Terrestra laserskannrar har varit vanligt förekommande i geodetiska mätningar i över 10 år. Den tekniska utvecklingen går fort och specialiserade instrument lanseras ständigt. En typ av dessa specialiserade terrestra laserskannrar är handhållna laserskannrar. De är främst framtagen för att generera punktmoln av utrymmen och mindre objekt där den vanliga laserskannern har svårigheter att skanna. Då de handhållna laserskannrarna är relativt ny är forskningen på instrumenten begränsad och i avsaknad på standardiserade kontrollmetoder finns ett behov att studera instrumenten. I detta examensarbete studerades därför den handhållna laserskannern FARO Freestyle X för att undersöka hur bra den handhållna laserskanningstekniken egentligt är samt vilka begränsningar instrumenten har. Detta gjordes genom att jämföra punktmoln från FARO Freestyle X med referenspunktmoln genererat av Leicas multistation MS50. För att studera instrumentet valdes flertalet parametrar som skanningsavståndet, användarvänlighet, tidsåtgång och prestanda. Med dessa parametrar ansågs det finnas tillräckligt med grund för att dra slutsatser om instrumentets fördelar/nackdelar och begränsningar.     Resultatet av punktmolnsjämförelsen från kort avstånd visade avvikelser under 10 mm för att sedan på längre avstånd öka till fåtalet centimetrar. Volymbegränsningen påvisade inget avvikande resultat. Vilket medför att förflyttning av instrumentet inte påverkar resultatet avsevärt. Instrumentets Akilleshäl är de brus som uppstår vid skanning från längre avstånd, då noterades ett brus på ca 30 mm. Men även typ av objekt som skannas påverkar bruset något. Bruset på väggen visade störst avvikelse medan bruset på bordet var lägst. Repeterbarheten visade gott resultat visuellt och hade liknande avvikelser.  Instrumentet har en god förmåga att återskapa objekt då upplösningstestet påvisar bra prestanda. Främsta fördelen med instrumentet är vid dess effektiva dokumentation av mindre objekt, men även lite större utrymmen där mätosäkerhet på centimeternivå krävs. Användarvänligheten är god för instrumentet och de färglagda punktmolnen tar visualiseringen till en ny nivå. Resultatet av studien visar att de handhållna laserskannrarna kan, i vissa fall, utmana den traditionella laserskannern. / Terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) have been common in geodetic measurements for over 10 years. The technology is developing rapidly and specialized instruments are launched constantly. One type of these specialized TLS instruments are hand-held laser scanners. They are designed primarily to generate point clouds of spaces and small objects where the traditional tripod mounted laser scanner has difficulties to scan. When the hand-held laser scanners are relatively new, the research on the instruments is limited, and the lack of standardized control methods. With that in mind it is important to study the instruments. In this thesis the hand-held laser scanner FARO Freestyle X was investigated on how well the handheld laser scanning technology really is and what limitations the instruments have. This was done by comparing point clouds from FARO Freestyle X with reference point cloud generated by Leica's multi-station MS50. To study the instrument a number of parameters was investigated such as scanning distance, ease of use, time and performance. These parameters were considered to be sufficient basis for conclusions about the instrument's advantages/disadvantages and limitations. The result of the point cloud comparison from the short distance showed deviations around 10 mm and then increase to few centimeters at longer distances. Volume limitation control showed no differences compared to the scanning from short distance. This means that moving the instrument does not affect the results significantly. The instrument's Achilles' heel is the noise that occurs when scanning from longer distances, about 30 mm deviations. Even the type of object affects the noise. The noise on the wall showed the greatest deviation while the noise on the table indicated the lowest results. The repeatability showed good results visually and had similar deviations. The instrument has a good ability to recreate objects when the resolution test demonstrates good performance. Main advantage of the instrument is its effective documentation of smaller objects, but also some larger areas where the uncertainty of centimeter-level is required. The ease of use can be described as good and the colored point clouds takes visualization to a new level. The results of the study show that the hand-held laser scanners can, potentially, challenge the traditional laser scanner.

Title: Individual movement compensation program influencing the correct postures at professional riders of BMX flatland Objectives: The aim of this work was to diagnosed the current state of the musculoskeletal system of selected probands. The next aim of this work was to created the individual movement compensation program based on the initial diagnosis and verify its effect. Partial goals were the introduction of the compensation program to probands, the confirmation of hypotheses and the interpretation of results. Methods of work: The thesis was based on the principle of case studies. Its idea was a creation and more importantly the appliciation of the individual three-months movement compensation program of five professional czech riders of BMX flatland. Part of this work was the kinesiology analysis which included the static and the dynamic testing, and the segment analysis on the Tanita MC-980 device. The Static test was consisted of the aspection and of the evaluation of the postures from three sides - from the back, from the front and from the side. Dynamic tests included the examination of muscle shortening, the examination of movement stereotypes and the testing of hypermobility. From other possible methods I used the interview, the observation and the peer to peer review. Results: At the...

Magister Artium (Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science) - MA(SRES) / Swimming, as a sport, is constantly developing, both through the resources employed in training and assessment, and through the technological development of the fundamental aspects of swimming. In the freestyle events, swimmers spend between 38% and 50% of their competition time executing turns in short pool competitions over distances that vary from 50 m to 1500 m. The importance of the turn has been noted and analyzed for several decades, where it was found that the final turn velocity was second only to mid-pool swimming velocity for determining a medal finish in the men’s race. Due to the impact that the tumble turn has on swimming performance, the present study investigated the importance of the tuck index, foot-plant index and wall-contact time (WCT) on swimming performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of the tuck index, foot-plant index, and WCT on the round trip time (RTT) in the tumble turn performance in level 3 swimmers in the freestyle swimming stroke. A quantitative cross-sectional and descriptive design was used in this study. A convenient sample of ten (10) swimmers were tested, five male and five female, all being level 3 swimmers affiliated to the high performance team of Swimming South Africa (SSA). Video analyses of the turns were recorded. Each subject performed thirty (30) trials, each consisting of a 50 m freestyle swim with flip turns at race pace. Descriptive statistics and multiple stepwise regression analyses were used to analyse the data. A p-value of below 0.05 indicated statistical significance. The mean tuck index was 0.57 ± 0.14°. The mean foot-plant index was 0.45 ± 0.10 cm. The mean WCT was 74.31 ± 11.57 %. The mean RTT was 2.47 ± 0.40 s. A significant negative correlation was found between tuck index and RTT (r = -0.41; p < 0.05). No significant relationship was found between foot-plant and WCT. Further regression analysis showed that the tuck index was a significant predictor of RTT (F = 21.745, p < 0.001). Following the freestyle tumble turn, the flutter kick technique remained the superior method of exiting the wall, based on the 5 m RTT. Therefore, the introduction of optimal turning practice for age-group swimmers is likely to result in significant reductions in turning times and should be noted by coaches and swimmers alike.

This thesis contains three cross-sectional studies and an equipment development study, presented in the form of journal submissions, regarding the hydrodynamics experienced by swimmers during the various phases of the freestyle tumble turn.

The aim of this work was pass judgment the jumping abilities of foals measured at freestyle jumping during one's year. By the help of videorecording and subsequently computer analyses was assessed 427 jumps in free scope performed by 6 mares and 6 stallions in year-class 2002, 2003, 2004. Video records were made out by digital video kamera CANON type DM {--} XM 2 E. Processing of video records is done through the use of a programme for work with digital video records Pinnacle Studio 9. Movement mechanics analysis is practised in a programme Lucia 32 G Version 4.11. Following parameters were observed during a jump: jump bow characterized by 4 angles formed deciding physical parts, maximum flexion of the forelimbs {--} carpal joint and fore fetlock joint, rise of the forelimbs, flexion of the hindlimbs above a jump - knee-joint, hock joint, hind fetlock joint, location of the maximum carpal flexion. To objective assessment was made evaluation by statistical packet R version 2. 2.4.1 (2006) with usage procedures of Linear Models and there was verified demonstrativeness of differences among particular horses. It is evident from the findings, that jumping abilities of horses during the horse rearing are approximately same, but some of the qualities may change by training. . The objectively values found out during judging of a jump by way of video analysis make it possible to gain more accurate pieces of information about jump abilities of a horse and these pieces of information are usable in breeding of horses for a show-jumping.

Title: The impact of nonspecific exercise on the coordination of the upper extremities in swimming style crawl Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to determine whether the exercise alternating circling of the upper extremities in standing applied during the swimming lessons has impact on improving technically swimming style crawl. Methods: The research involved 30 probands of the 1st degree of Faculty of Physical Education of Sport Charles University who have never taken part in swimming training. During the research was used only non-invasive methods. The measurement of height of body, upper extremity range and body composition on TANITA device. Testing was carried out in the laboratories of sports motorics at Faculty of Physical Education of Sport in Charles' University. Than testing in swimming pool was attended a swimming test at the distance of 25 and 50 m. Probands were testing in time and it was calculated number of strokes in a swimming test at the distance of 25 to 50 m. Results: In the swimming test of 25 m distance it was statistically significant change in overall performance, only a high degree of material significance was confirmed in the frequency of the strokes. In the swimming test of 50 m distance we recorded a statistically significant change in the overall performance only in...

The aim of this study was to investigate perceptions of Hip-Hop choreography and Hip-Hop choreography’s relation to freestyle. In order to accomplish that purpose, three dance artists were interviewed and a phenomenographical approach was used. From the result, the hope was to gain fresh insights and ideas for incorporating choreography in the teaching of Hip-Hop, and to explore various approaches for doing so. From the interviews with three dance artists, I found four categories which consist of different perceptions of choreography. The four categories were subjectivity, which could be perceived as freestyle, interaction which could be perceived as the relationship between performer and audience, physicality which could be perceived as more or less of a specific form and music which could be perceived as something inspirational. Intention behind what you do or public who is observing, was perceived as the influencer for freestyle to become choreography. The categories can define Hip-Hop choreography, yet those can also define choreography in dance overall. Physicality in specific form was perceived as one of the only categories that is directly connected to Hip-Hop choreography. Yet it does not disregard the importance of the three other concepts for the style Hip-Hop and so choreography.

Elite swimmers can be distinguished from novice swimmers by freestyle stroke technique. Elite swimmers move through multiple coordination modes, increases in stroke lengths, stroke rates, and body roll allowing for a more symmetrical stroke and increased speed compared with novice swimmer during 100m freestyle. Coaches strive to improve swimmers’ performance by providing feedback about stroke technique, mostly from the pool deck where view of the full stroke cycle is obstructed by the water. Tools to assess swimming are often expensive and require extra training, which does not provide a pragmatic solution. A dryland rotational swimbench would provide a means to evaluate freestyle swimming. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the sensory motor system of elite and novice level swimmers by comparing kinematic, coordinative structures and spatial-temporal characteristics of freestyle stroke on a dryland swimbench with a rotational component. Thirty elite and novice collegiate and masters swimmers were instrumented with reflective markers bilaterally on the upper extremity and torso. A series of four ten second trials of freestyle sprint swimming were performed on the swimbench. Repeated measures were used for statistical analysis for comparison between and within groups. Bonferroni corrections were used as post-hoc analysis. Results indicated no significant difference between elite and novice swimmers’ sensory-motor system, kinematics or spatio-temporal systems on a rotational swimbench. Similarities could be accounted for by swimmers perceiving a novel task due to differences in sensory feedback, and mechanical limitations of the bench. It is noteworthy that catch-up/opposition coordination are more common than superposition which provides support for the swimbench providing a more similar representation to in water swimming.

Repo improvizacija – sudėtingas, subtilus ir didelių gebėjimų reikalaujantis žanras. Pasaulyje egzistuojantis jau nuo senų laikų kaip pasakojamoji dainuojamoji improvizacijos forma, frystailas dabartinę savo formą įgavo hip-hop‘o kultūros pagalba ir egzistuoja jos kontekste. Pirmaisiais repo improvizacijos atlikėjais laikomi senovės vakarų Afrikos grijai, savotiški europietiškųjų bardų atitikmenys, tačiau įvairių šio žanro variacijų pastebima arabų, lotynų amerikiečių bei japonų tradicijose. Šiandien repo improvizacija yra tapusi beveik išskirtinai urbanistinio jaunimo užsiėmimu bei saviraiškos forma. Lietuvoje ji pasirodė praėjusiojo amžiaus paskutiniojo dešimtmečio antroje pusėje, kartu su pirmaisiais lietuviško repo įrašais. Po šiai dienai frystailo galimybės mūsų šalyje išlieka neišnaudojamos, matant šį žanrą tik kaip būdą išsikeikti ir nepastebint jo milžiniško potencialo. Moksliniuose darbuose repo improvizacija analizuojama įvairiais aspektais – jos sąsajomis su sakomąja poezija (Pihel E., 1996) ar konkrečių šalių frystailo stilistika ir estetika (Palonen T., 2008), tačiau išsamių tyrimų, susijusių su jos mokymosi specifika iki šiol atlikta nėra. Veiksmingos repo improvizacijos mokymosi metodikos, galinčios suteikti galimybes kiekvienam norinčiajam lavinti savo gebėjimus, atradimas galėtų tapti šio žanro progresavimo katalizatoriumi. Tad tokia paieška šiandieniniame kontekste yra aktuali problema. Išsiaiškinti pagrindinius repo improvizacijos mokymosi metodikos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Rap improvisation, also known as freestyle, is a complicated, subtle and high-skill demanding genre. While it exists in the world from ancient times as a storytelling/singing form of improvisation, freestyle gained its current form with the help of hip-hop culture and exists briefly in the context of it. The origin of freestyle goes to griots of ancient Western Africa, but various forms of this genre are encountered in arabic, latin american and japanese traditions as well. Today rap improvisation has become an activity and a form of self-expression almost exclusively for urban youth. It first appeared in Lithuania in the late 90‘s, together with the first recordings of lithuanian rap music. Up till nowadays the possibilities of freestyle remain unexploited in our country, seeing this genre just as a way to simultaneuosly repeat cursewords and without noticing its huge potential. Rap improvisation has been analysed in various aspects on scientific level – its connections with oral poetry (Pihel E., 1996) or freestyle aesthetics and stylistics of particular countries (Palonen T., 2008), but thorough research related to the specifics of its learning is yet to be found. The discovery of effective rap improvisation learning methods, allowing the ability for anybody to develop their skills could catalyse the progress of this genre. So this type of search nowadays is a relevant problem. To find out main elements of the methods of learning rap improvisation was the main goal of... [to full text]

Water polo is a highly dynamic and physically demanding sport that has heretofore not inspired nearly as much research as other overhead sports such as baseball or swimming. As in almost all overhead sports, water polo puts its players at high risks for shoulder injuries since the motions required to perform the sport at an optimum level push the limits of normal shoulder function. Human shoulders are inherently unstable as a tradeoff to their flexibility. Because of this instability, many structures are required to work concurrently to keep the shoulder in place. These structures include muscles, ligaments and cartilages. It is important to recognize that the shoulder is not a singular joint in itself but rather a highly mobile complex that can perform many nuanced motions. Shoulder instability can cause a variety of injuries such as impingement, which occurs often among overhead athletes. This malady refers to a pathologic limitation of normal subacromial space that causes structures to be in abnormal contact with each other, which causes abrasive and pinching forces. These forces can result in a range of shoulder maladies including bursitis, tendinitis, and tearing of muscles and ligaments. Impingement is very apparent in both swimmers and water polo players due to the repetitive stresses present in each sport. In swimmers, impingement has been relatively well researched; the freestyle stroke utilized in water polo, however, is fundamentally different in that water polo players keep their heads and chests erect out of the water with a stroke known as head-up freestyle. Hitherto unknown are the biomechanics of this stroke and the extent to which impingement in water polo players is caused and/or worsened by this form of freestyle. The proposed research is a two-part study to investigate the biomechanics of water polo head-up freestyle as a first step to understanding its role in impingement in water polo players. First, experienced water polo players with healthy shoulders approved by the IRB committee of Scripps College will be recruited in this study, and their head-up freestyle kinematic sequences and muscle activities will be recorded by synchronized high-speed cinematography and fine-wire electromyography. These data will be compared to those of head-down freestyle in the literature to understand the biomechanical differences between head-up in and head-down. Part II of the study will recruit experienced water polo players with existing shoulder impingement in addition to those with healthy shoulders in Part I, and their head-up freestyle will be recorded in the same manner. These data will be compared to those in Part I to understand how the head-up stroke differs between impinged and healthy shoulders. This research will provide a basis for the understanding of impingement in head-up freestyle to ultimately increase the safety of the players. Further studies should be conducted to compare the patterns of biomechanical differences between healthy and impinged shoulders in head-up vs. head-down, analyze impingement in each phase of the head-up swim stroke, and investigate how the rate of impingement is altered by fatigue and poor technique.