La probabilité de défaillance d’une structure sous séisme est représentée à l’aide de « courbes de fragilité ». Pour les estimer, nous proposons d’enrichir une base de données pré-existante à l’aide du modèle de l’article de F. Poirion et I. Zentner, Stochastic model construction of natural hazards given experimental data, qui se fonde sur la représentation de Karhunen-Loève. Les signaux générés sont triés par classes d’indicateur de nocivité sismique à l’aide d’un algorithme de partitionnement de données. Malgré la ressemblance certaine que présentent plusieurs signaux simulés, et les conséquences que nous tirons de ce problème, ils sont soumis à la structure. Les signaux de réponses résultants sont eux aussi enrichis, en prenant en compte certaines incertitudes afin de construire un intervalle autour de la courbe. La méthode fonctionne pour tout indicateur de nocivité sismique, et permet de s’affranchir de plusieurs hypothèses simplificatrices courantes. Les caractéristiques du scénario sismique sont conservées lors de l’enrichissement, et le processus modélisant le mouvement du sol garde toute sa généralité. Notre démarche est validée d’abord sur un cas simple, puis sur un cas industriel. / The failure probability of a structure under earthquake is represented with « fragility curves ». To estimate them, we propose to enrich a pre-existing data basis using the model of the article Stochastic model construction of natural hazards given experimental data, written by F. Poirion et I. Zentner, which is based on the Karhunen-Loeve expansion. The generated signals are sorted by seismic indicator classes using a data partitioning algorithm. Despite the resemblance between some simulated signals, and the consequences we draw from this problem, the structure is submitted to them. The resulting response signals are also enriched, taking into account uncertainties to construct an interval around the curve. The method works for any seismic indicator, and overcomes several common simplifying assumptions. The characteristics of the seismic scenario are preserved during the enrichment, and the process modeling the ground motion retains its generality. Our approach is first validated on a simple case, then on an industrial case.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22704号 / 工博第4751号 / 新制||工||1743(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 池田 芳樹, 教授 西山 峰広, 准教授 聲高 裕治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The structural organization of plant organs and tissues determine the intake potential through the ease of forage particle breakdown, the nature of the particles produced as well as the rate of passage from the rumen. The cell wall content of forages influences the amount of energy required for chewing, and accounts for a considerable proportion of the total energy requirement. In the past, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) has been used as the only feed characteristic to predict the filling effects of forages, but there is substantial evidence that NDF alone is inadequate to make these predictions. Forage fragility is defined as the relative rate at which the particle size of forages are reduced during processes such as chewing or milling, and forage fragility might be related to lignin concentration and digestibility, as well as to anatomical differences among plant species. The physical characteristics of feedstuffs are not measured regularly, and these physical characteristics in relation to their nutritional properties should be taken into account for more precise feed formulation. Through the measurement of grinding energy, the possibility exists to predict forage fragility as related to the chemical composition of forages, which could lead to improved predictions of animal chewing activity and energy usage during the process of chewing. In order to investigate the possibility of developing a model for the prediction of forage fragility, twenty eight different forage samples were collected from 11 different locations. Samples included legumes, C3- and C4- grasses. Dried samples were analysed for various chemical components, as well as 24-hour in vitro NDF digestibility (ivNDFd) and rate of NDF degradation (NDFkd). Dried samples were pre-cut with a knife mill, fitted with a 2 cm screen, after which particle size distribution for each sample was determined using a Retsch Sieve shaker. Ten g duplicate samples were milled with a laboratory hammer mill and an ultra-centrifugal mill, both fitted with a 1 mm screen, for the measurement of grinding energy. During the grinding process, energy usage of the specific mill was measured using a data logger with corresponding computer software and energy transducer. Energy measurements were reported as J/g sample on dry matter (DM) basis. The 2 cm samples were milled with the knife mill again, fitted with a 1 mm screen, after which particle size distribution was determined again to analyse change in particle distribution for each forage sample. The results of this study indicated that dry matter, nitrogen, ivNDFd, NDFkd and initial particle size (IPS) can all be associated with increased forage fragility, as there was a decrease in energy usage during grinding with an increase in any of the aforementioned components. The acid detergent fibre (ADF), NDF, total phenols (TP), non-tannic phenols (NTP), as well as the % change in particle size can all be associated with decreased forage fragility, as there was an increase in energy usage during grinding with an increase in any one of these components. It would be expected that acid detergent lignin (ADL) is also associated with decreased forage fragility; however, this can only be assumed as the results for the effect of lignin on forage fragility are inconclusive in this study. Literature on energy requirement for milling operations of forages is inadequate. Grinding energy is related to the stem mechanical properties (such as maximum cutting force and stem shear strength), and physical properties (such as stem diameter, DM density and moisture content). The use of grinding energy has the potential be a practical and useful measure to predict forage fragility, however, the relative contribution of factors such as original particle size, shape, surface area, morphology and many other factors toward the fragility of forages is difficult to predict. More research is needed on the prediction of forage fragility before it can be incorporated as a meaningful input into nutritional models such as NRC, CNCPS and AMTS. / Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / MScAgric / Unrestricted

This essay investigates questions concerning the illusion of control and how a change of attitude can counteract an irreversible deterioration of our living environment. The key question is how an artistic practice can help to challenge contemporary attitudes and the assumption that the living planet is an inexhaustible and limitless resource.  The aim is to explore three fields of experience where a shared and mutually independent relationship is possible: with ourselves, with our fellow human beings and with the living planet. It examines contemporary research that identify and describes the destructive development of a culture with an over-naturalized relationship to these thee fields of experience. It discusses how an artistic practice can operate on a methodological level to contribute to the development of this research from three perspectives: (a) by how it can relates to the materials used to communicate, (b) by how it is embodied or corporeal, and (c) by how it can apply what is called techniques of subjectivity. The essay also describes Tuva Widén’s specific piece exhibited at the spring exhibition at Konstfack 2020 and explains how the outlined methodological principles are applied in this specific work.

Les techniques de conception de lois de commande pour les systèmes linéaires ou hybrides avec contraintes conduisent souvent à des partitions de l’espace d’état avec des régions polyédriques convexes. Ceci correspond à des lois de commande par retour d’état affine (PWA) par morceaux associées `a une partition polyédrale de l’espace d’état. De telles lois de commande peuvent être effectivement mises en œuvre sur des plateformes matérielles pour des applications de commande en temps réel. Cependant, la robustesse des solutions explicites dépend de la précision du modèle mathématique des systèmes dynamiques. Les incertitudes dans le modèle du système posent de sérieux défis en ce qui concerne la stabilité et la mise en œuvre des lois de commande affines par morceaux. Motivé par les défis auxquels font face les solutions explicites par rapport aux incertitudes dans les modèles des systèmes dynamiques, cette thèse est principalement axée sur leur analyse et à leur retouche. La première partie de cette thèse vise à calculer les marges de robustesse pour une loi de commande PWA nominale donnée obtenue pour un système de temps discret linéaire. Les marges de robustesse classiques, c’est-à-dire la marge de gain et la marge de phase, considèrent la variation de gain et la variation de phase du modèle pour lequel la stabilité de la boucle fermée est préservée.La deuxième partie de la thèse vise à considérer des perturbations dans la représentation des sommets des régions polyédriques. Les partitions de l’espace d’état quantifiées perdent une partie des propriétés importantes des contrôleurs explicites: “non-chevauchement”, “convexité” et/ou “ invariance”. Deux ensembles différents appelés sensibilité aux sommets et marge de sensibilité sont déterminés pour caractériser les perturbations admissibles, en préservant respectivement la propriété de non-chevauchement et d’invariance du contrôleur. La troisième partie vise à analyser la complexité des solutions explicites en termes de temps de calcul et de mémoire. Une première comparaison entre les évaluations séquentielles et parallèles des fonctions PWA par l’algorithme ADMM (Alternating Direction Method of Multiplier) est faite. Ensuite, la complexité computationnelle des évaluations parallèles des fonctions PWA pour l’algorithme de couverture progressive (PHA) sur l’unit´e centrale de traitement (CPU) et l’unit´e de traitement graphique (GPU) est comparée. / The control design techniques for linear or hybrid systems with constraints lead often to off-line state-space partitions with non-overlapping convex polyhedral regions. This corresponds to a piecewise affine (PWA) state feedback control laws associated to polyhedral partition of the state-space. Such control laws can be effectively implemented on hardwares for real-time control applications. However, the robustness of the explicit solutions depends on the accuracy of the mathematical model of the dynamical systems. The uncertainties in the system model poses serious challenges concerning the stability and implementation of the piecewise affine control laws. Motivated by the challenges facing the explicit solutions for the uncertainties in the dynamical systems, this thesis is mostly related to their analysis and re-design. The first part of this thesis aims to compute robustness margins for a given nominal PWA control law obtained for a linear discrete-time system. Classical Robustness margin i.e., gain margin and phase margin, considers the gain variation and phase variation of the model for which the stability of the closed loop is preserved.The second part of the thesis aims to consider perturbation in the representation of the vertices of the polyhedral regions. The quantized state-space partitions lose some of the important property of the explicit controllers: “non-overlapping”, “convexity” and “invariant” characterization. Two different sets called vertex-sensitivity and sensitivity margin are defined and determined to characterize admissible perturbation preserving the non-overlapping and the invariance property of the controller respectively. The third part analyse the complexity of the explicit solutions in terms of computational time and memory storage. Sequential and parallel evaluations of the PWA functions for the Alternating Direction Method of Multiplier (ADMM) algorithm are compared. In addition a comparison of the computational complexity of the parallel evaluations of the PWA functions for the Progressive Hedging Algorithm (PHA) on the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) is made.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第19340号 / 情博第592号 / 新制||情||103(附属図書館) / 32342 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 多々納 裕一, 教授 矢守 克也, 教授 守屋 和幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DGAM

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In this investigation, seismic response of retaining walls constructed with cohesive and cohesionless backfill materials was studied. Fully dynamic analysis based on finite difference method was used to evaluate the performance of retaining walls during the earthquake. The analysis response was verified by the experimental study conducted on a retaining wall system with cohesive backfill material in the literature. The effects of cohesion and free-field peak ground acceleration (PGA) on seismic earth thrust, the point of action of earth thrust, and maximum wall moment during the earthquake were compared with analytical and experimental solutions. The numerical results were compared with various analytical solutions. The motion characteristics of the retaining wall during the earthquake were also considered. The relative displacement of the walls with various backfill cohesions, under different ground motions, and free-field PGAs were investigated. Current analytical and empirical correlations developed based on Newmark sliding block method for estimating retaining wall movement during earthquakes were compared with the numerical approach. Consequently, fragility analyses were conducted to determine the probability of damage to the retaining walls. To evaluate the fragility of the studied models, specific failure criterion was chosen for retaining walls based on the suggested methods in practice. Using numerical approaches, the effects of soil-wall interaction and wall rigidity on the seismic response of retaining walls were also evaluated in earthquake conditions for both cohesive and cohesionless backfill materials. According to the findings, practical correlations were presented for conducting the seismic design of retaining walls.