterprise, above all, ethics, respect for the environment and the valorization of the worker, however, we emphasize the challenge of this work to be restricted to beginning niche markets and lacking government investments. In the solidarity economy enterprises, the elaboration of garments with artisan techniques is a potential of the Brazilian manual making that promotes the concepts of solidarity economy in the cooperative work of artisans. The research concludes that it is advisable the expansion of partnerships between solidarity economy enterprises, the organized dissemination for the transmission of its main values to consumers, government investment in education and training of workers and the production process oriented by projects conceived in the Design area in a collaborative manner

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magna Regina Dantas.pdf: 1261679 bytes, checksum: 32a237fe56504a4c23ebe22676f54dc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The current study aims at presenting a reading of Iracema, a novel by the romantic Brazilian poet, José de Alencar, and the biblical text Genesis 2-3 in order to investigate the possible dialogue between these two founding myths, since both Genesis and Iracema consist of literary writings which worry, one with the genealogy, the origin of mankind, and the other with the foundation, the origin of the Brazilian people. The present research, whose theme is: By glimpsing Iracema and at the light of Genesis 2-3, the sacrality of life a dialogue between two founding myths - is born out of the enchantment and of the interest by the literary world, by the profane and the sacred, from the very own life experience and educational background of the researcher, Magna Regina Dantas, and which has already been approached during her post-graduation Lato sensu course. Developed in the area of Religion and Symbolic Field from the Religious Sciences course, the research is relevant since it is significant relate Literature and Theology, a dialogue in season as well as provocative nowadays, and, at the same time, deepen the issue of the myth at the construction and recognition of a people, inserting itself at the bibliographic research that bases it theoretically. After a lot of research based on bibliographic references, one can conclude that, even though subjectively, both founding myths do dialogue. The elements that constitute heaven are present in both sceneries / O presente estudo tem por objetivo fazer uma leitura de Iracema do Romântico brasileiro José de Alencar e do texto bíblico Gênesis 2-3 e averiguar o possível diálogo entre os dois mitos fundantes, uma vez que, tanto Gênesis quanto Iracema, consistem em escritos literários preocupados um com a genealogia, a origem da humanidade, e o outro com a fundação, a origem do povo brasileiro. Essa pesquisa, cujo tema: No vislumbre de Iracema e à luz de Gênesis 2-3, a sacralidade da vida - Diálogo entre mitos fundantes, nasce do encantamento e do interesse pelo mundo literário, pelo profano e pelo sagrado, que se encontram na própria experiência de vida e de formação acadêmica da pesquisadora, Magna Regina Dantas, e já abordado em sua pós-graduação Lato sensu. Desenvolvida na área de Religião e Campo Simbólico do curso de Ciências da Religião, a pesquisa é relevante uma vez que é significante relacionar Literatura e Teologia, hoje um diálogo tão em voga e provocante, e ao mesmo tempo aprofundar a questão do mito na construção e reconhecimento de um povo e insere-se na pesquisa bibliográfica que a sustenta com um embasamento teórico. Após muitas pesquisas fundadas em um referencial bibliográfico conclui-se que, ainda que subjetivamente, os dois mitos fundantes dialogam, sim. Os elementos que constituem o paraíso estão presentes nos dois cenários

Tipos móveis de metal da Funtimod: contribuições para história tipográfica brasileira A fundição de tipos móveis de metal foi uma atividade primordial para o funcionamento das artes gráficas desde seu desenvolvimento, no século 15, até meados do século 20. Entretanto, as primeiras casas fundidoras foram instaladas no Brasil apenas no começo dos anos oitocentistas - quando a técnica ainda era realizada com procedimentos manuais -, poucos anos depois da corte portuguesa ter permitido a reprodução de impressos em território nacional. Inovações tecnológicas do século 19, principalmente máquinas fundidoras e equipamentos para gravar punções e matrizes, transformaram as oficinas de fundição em indústrias. Dentro deste contexto industrial, a Funtimod, objeto de estudo desta pesquisa de doutorado, operou durante quase todo o século 20. A empresa, que pode ser considerada a maior fundição de tipos brasileira, foi fundada na cidade de São Paulo, em 1932, por uma colaboração entre os alemães Karl H. Klingspor e Josef Tscherkassky, a empresa alemã-brasileira Sociedade Técnica Bremensis e a fundição suíça Haas, que estava representando a fundição alemã D. Stempel. Com filiais em Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Recife e Rio de Janeiro, a Funtimod serviu a indústria gráfica nos quatro cantos do País, comercializando máquinas e todo tipo de material tipográfico. Embora os tipos móveis de metal fundidos pela empresa sejam o foco desta investigação, o estudo de caso Funtimod também abordou sua trajetória histórica e a fábrica de tipos, por intermédio de coleta de dados em cinco fontes de evidência diferentes: registros, documentos, entrevistas, observações não-participantes e artefatos físicos. Desse modo, foi possível salientar a dependência de empresas alemãs para o desenvolvimento dos negócios no que tange aos produtos comercializados. Se a Funtimod estava aparelhada, nos moldes das fundições europeias, para manufaturar um tipo desde o desenho até a fundição, definitivamente, o design das faces não foi uma etapa valorizada. Grande parte dos tipos encontrados em nove catálogos da Funtimod, com repertórios tipográficos diferentes, foi identificada como sendo de origem alemã, principalmente das firmas D. Stempel e Klingspor. E, apesar de algumas faces não terem sido identificadas em outras fundições brasileiras ou estrangeiras, não foram encontradas evidências de que a Funtimod tenha lançado no Brasil alguma face com desenho original. A coleção de tipos Funtimod, por outro lado, é formada por faces representativas do começo do século 20, como Futura, Kabel, Memphis e Mondial, assim como revivals da Bodoni e Garamond. Análises comparativas dos tipos móveis de metal da Funtimod revelaram práticas singulares realizadas na fábrica de tipos brasileira. No meio de designs internacionalmente conhecidos, por exemplo, alguns caracteres, em especial os conjugados com os diacríticos til e cedilha, apresentam variações de forma, posicionamento, peso e tamanho na mesma face. As considerações desta investigação contribuem para a história tipográfica brasileira de uma forma particular, numa relação intrínseca com a Alemanha, que, sobretudo, levaram-me a questionar o quão brasileira a Funtimod realmente foi. / Type founding was one of the most important activities for the graphic arts since its beginning in the fifteenth century until the middle of twentieth century. However, the first type foundries were only installed in Brazil in the beginning of 1800s a few years after the Portuguese Court allowed printing in Brazilian lands, and when the technique was still performed with manual methods. Technical innovations developed in the nineteenth century, mainly, typecasting machines and pantograph punchcutting machines, which transformed type foundries into industries. Within this industrial context, Funtimod, the subject of this doctoral research and the largest Brazilian type foundry, operated during almost the entire twentieth century. Funtimod was founded in 1932 in São Paulo by a collaboration of two Germans (Karl H. Klingspor and Josef Tscherkassky), the German-Brazilian company Sociedade Técnica Bremensis, and the Swiss type foundry Haas. With branches in Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Recife e Rio de Janeiro, Funtimod supplied the graphic industry across the four corners of the country, selling all kinds of typographic materials as well as machines. Although the movable metal types cast by the company were the focus of this investigation, the case study of Funtimod also explored its historic development and the factory, through data gathered from multiple sources: specimens, documents, interviews, non-participant observations, and physical artefacts. Thereby, the evidence suggests Funtimod\'s reliance on German companies for its business development in respect to the products manufactured in Brazil. Seeing that Funtimod was equipped, like European foundries, to manufacture types from the design until the casting phases, definitely, the originality of the typeface\'s design was not considered valuable by the factory. The majority of faces, which were found in nine specimens with different typographic collections, were identified as being German, especially from D. Stempel and Klingspor foundries. Moreover, although some of the faces have not been identified in other foundries, evidence was not found that Funtimod had released in Brazil any face cast with an original design. Funtimod type collection, on the other hand, is composed with representative faces from the beginning of the twentieth century, such as Futura, Kabel, Memphis, Mondial, as well as revivals of Bodoni and Garamond. Comparative analysis of movable metal types from Funtimod revealed that singular practices were performed at the Brazilian type foundry. Among internationally well-known faces, for instance, some characters, especially the ones joined with the tilde and cedilla diacritics, presented variations in form, position, weight and size. The findings of this investigation contribute to the Brazilian typographic history in a particular way, in a intrinsic relationship with Germany, that, above all, led me to question how Brazilian Funtimod really was.