La Traité de Maastricht a institué la citoyenneté européenne. Envisagée initialement comme une conséquence de la nationalité d’un État membre, la notion a connu un développement extraordinaire au travers d’interprétations ambitieuses de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne. Statut fondamental des ressortissants des États membres, la citoyenneté de l’Union se conjugue avec la liberté de circulation et les droits fondamentaux pour mettre à l’épreuve le statut personnel. Le temps est ainsi venu de s’interroger sur l’aptitude de la citoyenneté européenne à devenir le terreau d’un renouveau de la méthode du droit international privé au sein de l’Union européenne. La citoyenneté de l’Union constitue un fondement à la généralisation d’une méthode de reconnaissance mutuelle en bouleversant le statut personnel / The Maastricht Treaty establishes the European citizenship. Initially conceived as a consequence of Member State’s nationality, the concept has incredibly increased through ambitious exegesis analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Fundamental status of nationals of the member States, EU citizenship brings together and fundamental Rights to improve the personal status. Time has now come to find out if or not the European citizenship will becomes the spring of a new Private international law method for the European Union. European citizenship constitutes the substructure of the globalization of a mutual recognition method, overthrowing the personal status.

La présente thèse traitant de la libre circulation des avocats tant du point de vue de la réglementation de l'Union que de sa mise en œuvre en Slovaquie comporte deux parties, la première traitant de la reconnaissance des diplômes et des qualifications professionnelles et des modalités d’exercice de la profession d’avocat et la deuxième relative à la prestation de services et à l’établissement des avocats. Grâce aux initiatives du législateur, mais aussi du juge de l’Union, la migration des avocats dans le marché intérieur européen a été largement facilitée, tout en préservant les sauvegardes de qualité des services juridiques prêtés par les avocats migrants dans l’Union européenne. S’agissant de la réglementation slovaque de la profession d’avocat, celle-ci est largement conforme au cadre juridique de l’Union. Néanmoins, certaines dispositions du droit slovaque transposant l’acquis de l’Union ne semblent pas être précisément transposées et conformes à la réglementation de l’Union correspondante. / The present thesis dealing with the free movement of lawyers both with respect to EU law and its implementation in Slovakia consists of two parts, the first part dealing with the recognition of diplomas and professional qualifications and conditions of exercise of the profession of lawyer and the second part concerning the provision of services by and establishment of lawyers. Thanks to the initiatives of the EU legislator, but also of EU courts, migration of lawyers in the internal European market has been largely facilitated, whilst preserving the guarantees of quality of legal services provided by migrating lawyers in the EU. As far as the Slovak rules on the profession of lawyer are concerned, these are largely consistent with the EU legal framework. Nonetheless, certain provisions of Slovak law transposing the EU acquis do not seem to be precisely transposed and consistent with the corresponding EU rules.

The topic of the thesis is Regulation (EC) No 1896/2006 of the EP and of the Council of 12 December 2006 creating a European order for payment procedure. Regulation established an additional and optional means for the claimant, with the purpose to simplify, speed up and reduce the costs of litigation in cross-border cases concerning uncontested pecuniary claims and to permit the free circulation of European orders for payment throughout the Member States without any intermediate proceedings prior to recognition and enforcement. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the current shape of legislation, its interpretation by the ECJ and existing practical experiences with the application of the tool in the Czech Republic. Chapter one is devoted to the development in the field of judicial cooperation in civil matters, called as well as European civil procedure, and to the summary of the existing regulations. Chapter two deals with the thorough analysis of the laid down proceedings and its consecutive phases. It also contains the evaluation of these regulatory efforts. Chapter three focuses on the analysis of a reference for a preliminary ruling in the Case C-215/11 Szyrocka which is not yet decided. The reference depicts problematic points of coordination between the Regulation and civil procedures of Member States. Last chapter pursues the application of the European order for payment in the Czech judicial system. It summarizes the statistical data about usage of the procedure in the Czech Republic. Moreover, it presents the findings of the qualitative research carried out at thirty district and regional courts.

Die Arbeit untersucht aus der Perspektive der Arbeitsmigration die Niederlassungsrechte der Staatsangehörigen und der Unternehmen aus Mittel- und Osteuropa in der Europäischen Union im Zeitraum 1990-2009. Erörtert werden das relevante EU-Recht und die entsprechenden nationalen Regelungen am Beispiel Deutschland und Bulgarien. Behandelt werden u.a. unterschiedliche Fallkonstellationen, in denen die gewährten Niederlassungsrechte nicht zweckentsprechend genutzt werden. Untersucht werden dabei die rechtlichen Aspekte der unlauteren Nutzung der erwähnten Niederlassungsrechte als eine ungewöhnliche Form der legalen Migration aus Mittel- und Osteuropa. Diese können unter bestimmten Umständen als Mittel eines legalen Zugangs zu sonst gesperrten Arbeitsmärkten der „alten“ EU-Mitgliedstaaten dienen oder als Instrumentarium für eine Aufenthaltsverfestigung in Hinsicht auf die Versuche, durch die Niederlassungsrechte einen vorher unrechtmäßigen Aufenthalt in einem EU-Mitgliedstaat zu legalisieren. Die Untersuchung berücksichtigt die relevante Rechtsprechung im Bereich und verläuft komplex auf drei Ebenen - auf Ebene des internationalen Privatrechts Bulgariens, des EU-Rechts und des deutschen alten und neuen Ausländerrechts. / The dissertation examines the right of establishment of nationals and companies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in the European Union from the perspective of labour migration. It discusses the relevant EU legislation combining the corresponding German and Bulgarian national regulations over the period 1990-2009. The dissertation presents inter alia different constellations, in which the right of establishment is not used according to the spirit and purpose of the law. It analyzes the legal aspects of such unfair practices as a nontypical form of legal migration from Central and Eastern Europe in the European Union. In the years preceding the EU accession 2004/2007 and in the transitional periods after that the labour markets of the “old” EU Member States were subject of restrictive regulations. That fact provoked the CEE nationals under certain circumstances to use the right of establishment improperly - as an instrument for a legal access to the aforementioned labour markets, as a tool for acquiring a permanent residence status in the host country or even as an attempt to legalize an illegal residence. The study takes into account the relevant EU and German case law and runs complex on three levels - on the level of EU law and on the level of the corresponding Bulgarian and German law.

<p>The Latvian building company Laval un Partneri Ltd (Laval) posted Latvian construction workers at the rebuilding of a school in Vaxholm in autumn 2004. Because the company refused to sign a collective agreement with Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundet (Byggnads), which is the Swedish trade union for constructions workers, Byggnads put the construction site under a boycott. Next Laval sued Byggnads for damages in the Swedish Labour Court (AD) because Laval considers the boycott as well as Byggnad´s demand that Laval signs a collective agreement incompatible with EC Law. AD has now demanded a preliminary ruling from the European Court of Justice (ECJ). While waiting for the preliminary ruling from the ECJ, several important questions of principle stand unanswered. Two such questions are whether Lex Britannia and the way in which Sweden har implemented the directive for posted workers (96/71/EC) are compatible with EC Law. In this thesis the author seeks to answer these two questions.</p> / <p>Det lettiska byggbolaget Laval un Partneri Ltd (Laval) utstationerade under hösten 2004 lettiska byggarbetare på ett skolbygge i Vaxholm. Eftersom bolaget vägrade teckna kollektivavtal med Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundet (Byggnads) satte Byggnads bygget i blockad. Laval stämde därefter Byggnads i Arbetsdomstolen (AD) och krävde skadestånd eftersom Laval anser att blockaden, liksom Byggnads krav på att Laval skulle teckna kollektivavtal, strider mot EG-rätten. AD har nu begärt ett förhandsavgörande i målet från EG-domstolen. I avvaktan på EG-domstolens avgörande står flera principiellt viktiga frågor i målet obesvarade. Dessa är bl a huruvida Lex Britannia och Sveriges sätt att implementera utstationeringsdirektivet (96/71/EG) är förenliga med EG-rätten. Det är dessa frågor som författaren ämnar besvara i uppsatsen.</p>

The Latvian building company Laval un Partneri Ltd (Laval) posted Latvian construction workers at the rebuilding of a school in Vaxholm in autumn 2004. Because the company refused to sign a collective agreement with Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundet (Byggnads), which is the Swedish trade union for constructions workers, Byggnads put the construction site under a boycott. Next Laval sued Byggnads for damages in the Swedish Labour Court (AD) because Laval considers the boycott as well as Byggnad´s demand that Laval signs a collective agreement incompatible with EC Law. AD has now demanded a preliminary ruling from the European Court of Justice (ECJ). While waiting for the preliminary ruling from the ECJ, several important questions of principle stand unanswered. Two such questions are whether Lex Britannia and the way in which Sweden har implemented the directive for posted workers (96/71/EC) are compatible with EC Law. In this thesis the author seeks to answer these two questions. / Det lettiska byggbolaget Laval un Partneri Ltd (Laval) utstationerade under hösten 2004 lettiska byggarbetare på ett skolbygge i Vaxholm. Eftersom bolaget vägrade teckna kollektivavtal med Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundet (Byggnads) satte Byggnads bygget i blockad. Laval stämde därefter Byggnads i Arbetsdomstolen (AD) och krävde skadestånd eftersom Laval anser att blockaden, liksom Byggnads krav på att Laval skulle teckna kollektivavtal, strider mot EG-rätten. AD har nu begärt ett förhandsavgörande i målet från EG-domstolen. I avvaktan på EG-domstolens avgörande står flera principiellt viktiga frågor i målet obesvarade. Dessa är bl a huruvida Lex Britannia och Sveriges sätt att implementera utstationeringsdirektivet (96/71/EG) är förenliga med EG-rätten. Det är dessa frågor som författaren ämnar besvara i uppsatsen.

<p>The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of liberalisation of trade in services on African LDCs by highlighting the importance of services trade through Mode 4 (temporary movement of natural persons).37 The paper will examine the nature of liberalisation to this Mode under the existing GATS framework, critically analyse the constraints on engaging in negotiations, specifically the national barriers that are hindering this movement, and make suggestions on ways of improving the nature of commitments on movement of natural persons in terms of Mode 4 to favour LDCs as laid down in Article VI of the GATS.</p>

Never before in history has the amount of international trade been higher or more efficient than it is today. The fastest growing type of trade is the speculative currency trading, searching for instant profit based only on the anticipation of the variations in currency exchange rates. When currency speculation becomes an influential part of the capital flows it becomes harmful and creates instability of currency systems. Exchange rates starts to fluctuate due to the will and anticipation of speculators rather than the economic health of the country associated with the currency. This has led to recurring currency crises all over the world and an increased interest in regulatory mechanisms. One of the most discussed mechanisms proposed to handle this harmful evolution of the foreign exchange markets is the Currency Transaction Tax (CTT). The CTT stipulates a low tax (0.1 per cent) on all currency transaction to curb the incitement of short-term speculation based on a large amount of smaller transactions. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether an implementation of a CTT is compatible with the EU treaties. This purpose consists of two research questions; whether the CTT is in conformity with the substantive law of the EU, more precisely the free movements of capital, and if the CTT is in conformity with the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the exclusive power of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) over monetary policy. Since this thesis aims to identify if the CTT is in conformity with existing legislation, the traditional doctrinal method is used for identifying and analysing potential difficulties with the CTT and to interpret these provisions in the light of ECJ case law and literature. The thesis concludes that the CTT is in conformity with the EU treaties. It does however require the full cooperation of the ESCB and ECB to achieve the objectives; to create a more stable currency market. The CTT is ready to implement.

Laisvo pacientų judėjimo Europos Teisingumo teismo jurisprudencijoje tema yra aktuali, kadangi Europos Teisingumo teismui tenka pagrindinis vaidmuo kilus abejonėms dėl Europos Bendrijos taisyklių taikymo srities, jų taikymo atskirais atvejais ir jų išaiškinimo nacionalinės teisės aktų atžvilgiu. Tema yra nauja, kadangi darbe nagrinėjamos naujausios Europos Teisingumo teismo bylos pacientų judėjimo srityje, analizuojamas jų poveikis Lietuvos teisės aktams, reglamentuojantiems gydymąsi užsienyje. Tiriama problema – laisvo asmenų judėjimo kliūtys ES bei nacionalinės teisės lygmenyje. Magistro baigiamojo darbo tyrimo objektas – laisvas pacientų judėjimas ETT jurisprudencijoje. Magistrinio darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti ETT jurisprudencijos įtaką laisvam pacientų judėjimui ES, EEE šalyse bei Šveicarijoje, jos pagrindu sukurti praktines rekomendacijas Lietuvos teisės aktų, reglamentuojančių laisvą pacientų judėjimą, tobulinimui. Uždaviniai: atskleisti laisvo pacientų judėjimo sampratą; išanalizuoti ETT jurisprudenciją pacientų judėjimo srityje; įvertinti ETT jurisprudencijos poveikį Lietuvos teisei; remiantis atlikta analize, pateikti savo vertinimus ir pasiūlymus Lietuvos teisės aktų pacientų mobilumo srityje tobulinimui. Hipotezė: ETT jurisprudencija sąlygoja pacientų mobilumo didėjimą; laisvą pacientų judėjimą ES reglamentuojantys nacionaliniai teisės aktai yra tobulintini vadovaujantis suformuota ETT praktika. Darbe naudoti mokslinio tyrimo metodai: loginis, lingvistinis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The theme of this Master’s thesis is relevant since the European Court of Justice plays the main role when there are doubts concerning application area of the European rules, their application in individual cases, and their explication with regard to the national legislation. The subject is new as new cases from the European Court of justice and their implication on the Lithuanian legislation regulating treatment abroad are analyzed. Obstacles of free patient movement at the level of the European Union and at the national level comprise the problem of this thesis. The object of this research is free movement of patients in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice. The aim of this Master’s work was to analyze the impact of jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice on the free mobility of patients in the countries of the European Union, European Economic Area and Switzerland, and on the basis hereof to create practical recommendations for the improvement of the Lithuanian legislation in the patient mobility area. Hypothesis: jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice stimulates movement of patients; national legislation regulating free movement of patients within the European Union must be improved on the basis of the practice of the European Court of Justice. The following scientific research methods were applied: logical, linguistic, systemic analysis, documentary, analysis of the scientific methodologic literature. Results. 7 new cases since 2004 from the... [to full text]

<p>The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of liberalisation of trade in services on African LDCs by highlighting the importance of services trade through Mode 4 (temporary movement of natural persons).37 The paper will examine the nature of liberalisation to this Mode under the existing GATS framework, critically analyse the constraints on engaging in negotiations, specifically the national barriers that are hindering this movement, and make suggestions on ways of improving the nature of commitments on movement of natural persons in terms of Mode 4 to favour LDCs as laid down in Article VI of the GATS.</p>