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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
211

Formation, characterization, and chemical reactions of free radicals in lignin

Hon, Nyok-Sai January 1985 (has links)
Free radicals are produced in lignin during mechanical treatment and irradiation with light of various wavelengths. During mechanical treatment, the lignin macromolecule is degraded severely as revealed by ESR and viscosity measurements. Several types of mechano-radicals are produced in lignin during the mechanical process. Among these the phenoxy radicals are rather stable, where carbon-radicals are labile at ambient conditions. Transient mechano-radicals reacted readily with oxygen molecules to produce peroxy radicals even at 77°K, but they decayed rapidly at ambient temperature. Photodegradation of lignin was observed when macromolecule was irradiated with light of λ<3500 Å as revealed by ESR, viscosity, and weight loss. Phenoxy radicals are the predominant intermediates in the photoirradiated lignin as shown by ESR studies. Elimination of side chains of lignin phenyl propane units took effect in α-carbonyl group bearing molecules. By contrast, β aryl ether substituents adjacent to α-carbonyl groups caused ether cleavage under identical conditions of photoirradiation. This is attributed to energy transferred from excited α-carbonyl groups to the ether bonds. The α-carbonyl groups also functioned as photosensitizers accelerating photochemical reactions of lignin. Termination and decomposition reactions of mechano-radicals and photoinduced free radicals in lignin ultimately lead to the formation of para- and ortho-quinones, carbonyl groups, and double bonds which cause the color of lignin. These potential choromophoric groups can be partially removed from lignin by using ultraviolet light of λ> 4000 Å; and they can be completely removed by irradiation of lignin in the presence of dioxane-water with light of λ>3500 Å. Experimental findings suggest chat chromophoric groups in lignin were being trapped or blocked by dioxanyl radicals resulting in brightening. However, the photoreduced lignin-adduct suffered color reversion. This adverse effect can be prevented by using 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone as a photostabilizer. The feasibility of applying photoreduction techniques to high- yield pulps was demonstrated. However, optimal experimental conditions for photoreduction of lignin in high-yield pulps have not been established yet. / Ph. D.
212

Impact of Myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants on the product profile of human 5-Lipoxygenase

Zschaler, Josefin, Dorow, Juliane, Schöpe, Louisa, Ceglarek, Uta, Arnhold, Jürgen 23 May 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) oxidizes arachidonic acid to 5S-hydroperoxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HpETE) and leukotriene (LT) A4. In neutrophils, LTA4 is further converted to the potent chemoattractant LTB4. These cells also contain the heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), which produces several potent oxidants such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which are involved in pathogen defense and immune regulation. Here, we addressed the question whether MPO-derived oxidants are able to affect the activity of 5-LOX and the product profile of this enzyme. Human 5-LOX was incubated with increasing amounts of HOCl or HOBr. Afterward, arachidonic acid metabolites of 5-LOX were analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography as well as by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The incubation of 5-LOX with the MPO-derived oxidants significantly changed the product profile of 5-LOX. Thereby, HOCl and HOBr increased the ratio of 5-H(p)ETE to 6-trans-LTB4 in a concentration-dependent manner. At low oxidant concentrations, there was a strong decrease in the yield of 6-trans-LTB4, whereas 5-HpETE did not change or increased. Additionally, the formation of 8-HpETE and 12-HpETE by 5-LOX rose slightly with increasing HOCl and HOBr. Comparable results were obtained with the MPO-H2O2-Cl– system when glucose oxidase and glucose were applied as a source of H2O2. This was necessary because of a strong impairment of 5-LOX activity by H2O2. In summary, MPO-derived oxidants showed a considerable impact on 5-LOX, impairing the epoxidation of 5-HpETE, whereas the hydroperoxidation of arachidonic acid was unaffected. Apparently, this was caused by an oxidative modification of critical amino acid residues of 5-LOX. Further work is necessary to assess the specific type and position of oxidation in the substrate-binding cavity of 5-LOX and to specify whether this interaction between 5-LOX and MPO-derived oxidants also takes place in stimulated neutrophils.
213

The Beneficial Effects of Hypercapnia, and the Detrimental Effects of Peroxynitrite, in Chronic Neonatal Lung Injury

Masood, Azhar 10 January 2012 (has links)
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic neonatal lung injury (CNLI) affecting infants of < 32 weeks gestation, which has a significant associated morbidity and mortality. The hallmarks of BPD as seen in the current era are arrested alveologenesis and parenchymal thickening. Those most severely affected may develop pulmonary hypertension which worsens the prognosis. No effective preventive therapy exists. Generation of damaging reactive oxygen species is implicated in its development. The more recently recognized reactive nitrogen species may also contribute to this disease. Thus, there is considerable interest in preventive antioxidant therapies, but results to date have not been promising. Newborn rats, exposed to 60% O2 for 14 days, develop a parenchymal injury and pulmonary hypertension that resembles the morphological features of human BPD. Previous studies have shown that following exposure to 60% O2, a pulmonary influx of neutrophils is followed by that of macrophages. Inhibiting the influx of neutrophils prevents the generation of reactive oxygen species, while simultaneously enhancing postnatal lung growth. Other interventions have shown that development of pulmonary hypertension is dependent upon increases in both 8-isoprostane and its downstream regulator of vascular tone, endothelin-1. Gentler ventilation strategies, incorporated to minimize induction of stretch-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines, have shown benefits of permissive hypercapnia in adult lung injury. Multicentre clinical trials of permissive hypercapnia in neonates have not shown benefit. Therapeutic hypercapnia has been demonstrated to have a protective effect of PaCO2 in both acute studies of ventilator-induced and ischemia-reperfusion injuries in animal models. In the studies reported herein, therapeutic hypercapnia was found to completely protect against CNLI and attenuate 60% O2-induced macrophage-derived protein nitration. The likely nitrating agent was macrophage-derived peroxynitrite. The critical role of peroxynitrite, in the development of chronic neonatal lung injury in this model, was confirmed using a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst. This protected against the impairments of alveolarization and of pulmonary vascularization induced by 60% O2. These results suggest a more significant role for reactive nitrogen species than previously recognized. Finally, preliminary evidence is presented supporting a role for neutrophil-derived elastase in initiating the macrophage influx in the lungs, required for peroxynitrite generation, during 60% O2-mediated injury.
214

Distance measurements using pulsed EPR : noncovalently bound nitroxide and trityl spin labels

Reginsson, Gunnar Widtfeldt January 2013 (has links)
The function of biomacromolecules is controlled by their structure and conformational flexibility. Investigating the structure of biologically important macromolecules can, therefore, yield information that could explain their complex biological function. In addition to X ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods, pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods, in particular the pulsed electron electron double resonance (PELDOR) technique has, during the last decade, become a valuable tool for structural determination of macromolecules. Long range distance constraints obtained from pulsed EPR measurements, make it possible to carry out structural refinements on structures from NMR and X ray methods. In addition, EPR yields distance distributions that give information about structural flexibility. The use of EPR for structural studies of biomacromolecules requires in most cases site specific incorporation of paramagnetic centres known as spin labelling. To date, spin labelling nucleic acids has required complex spin labelling chemistry. The first application of a site directed and noncovalent spin labelling method for distance measurements on DNA is described. It is demonstrated that noncovalent spin labelling with a rigid spin label can afford detailed information on internal DNA dynamics using PELDOR. Furthermore, it is shown that noncovalent spin labelling can be used to study DNA protein complexes. PELDOR can also yield information about spin label orientation. Therefore, spin labels with limited flexibility can be used to measure the relative orientation of the spin labelled sites. Although information on orientation can be obtained from 9.7 GHz PELDOR measurements in selected applications, measurements at 97 GHz or higher, increases orientation selection. It is shown that PELDOR measurements on semi rigid and rigid nitroxide biradicals using a home built high power 97 GHz EPR spectrometer (Hiper) and model based simulations yield quantitative information on spin label orientations and dynamics. The most widely used spin labels for EPR studies on biomacromolecules are the aminoxyl (nitroxide) radicals. The major drawbacks of nitroxide spin labels include low sensitivity for distance measurements, fast spin spin relaxation in solution and limited stability in reducing environments. Carbon centered triarylmethyl (trityl) radicals have properties that could eliminate some of the limitations of nitroxide spin labels. To evaluate the use of trityl spin labels for nanometer distance measurements, models systems with trityl and nitroxide spin labels were measured using PELDOR and Double Quantum Coherence (DQC). This study shows that trityl spin labels yield reliable information on interlabel distances and dynamics, establishing the trityl radical as a viable spin label for structural studies on biomacromolecules.
215

Café (Coffea arabica, L.) submetido a diferentes condições de torrefação: caracterização química e avaliação da atividade antioxidante e sensorial / Coffee (Coffea arabica, L.) submitted to different roasting conditions: chemical characterization and evaluation of sensorial and antioxidant activity

Araujo, Fabiana Amaral 23 January 2007 (has links)
A avaliação da atividade antioxidante de compostos fenólicos em vegetais tem sido estudada como alternativa ao uso de antioxidantes sintéticos como butil hidroxi tolueno (BHT). No presente trabalho foi avaliada a capacidade antioxidante in vitro dos extratos (etéreo, etanólico e aquoso) e frações de ácidos fenólicos (livres, ésteres de ácidos fenólicos solúveis e ácidos fenólicos insolúveis ligados) do café in natura e torrado em diferentes condições de tempo (10 e 20 min) e temperatura (140ºC, 160ºC e 180ºC). As análises in vitro foram realizadas através do sistema &#946;-caroteno e ácido linoléico (que indica a inibição da oxidação em meio emulsionado) e pelo método do Rancimat (que indica a inibição da oxidação em meio lipídico). Em ambos os métodos alguns extratos e todas as frações de ácidos fenólicos apresentaram atividade antioxidante igual ou superior ao BHT nas mesmas concentrações. Independente das condições de torrefação aplicadas, o extrato aquoso apresentou a maior atividade antioxidante em função do maior conteúdo de fenólicos. Os fatores cinéticos obtidos demonstraram também resultados maiores que o BHT. O perfil de ácidos fenólicos das frações foi caracterizado por cromatografia gasosa sendo identificados os seguintes ácidos fenólicos: salicílico, ferúlico, caféico, sinápico, clorogênico, quínico, p-cumárico, gentísico e protocatequínico. Foi realizada a avaliação sensorial da infusão de café não havendo diferença estatística entre as amostras mais torradas cujas torras estão próximas das amostras comerciais (p< 0,05). Com base nesses dados a amostra torrada a 180ºC/10 min foi utilizada na avaliação do potencial antioxidante in vivo. Para tanto, ratos Wistar foram suplementados por 30 dias com diferentes doses do extrato aquoso de café torrado (180ºC/10 min). As doses ministradas foram eficientes para evitar a oxidação dos tecidos plasmático, hepático, cerebral e cardíaco quando avaliados pelo método de TBARS (substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico) sendo observado efeito dose resposta em todos os tecidos exceto no cardíaco (p< 0,05). O perfil lipídico do plasma dos animais suplementados em relação ao grupo controle indicou também que o extrato aquoso de café foi eficiente para inibir a oxidação dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (p< 0,05). Os dados aqui apresentados sugerem o uso potencial do extrato aquoso de café como antioxidante tanto como aditivo quanto o seu consumo como bebida desde que o extrato aquoso apresentou a maior atividade antioxidante. / Evaluation of antioxidant activity of plant phenolic compounds has been studied as an alternative to the use of synthetic antioxidants, such as butil-hydroxy -toluene (BHT). In this paper we evaluated the in vitro antioxidant capacity of coffee extracts (ether, ethanol and aqueous) and fractions ( free, bound and unbound) roasted for different periods of time ( 0 and 20 min) and at varying temperatures (140&#186;C, 160&#186;C and 180&#186;C). In vitro analyses were made both by the &#946;-carotene and linoleic acid (that indicates oxidation inhibition in an emulsion) as well as by the Rancimat method (that indicates oxidation inhibition in lipid medium). All extracts and fractions presented antioxidant activity equal to or higher than BHT at the same concentrations. Aqueous extract had a higher antioxidant activity due to its higher phenolic content. Kinetic factors obtained were also higher than those of BHT. The fractions\' phenolic acid profile was characterized by gaseous chromatography, identifying the following phenolic acids ( eu acrescentaria: with antioxidant activity, ou antioxidant potential]: salicylic, ferulic coffeic, synaptic, chlorogenic quinic, p-cusmaric ,gentisic and protocatechinic . No statistic differences were obtained in sensorial evaluation of coffee infusion between more intensely roasted samples, which are close to those of commercial samples (p> 0.05). Based on these results the 180&#186;C/10 min sample was used in evalution of antioxidative potential in vivo . For this purpose Wistar rats received a daily dietary complement of different doses of roasted (180&#186;C/10 min) coffee aqueous extract. Administered doses were efficient in avoiding oxidation of plasmatic, hepatic, cerebral and cardiac tissues as evaluated by the TBARS method (substances reactive to thio-barbituric acid) a dosis-response effect being observed for all but the cardiac tissue (p> 0.05). The plasmatic lipidic profile of supplemented animals also indicated efficiency in oxidation inhibition of poli-unsaturated fatty-acids as compared to control group results (p> 0.05). The data presented suggest the potential usefulness of aqueous coffee extract as an antioxidant, when administered as an additive as well as consumed as a beverage, since the aqueous extract had the highest antioxidative activity.
216

Influência da leucose enzoótica bovina na atividade oxidativa de leucócitos / Influence of bovine enzootic leukosis on respiratory burst activity of leukocytes

Azedo, Milton Ricardo 14 March 2007 (has links)
Diferentes populações de leucócitos desempenham papeis fundamentais na eliminação de agentes invasores através da sua fagocitose e destruição, utilizando-se de mecanismos dependentes (metabolismo oxidativo) e independentes de oxigênio. Baseando-se na hipótese de que o vírus da Leucose Enzoótica Bovina, uma enfermidade crônica, que afeta, particularmente, os órgãos ricos em tecido linfóide destes animais, altera quantitativa e qualitativamente as subpopulações de leucócitos circulantes dos bovinos, influenciando na qualidade da resposta imunológica inata destes animais, o presente estudo avaliou a produção intracelular de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) por leucócitos circulantes, frente estímulo in vitro com forbol 12-miristato 13-acetato (PMA), lipopolissacarídeos de Escherichia coil (LPS) e após fagocitose de Staphylococcus aureus conjugados com iodeto de propídio (Sa-PI). Para tal, células foram obtidas de cinco vacas negativas no diagnóstico para LEB, de cinco vacas naturalmente infectadas pelo vírus da leucose bovina (VLB), alinfocitóticas, e de cinco vacas infectadas, manifestando linfocitose persistente (LP), e analisadas por citometria de fluxo. Foi averiguada a normalidade da distribuição dos resultados, utilizando-se do teste de Anderson-Darling, e sua homoscedasticidade, utilizando-se do teste F ou do teste de Lavene. Para a análise das freqüências observadas, foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado. Para a avaliação das diferenças entre as médias dos resultados obtidos, foram feitos os testes de análise de variância (One-way ANOVA), de Tukey-Kramer, teste t de Student, de Mann-Whitney ou de Kruskal-Wallis. A porcentagem média total de células produzindo H2O2, caracterizada pela intensidade de fluorescência da 2,7-diclorofluoresceína, no ensaio sem estímulo in vitro, de 30,60%, foi menor (p=0,005) que aquela observada no ensaio com adição in vitro de LPS, de 52,00%, e que aquela obtida no ensaio com adição in vitro de PMA, de 63,13%. A porcentagem média total de células produzindo H2O2 no ensaio com estímulo por fagocitose in vitro de SaPI, de 47,47%, não diferiu da observada no ensaio sem estímulo. As porcentagens médias totais de células produzindo H2O2 não diferiram entre os ensaios em que houve prévio estímulo in vitro. Não houve diferença na porcentagem de leucócitos que estavam produzindo H2O2, entre os grupos experimentais, todavia, a produção intracelular média de H2O2, sem estímulo in vitro (p=0,007), após adição in vitro de PMA (p<0,001), de LPS (p=0,001) ou após fagocitose (p=0,002), de leucócitos obtidos de animais apresentando LP, foi menor que aquela verificada em células provenientes de animais soronegativos e de animais soropositivos alinfocitóticos. A porcentagem de leucócitos realizando fagocitose, caracterizada pela intensidade de fluorescência do iodeto de propídio, entre as células obtidas de animais com LP, de 7,20%, foi menor que aquela verificada nas amostras coletadas de animais soronegativos, de 12,90%, e soropositivos alinfocitóticos, de 14,70% (p=0,047). Além disso, as células provenientes de animais com LP apresentaram uma menor intensidade de fagocitose que aquela observada em leucócitos de animais soronegativos e soropositivos alinfocitóticos (p<0,001). Assim, os resultados obtidos demonstram uma vulnerabilidade funcional em leucócitos sangüíneos obtidos de animais infectados pelo VLB, manifestando LP. / Different leukocyte populations play key roles on the elimination of foreign antigens through phagocytosis and killing by oxygen-independent and -dependent (respiratory burst) mechanisms. Assuming that Enzootic Bovine Leukosis virus (BLV), that causes a chronic disease, and affects, mainly, lymphoid tissues, alters bovine circulating leukocyte subpopulations quantitatively and qualitatively, and influences the innate immune response, this study evaluated the intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) of circulating leukocytes after in vitro stimuli with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS), or phagocytosis of propidium iodide-labeled Staphylococcus aureus (PI-Sa). Cells were obtained from five BLV-negative cows, five naturally BLV-infected, non-lymphocytotic cows, and five BLV-positive cows with persistent lymphocytosis (PL), and analyzed by flow cytometry. Normality was tested using the Anderson-Darling test, followed by an F test or a Lavene\'s test to analyze the equality of variances. Differences among frequencies were tested using the Qui-square test. Differences among means were verified by a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a Turkey-Kramer test, or a Student t-test, a Mann-Whitney U-test, or a Kruskal-Wallis test. Mean total percentage of H2O2-producing cells, characterized by the intensity of 2,7-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, in the assay without in vitro stimulus (30.60%) was smaller (p=0.005) than that verified in the assay after in vitro addition of LPS (52.00%), and after addition of PMA (63.13%). Mean total percentage of H2O2-producing cells in the assay with stimulus by in vitro phagocytosis of PI-Sa (47.47%) was not different from that verified in the assay without in vitro stimulus. Mean total percentages of H2O2-producing leukocytes did not differ among assays with previous in vitro stimuli. There was no difference in the percentages of H2O2-producing leukocytes, among cells obtained from cows that belonged to different groups. However, mean intracellular H2O2-production of leukocytes obtained from BLV-infected cows, presenting PL, without in vitro stimulus (p=0.007), after in vitro addition of PMA (p<0.001), or LPS (p=0.001), or after phagocytosis (p=0.002) was smaller than that verified in leukocytes obtained from non-infected and from BLV-infected, non-lymphocytotic, cows. The percentage of leukocytes that were carrying out phagocytosis, characterized by the intensity of propidium iodide fluorescence, among cells obtained from BLV-infected cows, presenting PL (7.20%), was smaller (p=0.047) than that verified among cells obtained from non-infected and from BLV-infected (12.90%), non-lymphocytotic (14.70%), cows. Furthermore, leukocytes obtained from BLV-infected cows, presenting PL, showed smaller phagocytosis intensity (p<0.001) than leukocytes obtained from non-infected and from BLV-infected, non-lymphocytotic, cows. Therefore, results show a functional vulnerability of circulating leukocytes obtained from BLV-infected, lymphocytotic cows.
217

"Infusão de glicose e tiamina em ratos tratados com dose aguda de etanol" / "Infusion of glucose and thiamine in rats treated with acute dose of ethanol"

Portari, Guilherme Vannucchi 24 March 2006 (has links)
Postula-se que o metabolismo do etanol gera substâncias de alta reatividade como o acetaldeído e radicais livres, que promovem o estresse oxidativo pelo excessivo consumo de substâncias do sistema antioxidante. Embora não haja consenso na literatura, o uso intravenoso de glicose em casos de intoxicação aguda por álcool é prática rotineira visando restabelecer a sobriedade do paciente através de um possível aumento do metabolismo do etanol. Apesar de se acreditar em um possível benefício do uso de glicose na intoxicação aguda por etanol, recentes estudos têm apontado que a hiperglicemia causa autoxidação da glicose, glicação de proteínas, e a ativação do metabolismo de polióis. Estas mudanças aceleram a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio e aumento na oxidação de lipídios, DNA e proteínas em vários tecidos, pela produção de produtos finais de glicação avançada (AGEs - Advanced glycation end products). Recentemente estudos têm apontado para um possível papel antioxidante da tiamina frente ao estresse oxidativo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a padronização de uma técnica para dosagem de etanol por cromatografia gasosa a fim de se estudar os efeitos sobre o metabolismo desse álcool em ratos agudamente alcoolizados e submetidos a 3 tratamentos distintos que consistiram na administração de etanol na dose de 5g/kg peso, administração de etanol e posterior infusão endovenosa de glicose (0,06 mL de glicose em solução 50%/100 g de peso) ou administração de etanol e posterior infusão endovenosa de tiamina (0,143 mg/100 g de peso), bem como verificar os efeitos sobre o sistema antioxidante hepático, pela determinação das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (SRATB), glutationa reduzida (GSH) e vitamina E. A padronização da técnica por cromatografia gasosa para dosagem de etanol em sangue e urina foi realizada, obtendo-se bons resultados quanto à, precisão (C.V. entre amostras < 6%), exatidão (variação da recuperação < 15%) e linearidade (r=0,9991), o que permitiu analisar a alcoolemia e a excreção urinária dos grupos de ratos com diferentes tratamentos. Nesta determinação também foi possível a detecção de substâncias relacionadas ao metabolismo do etanol como, acetaldeído, acetona e metanol. Não foram observadas diferenças entre as curvas de etanolemia dos diferentes grupos. Entretanto, verificou-se uma excreção urinária cerca de 4 vezes maior no grupo que recebeu tiamina. Observou-se uma menor produção de substâncias relacionadas com a peroxidação lipídica (SRATB) e um menor consumo de antioxidantes (GSH e vitamina E) nos ratos tratados com tiamina, mesmo tendo-se verificado neste grupo uma manutenção da hiperglicemia até o período final de experimentação. Desta maneira, conclui-se que o tratamento com glicose no quadro de intoxicação aguda por etanol foi ineficaz na diminuição da etanolemia além de representar maior potencial de dano oxidativo. Em contraste, a tiamina mostrou-se eficaz principalmente no que diz respeito à manutenção do sistema antioxidante hepático. / It’s proposed that the metabolism of ethanol produces substances of high reactivity as acetaldehyde and free radicals, which promote oxidative stress through the excessive consumption of antioxidant substances. Although, there is no consensus in literature, the intravenous use of glucose in acute alcoholic intoxication, is a common practice, in tenting to recover soberness through the increase of ethanol metabolism. In spite of this possible benefit of the use of glucose in acute alcoholic intoxication, recent studies has showed that the hyperglycemia causes autoxidation of glucose, glycation of proteins and the activation of polyol metabolism. These changes speed up the generation of reactive oxygen species and the increase of lipid peroxidation, DNA and proteins oxidations in many tissues, through the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Recently, some studies have pointed out for a possible antioxidant role of thiamine in oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to standardize a technique in order to dose ethanol using gas chromatography to study its effects in the alcohol metabolism in rats submitted to acute alcoholic intoxication and treatment in three distinct ways: 1) intragastric ethanol administration in dose of 5 g/kg; 2) intragastric ethanol administration in dose of 5 g/kg and, then, intravenous infusion of glucose (0,06 mL of 50% solution of glucose/100 g of weight), and, 3) intragastric ethanol administration in dose of 5 g/kg and, then, intravenous infusion of thiamine (0,143 mg/100 g of weight). Also it has aimed to verify the effects on hepatic antioxidant system through the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, reduced glutathione and vitamin E. The standardization of the technique for gas chromatography to dose ethanol in blood and urine had fine results in relation of precision (C.V. among samples < 6%), accuracy (recovery variation < 15%) and linearity (r=0,9991), what permitted to analyze the alcoholemia and the urinary excretion of the groups of rats with distinct treatments. In this determination, it was also possible the detection of substances related to ethanol metabolism as acetaldehyde, acetone and methanol. It was not observed differences between the ethanolemia curves in the distinct groups. Although, it was encountered a urinary excretion about 4 times greater in the group that had received thiamine. It was observed a lesser production of substances related to lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and a lesser consumption of antioxidants (GSH and vitamin E) in rats treated with thiamine, in spite of that this group had keeped hyperglycemia until the last period of experimentation. Then, it can be concluded that the treatment with glucose in acute alcoholic intoxication was inefficient to diminish ethanolemia, besides it could provoke higher oxidative damage. In contrast, thiamine has showed to be efficient, mainly about the maintenance of hepatic antioxidant system.
218

Papel do peroxinitrito na atividade leishmanicida de macrófagos em modelos murinos / Role of peroxynitrite in macrophage leishmanicidal activity in murine models

Linares, Edlaine 23 September 2003 (has links)
Os mecanismos oxidativos pelos quais macrófagos exercem atividade microbicida permanecem em discussão, e estudos com hospedeiros animais serão essenciais para elucidar tal questão. Nesse trabalho, estudamos os mecanismos microbicidas de macrófagos in vivo comparando parâmetros de infecção nas lesões de camundongos resistentes (C57Bl/6) e suscetíveis (BALB/c) ao protozoário Leishmania amazonensis. A comparação mostrou que o controle da infecção pelos camundongos resistentes é dependente da ativação de macrófagos com expressão da enzima óxido nítrico sintase induzível, síntese de óxido nítrico e extensa nitração e hidroxilação das proteínas dos parasitas dentro dos fagolisossomos dos macrófagos. O principal agente tóxico aos parasitas parece ser derivado do peroxinitrito porque a nitração dos parasitas ocorreu na ausência virtual de células polimorfonucleares e foi acompanhada de hidroxilação. Além disso, tempol um inibidor de reações de nitração mediadas por peroxinitrito, inibiu a nitração de proteínas da lesão e aumentou o número de parasitas nelas presentes. Também, estudos com parasitas em cultura confirmaram que o peroxinitrito é citotóxico aos parasitas enquanto o óxido nítrico é citostático. O camundongo suscetível se mostrou capaz de sintetizar óxido nítrico mas o fez em estágios tardios da infecção e, provavelmente, em resposta a uma infecção secundária por bactérias. Tomados conjuntamente, os resultados indicam que o peroxinitrito e radicais dele derivados são os principais agentes leishmanicidas produzidos por macrófagos in vivo. / Macrophage oxidative microbicidal mechanisms remain debatable and their elucidation is likely to depend on studies with mammalian hosts. To examine macrophage microbicidal mechanisms in vivo, we compared infection parameters in the lesions of resistant (C57Bl/6) and susceptible (BALB/c) mice to the protozoan Leishmania amazonensis. This comparison demonstrated that infection control by resistant mice relied on macrophage activation with inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, nitric oxide synthesis and extensive nitration and hydroxylation of the proteins of the parasites inside macrophage phagolysosomes. The toxic agent to the parasite is likely to be peroxynitrite-derived because parasite nitration occurred in the virtual absence of polymorphonuclear cells and was accompanied by parasite hydroxylation. In addition, tempol, an inhibitor of peroxynitrite-mediated nitrations, inhibited protein nitration of the lesions and increased the number of parasites in them. Also, studies with parasite cultures confmed that peroxynitrite is cytotoxic to the parasites whereas nitric oxide is cytostatic. The susceptible mice were also able to synthesize nitric oxide but only at late infection time and, most likely, in response to a secondary bacterial infection. Taken together, the results indicate that peroxynitrite and derived radicals are the main leishrnanicidal agents produced by macrophages in vivo.
219

Estresse oxidativo e envelhecimento / Oxidative stress and aging

Poppe, Sandra Castro 10 August 2001 (has links)
Este trabalho enfatiza o estabelecimento de parâmetros relacionados ao estado de estresse oxidativo em uma população de idosos, avaliando-se: níveis de antioxidantes de baixo peso molecular no plasma, vitC, &#945;TC e &#946;CT assim como a sua ingestão alimentar diária; atividade das enzimas antioxidantes eritrocitárias (CuZn-SOD, CAT e GPX) níveis de produtos derivados da oxidação de lipídios, mais especificamente as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (SRAT) e a atividade do burst oxidativo em neutrófilos sanguíneos. Foram estudados 90 idosos, residentes na comunidade, com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, selecionados a partir de uma sub-amostra do projeto EPIDOSO sob acompanhamento regular no Centro de Estudos do Envelhecimento da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Os parâmetros acima foram comparados aos de uma população adulta jovem saudável (40-49 anos). A ingestão alimentar diária de vitC, vitE e &#946;CT, na população idosa é bastante superior em relação ao grupo de adultos jovens e, também, superior às RDA (recomendações dietéticas diárias). Isto, provavelmente, se deve à orientação clínica e nutricional a que esta população idosa vem sendo submetida, ao longo do tempo. Este dado reforça a importância de um acompanhamento clínico sistemático e diferenciado para o indivíduo idoso. Apesar da adequada ingestão diária de antioxidantes, pela dieta, as concentrações plasmáticas encontradas não se correlacionam com a ingestão, e são inferiores, às concentrações plasmáticas encontradas na população de adultos jovens. Estes resultados indicam que, uma dieta ainda que equilibrada e adequada, não proporciona, concentrações plasmáticas de antioxidantes em idosos, adequadas para controlar a atividade de espécies oxidantes. Estas baixas concentrações plasmáticas de vitC, &#945;TC e &#946;CT, encontradas nos idosos, podem ser atribuídas à diferenças na absorção, distribuição e biodisponibilidade destes antioxidantes, próprias do envelhecimento. A atividade específica das enzimas antioxidantes são superiores às da população de jovens. Além disso, os parâmetros oxidativos são maiores na população idosa, reforçando a idéia do estresse oxidativo presente no envelhecimento. Esses idosos (90) foram submetidos a uma suplementação vitamínico-mineral diária de 800mg de &#945;TC, 15mg de &#946;CT, 2g de vitC e 100 &#181;g de selênio, para observarmos modificações nos parâmetros oxidantes. O estudo de suplementação, randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado por placebo, foi desenhado da seguinte forma: os idosos foram divididos em 2 grupos de tratamento, T1 e T2, onde T1 recebeu inicialmente a suplementação vitamínico-mineral (100 dias) e, depois do período de washout (período em que os parâmetros medidos retornam para os valores basais) recebeu suplementação com placebo (100 dias). O tratamento T2 apresentou desenho inverso (cross-over) ou seja, recebeu a suplementação placebo nos primeiros 90 dias e nos últimos 90 dias recebeu a suplementação vitamínico-mineral. A análise dos resultados após a suplementação vitamínico-mineral demonstra, para T1 e para T2, um aumento nas concentrações plasmáticas de antioxidantes acompanhado de uma diminuição na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes implicando, possivelmente, uma resposta adaptativa da célula. Os parâmetros oxidativos determinados (SRAT e burst oxidativo de neutrófilos) diminuíram com a suplementação. / This work emphasizes the setting of oxidative stress-related parameters in a population of aged individuals, evaluating: plasmatic levels of low molecular weight antioxidants, vitamin C, &#945;-tocopherol (&#945;TC) and &#946;-carotene (&#946;CT) as well as their daily intake; activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes (CuZnSOD, CAT and GPX); lipid oxidation-derived products, more specifically thiobarbituric acid-reactant substances, and blood neutrophil oxidative burst activity. We studied 90 aged subjects living in the community, with ages 65 or more, selected from a subsample of EPIDOSO project under regular supervision by the Centro de Estudos do Envelhecimento of Universidade Federal de São Paulo. The parameters above mentioned were compared to those of a healthy young adult population. The daily intake of vitC, vitE and &#946;CT of the aged population is well above that of young adults, and also above the RDA This is probably due to the clinical and nutritional orientation that has been offered to this aged group. This fact attests to the importance of systematic and specific clinical counseling to the elderly. Despite the proper daily intake of antioxidants, the plasmatic concentrations of these antioxidants do not correlate to their intake, being lower than the plasmatic concentrations in young adults. These results suggest that even a balanced and adequate diet is not enough, in the elderly, to promote the plasmatic antioxidant concentration needed to contral the activity of oxidant species. These low plasma levels of vitC, vitE and &#946;CT in the elderly can be attributed to changes in absorption, distribution, and bioavailability of these antioxidants, which are common in the aging process. The specific activities of the antioxidant enzymes are higher than those of the younger population. Additionally, the oxidative parameters are higher in the aged group, supporting the idea that oxidative stress is involved in the aging process. These aged subjects received a vitamin-mineral supplementation (800 mg &#945;TC, 15 mg &#946;CT, 2g vitC and 100 &#181;g selenium) aiming to modify the oxidative parameters. The randomized, double blind and placebo-controlled supplementation study was thus designed: the aged subjects were divided in 2 treatment groups, T1 and T2, where T1 received, first the vitamin-mineral supplementation (100 days) and then, after a washout period, a placebo treatment (100 days). The T2 group received the same treatment, but in inverse order (cross-over). The result analysis shows an increase in the plasmatic antioxidant concentrations in both treated groups, as well as a decrease in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, hinting to an adaptive cellular response. The supplementation also decreased the assessed oxidative parameters (SRAT and neutrophil oxidative burst).
220

Estresse oxidativo e envelhecimento / Oxidative stress and aging

Sandra Castro Poppe 10 August 2001 (has links)
Este trabalho enfatiza o estabelecimento de parâmetros relacionados ao estado de estresse oxidativo em uma população de idosos, avaliando-se: níveis de antioxidantes de baixo peso molecular no plasma, vitC, &#945;TC e &#946;CT assim como a sua ingestão alimentar diária; atividade das enzimas antioxidantes eritrocitárias (CuZn-SOD, CAT e GPX) níveis de produtos derivados da oxidação de lipídios, mais especificamente as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (SRAT) e a atividade do burst oxidativo em neutrófilos sanguíneos. Foram estudados 90 idosos, residentes na comunidade, com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, selecionados a partir de uma sub-amostra do projeto EPIDOSO sob acompanhamento regular no Centro de Estudos do Envelhecimento da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Os parâmetros acima foram comparados aos de uma população adulta jovem saudável (40-49 anos). A ingestão alimentar diária de vitC, vitE e &#946;CT, na população idosa é bastante superior em relação ao grupo de adultos jovens e, também, superior às RDA (recomendações dietéticas diárias). Isto, provavelmente, se deve à orientação clínica e nutricional a que esta população idosa vem sendo submetida, ao longo do tempo. Este dado reforça a importância de um acompanhamento clínico sistemático e diferenciado para o indivíduo idoso. Apesar da adequada ingestão diária de antioxidantes, pela dieta, as concentrações plasmáticas encontradas não se correlacionam com a ingestão, e são inferiores, às concentrações plasmáticas encontradas na população de adultos jovens. Estes resultados indicam que, uma dieta ainda que equilibrada e adequada, não proporciona, concentrações plasmáticas de antioxidantes em idosos, adequadas para controlar a atividade de espécies oxidantes. Estas baixas concentrações plasmáticas de vitC, &#945;TC e &#946;CT, encontradas nos idosos, podem ser atribuídas à diferenças na absorção, distribuição e biodisponibilidade destes antioxidantes, próprias do envelhecimento. A atividade específica das enzimas antioxidantes são superiores às da população de jovens. Além disso, os parâmetros oxidativos são maiores na população idosa, reforçando a idéia do estresse oxidativo presente no envelhecimento. Esses idosos (90) foram submetidos a uma suplementação vitamínico-mineral diária de 800mg de &#945;TC, 15mg de &#946;CT, 2g de vitC e 100 &#181;g de selênio, para observarmos modificações nos parâmetros oxidantes. O estudo de suplementação, randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado por placebo, foi desenhado da seguinte forma: os idosos foram divididos em 2 grupos de tratamento, T1 e T2, onde T1 recebeu inicialmente a suplementação vitamínico-mineral (100 dias) e, depois do período de washout (período em que os parâmetros medidos retornam para os valores basais) recebeu suplementação com placebo (100 dias). O tratamento T2 apresentou desenho inverso (cross-over) ou seja, recebeu a suplementação placebo nos primeiros 90 dias e nos últimos 90 dias recebeu a suplementação vitamínico-mineral. A análise dos resultados após a suplementação vitamínico-mineral demonstra, para T1 e para T2, um aumento nas concentrações plasmáticas de antioxidantes acompanhado de uma diminuição na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes implicando, possivelmente, uma resposta adaptativa da célula. Os parâmetros oxidativos determinados (SRAT e burst oxidativo de neutrófilos) diminuíram com a suplementação. / This work emphasizes the setting of oxidative stress-related parameters in a population of aged individuals, evaluating: plasmatic levels of low molecular weight antioxidants, vitamin C, &#945;-tocopherol (&#945;TC) and &#946;-carotene (&#946;CT) as well as their daily intake; activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes (CuZnSOD, CAT and GPX); lipid oxidation-derived products, more specifically thiobarbituric acid-reactant substances, and blood neutrophil oxidative burst activity. We studied 90 aged subjects living in the community, with ages 65 or more, selected from a subsample of EPIDOSO project under regular supervision by the Centro de Estudos do Envelhecimento of Universidade Federal de São Paulo. The parameters above mentioned were compared to those of a healthy young adult population. The daily intake of vitC, vitE and &#946;CT of the aged population is well above that of young adults, and also above the RDA This is probably due to the clinical and nutritional orientation that has been offered to this aged group. This fact attests to the importance of systematic and specific clinical counseling to the elderly. Despite the proper daily intake of antioxidants, the plasmatic concentrations of these antioxidants do not correlate to their intake, being lower than the plasmatic concentrations in young adults. These results suggest that even a balanced and adequate diet is not enough, in the elderly, to promote the plasmatic antioxidant concentration needed to contral the activity of oxidant species. These low plasma levels of vitC, vitE and &#946;CT in the elderly can be attributed to changes in absorption, distribution, and bioavailability of these antioxidants, which are common in the aging process. The specific activities of the antioxidant enzymes are higher than those of the younger population. Additionally, the oxidative parameters are higher in the aged group, supporting the idea that oxidative stress is involved in the aging process. These aged subjects received a vitamin-mineral supplementation (800 mg &#945;TC, 15 mg &#946;CT, 2g vitC and 100 &#181;g selenium) aiming to modify the oxidative parameters. The randomized, double blind and placebo-controlled supplementation study was thus designed: the aged subjects were divided in 2 treatment groups, T1 and T2, where T1 received, first the vitamin-mineral supplementation (100 days) and then, after a washout period, a placebo treatment (100 days). The T2 group received the same treatment, but in inverse order (cross-over). The result analysis shows an increase in the plasmatic antioxidant concentrations in both treated groups, as well as a decrease in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, hinting to an adaptive cellular response. The supplementation also decreased the assessed oxidative parameters (SRAT and neutrophil oxidative burst).

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