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Les recherches menées sur les amphores gauloises depuis plus de trente ans ont livré d’abondantes données sur la production et le commerce de ces conteneurs. Toutefois la spécificité de l’implantation des ateliers de Narbonnaise, dans l’arrière-pays plutôt que près des ports et sur le littoral, semblait constituer une anomalie, au regard de l’organisation de la fabrication des amphores dans les autres provinces de l’Empire. L’hypothèse d’une lacune des découvertes a été étayée par les résultats des analyses physico-chimiques conduites sur des conteneurs mis au jour dans les centres de consommation en dehors de la Province. Elles ont montré que certains secteurs, comme la vallée du Rhône, comportaient une concentration d’officines beaucoup plus élevée que ne le laissait paraître les vestiges identifiés.Cette thèse a donc pour objectif de prendre en compte l’importance du littoral et des ports quant à elle de la production des amphores de Narbonnaise entre la fin du Ier s. av. J.-C. et le IVe s. ap. J.-C. en se basant sur l’étude de la très riche documentation fournie par les opérations archéologiques terrestres et subaquatiques menées dans les ports et les établissements littoraux.Ce travail porte sur le mobilier publié et inédit livré par l’ensemble des ateliers, des dépotoirs portuaires et des contextes de consommation urbains du littoral compris entre Narbonne et Antibes. Ce corpus est rassemblé dans un catalogue répartissant les sites entre sept secteurs définis par leur géographie et qui constituent autant d’ensembles micro-régionaux ou régionaux cohérents.L’analyse des données présentées dans le catalogue et leur mise en perspective avec la documentation publiée des sites de l’arrière-pays et des contextes extra-régionaux montre que le nombre d’ateliers dans ce secteur était largement sous-évalué. En effet, dix nouvelles officines ont été identifiées grâce à la mise en place d’une méthodologie corrélant les données fournies par les prospections et les fouilles aux études céramologiques et archéométriques. En outre, l’étude met en évidence que les fabriques implantées dans les agglomérations portuaires dominent l’approvisionnement des marchés extra-régionaux. Elle montre également que les officines littorales résistent mieux au déclin de la viticulture spéculative à partir de la seconde moitié du IIe s. que celles de l’arrière-pays. Enfin, la comparaison des différentes zones de production de la côte témoigne d’une hiérarchie entre celles-ci résultant de leur position au centre ou davantage à la marge des courants commerciaux de l’Occident romain. Ainsi, Arles et la basse vallée du Rhône dominent les autres régions. Les amphores de ce territoire sont exportées vers le nord de la Gaule ou Rome. Les officines de Marseille, et dans une moindre mesure celles du reste de la Provence, sont également dynamiques et leurs productions sont massivement exportées vers Ostie. Les amphores vinaires du Languedoc sont davantage diffusées régionalement, en particulier celles de la cité de Nîmes. Le principal débouché du vin languedocien demeure toutefois inconnu.Enfin, les nouveaux acquis sur la typo-chronologie des amphores gauloises confirment une étroite relation entre la diversité morphologique des productions de Narbonnaise, la qualité des crus conditionnés en amphores, et la destination de ces conteneurs.Ce travail apporte de nouveaux éléments témoignant de l’importance de l’étude des amphores de Narbonnaise pour la compréhension de l’économie de cette province durant l’Antiquité. L’analyse de ces emballages perdus révèle ainsi une organisation extrêmement rationalisée de cet artisanat qui répond à des circuits de distribution sans doute plus diversifiés qu’on ne le supposait. / The researches on amphorae of Narbonensis, for more than thirty years, has provided abundant data on the production and trade of these containers. However, the specificity of the implantation of the Narbonensis’ workshops, in the hinterland rather than near the harbours and on the coast, seemed to constitute an anomaly, considering the organization of the manufacture of amphorae in the other provinces of the Empire. The hypothesis of a hiatus in the discoveries was supported by the results of physico-chemical analysis carried out on containers uncovered in centers of consumption, located outside the Province. The outcome indicated that some of sectors, such as the Rhone valley, had a much higher concentration of workshops than the identified vestiges showed.The aim of this thesis is to take account to the importance of the littoral and ports in the production of the amphorae of Narbonensis, between the end of the 1st century BC and the 4th century AD. It was based on a study of the very rich documentation provided by land and underwater archaeological operations in the ports and coastal settlements.This work concerns the published and unpublished furniture delivered by all the workshops, harbour’s dumps and urban consumption’s contexts of the littoral between Narbonne and Antibes. This corpus is gathered in a catalog that divides the sites into seven sectors defined by their geography and which constitute so many coherent micro-regional or regional sets.The analysis of the data presented in the catalog and the published data of hinterland sites and extra-regional contexts shows that the number of workshops in this area was largely undervalued. In fact, ten new workshop have been identified by the establishment of a methodology who combine the data provided by the prospecting operations and the excavations with the ceramological and archaeometrical studies. In addition, the study indicates that the factories located in the harbour’s agglomerations dominate the supply of extra-regional markets. It also shows that coastal workshops are more resistant to the decline of speculative viticulture from the second half of the second century, than those of the hinterland. Finally, the comparison of the various production’s zones on the coast reveals a hierarchy between them, resulting from their position in the center, or more, at the margin of the commercial currents of the Empire. Thus, Arles and the lower Rhone valley dominate the other regions. The amphorae of this territory are exported to the north of Gaul or Rome. The factories of Marseille, and, to a lesser extent, those of the rest of Provence, are also dynamic and their production is massively exported to Ostia. The wine amphorae of Languedoc are more widely diffused regionally, especially those of the city of Nîmes. However, the main outlet for Languedoc wine remains unknown.Finally, new acquisitions on the typo-chronology of Narbonensis’ amphorae confirm a close relationship between the morphological diversity of Narbonensis' productions, the quality of the wines, and the destination of these containers.This work brings new evidences of the importance of the study of the Narbonensis’ amphorae for understanding the economy of this province during the Antiquity. The analysis of these lost packaging reveals an extremely rationalized organization of this craft, which responds to distribution channels that are probably more diversified than was supposed.

Orientador: Maria José Soares Mendes Giannini / Banca: Luis Octávio Regasini / Banca: Eduardo Bagagli / Resumo: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis e P. lutzii são fungos dimórficos, agentes etiológicos da paracoccidioidomicose, que é uma micose humana sistêmica geograficamente confinada na América Latina. Vários antifúngicos podem ser utilizados para o tratamento dessa doença, tais como anfotericina B, sulfamídicos e azólicos (itraconazol) e de maneira geral seu uso é prolongado. As limitações frequentes dos antifúngicos e o aumento na incidência das infecções fúngicas sistêmicas têm ressaltado a necessidade da descoberta e do desenvolvimento de novos fármacos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a atividade antifúngica de anfotericina B, itraconazol e galatos de alquila anti-complexo de Paracoccidioides por métodos fenotípicos e proteômicos. Para tanto foi padronizado o teste de sensibilidade para selecionar o galato de maior potência, utilizando o documento M27-A2 (2002), modificado pela adição de Alamar Blue. Adicionalmente, análises proteômicas foram realizadas antes e após tratamento com o antifúngico selecionado para verificar o perfil das possíveis proteínas-alvo. A atividade antifúngica foi estudada contra isolados de P. brasiliensis (S1, S2 e PS3) e P. lutzii, (Pb01-like), e depois o teste foi estendido para mais seis isolados. O valor da CIM do ácido gálico variou de 31,25 a 0,250 mg/L para todos os isolados. Os galatos mostraram valores de CIM entre 16 a 0,004 mg/L. O menor valor de CIM foi observado para seis galatos que possuem uma substituição por uma cadeia relativamente longa de carbonos. O perfil proteico dos isolados Pl01 e Pb18 foi estudado por eletroforese 2D após contato com anfotericina B , itraconazol e o galato de decila (todos a uma concentração de 0,125 mg/L. Mais de 130 spots para ambos os fungos foram observados e a maioria destas proteínas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii are dimorphic fungi, etiological agents of paracoccidioidomycosis, which is a systemic human mycosis geographically restricted to Latin America. Various antifungal agents may be used to treat this disease, such as amphotericin B, sulfamidic agents and itraconazole, and these drugs are used in long-term therapies. The limitations of antifungals and increased incidence of systemic fungal infections has underscored the need for discovery and development of new drugs. The objective of this study was to compare the antifungal activity of amphotericin B, itraconazole and alkyl gallates anti-Paracoccidioides complex by phenotypic and proteomic methods. Thus, the susceptibility test was applied to select the most potent gallate, using the document M27-A2 (2002), modified by the addition of Alamar Blue. Finally, proteomic analyses was developed before and after the treatment with the antifungal agent selected, to study the protein profile after this treatment. The antifungal activity was evaluated against isolates of P. brasiliensis (S1, S2 and PS3) and P. lutzii (PB01-like), and after, the test has been extended to six isolates. The MIC values of gallic acid varied from 31.25 to 0.250 mg/L for all isolates. The gallates showed MIC values ranging from 16 to 0,004 mg/L. The lowest MIC value was observed for six gallates bearing a substitution for a long side chain. The protein profile of isolates Pb18 and Pl01 was studied by 2D electrophoresis after contact with amphotericin B, itraconazole and decyl gallate, all in the concentration of (0.125 mg/L ). More than 130 spots for both species were observed, and the most of these proteins... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Míriam Dupas Hubinger / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T20:09:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Consoli_Larissa_M.pdf: 32030703 bytes, checksum: 03d005ea2ebe3bbcf9a246d82a8d00a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Os compostos fenólicos são conhecidos por suas propriedades antioxidantes, mas podem apresentar susceptibilidade a fatores como oxigênio e luz, perdendo estas propriedades. A microencapsulação pode ser uma alternativa para a proteção destes compostos. A técnica de spray chilling apresenta vantagens como custo relativamente baixo e possibilidade de ampliação de escala. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a aplicação da tecnologia spray chilling à microencapsulação de compostos fenólicos, utilizando ácido gálico como composto fenólico modelo. Misturas de óleo de soja (OS) e óleo de soja totalmente hidrogenado (OSTH) (com proporções de 20 a 90 % de OSTH) foram avaliadas como materiais de parede. Os lipídios foram caracterizados quanto à composição em ácidos graxos, comportamento térmico por calorimetria de varredura diferencial (DSC) e isoterma de cristalização. Avaliou-se a capacidade de formação de partículas de cada mistura através da atomização em spray chilling. O ácido gálico (solução aquosa a 6 % g/g e 60 °C) foi disperso nas misturas lipídicas com o emulsificante PGPR (polirricinoleato de poliglicerol) para formação de emulsões, preparadas com 4 % de emulsificante (em relação à massa lipídica) e 4 minutos de agitação a 9.500 rpm. As micropartículas foram produzidas variando-se a proporção OSTH : OS (60:40, 70:30, 80:20 e 90:10) e a razão MP:MR (material de parede e material de recheio ¿ 70:30 e 80:20), com os seguintes parâmetros: diâmetro do bico atomizador de 0,7 mm, vazão do ar de resfriamento e do ar no bico atomizador, de 35.000 L/h e 667 L/h, respectivamente. A vazão de alimentação da emulsão foi de 0,530 L/h. Foram obtidas micropartículas com eficiências de encapsulação variando de 54,14 ± 2,82 (%) até 101,83 ± 6,74 (%). Maiores proporções de OSTH na mistura lipídica e a menor razão MP : MR influenciaram no aumento da eficiência de encapsulação. Os diâmetros médios variaram de 23,91 ± 1,60 µm a 35,98 ± 2,17 µm e apresentarem oscilação pequena em função das variáveis. A morfologia mostrou partículas de forma esférica e superfície lisa, com presença de cristais e alguns aglomerados de partículas menores. Avaliou-se a estabilidade de duas formulações por 28 dias armazenadas a 5 e 25 °C. A estocagem refrigerada conferiu melhores características de liberação do recheio no meio aquoso e evitou a formação de aglomerados de partículas / Abstract: Phenolic compounds are known for their antioxidant properties, but they may exhibit susceptibility to factors such as oxygen and light, which may cause them to lose these properties. Microencapsulation can be an alternative for the protection of these compounds. The spray chilling technique presents advantages such as relatively low cost and the possibility of scaling-up. This work presented aimed the implementation of the spray chilling technique for the microencapsulation of phenolic compounds, using gallic acid as a model phenolic compound. Blends of soybean oil (SO) with fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSO) (in proportions from 20 up to 90% of FHSO) were assessed as wall materials. Lipids were characterized for fatty acid composition, thermal behavior by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and isothermal crystallization. The particle-forming ability of each blend was evaluated by atomization in spray chilling. Gallic acid (aqueous solution at 6 % wt/wt - 60 °C) was dispersed in the lipid blends with the emulsifier PGPR (polyglycerol polyricinoleate) for forming emulsions, which were prepared with 4 % of emulsifier (relative to mass of lipid) and stirred for 4 minutes at 9500 rpm. Production of microparticles were made varying the proportion FHSO : OS (60:40 , 70:30 , 80:20 and 90:10) and the ratio WM : CM (wall material to core material - 70:30 and 80:20 ), with the following parameters: diameter of the atomizer nozzle 0.7 mm, cooling air flow and atomizing air flow rates were, respectively, 35,000 L/h and 667 L/h. The feed flow rate of the emulsion was 0.530 L/h. Encapsulation efficiencies of microparticles ranged from 54.14 ± 2.82 (%) to 101.83 ± 6.74 (%). Higher proportions of FHSO in the lipid mixture and the smallest ratio WM : CM led to greater encapsulation efficiencies. The average diameters ranged from 23.91 ± 1.60 µm to 35.98 ± 2.17 µm and presented small variation in function of the variables. The morphology showed particles of spherical shape and smooth surface with some crystals and agglomerates of smaller particles. The stability of two formulations was evaluated over 28 days under different storage temperatures (5 and 25 °C). Storage under refrigeration gave the best release characteristics in aqueous media and prevented the formation of particle agglomerates / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestra em Engenharia de Alimentos

Parmi les métabolites secondaires impliqués dans la qualité du raisin et du vin, les tanins condensés ou proanthocyanidines (PAs) jouent un rôle majeur, en particulier dans l'astringence et la stabilité de la couleur du vin. Ces molécules sont également impliquées dans la défense des plantes contre des stress biotiques et abiotiques. En outre, les effets bénéfiques des PAs pour la santé humaine sont bien documentés. Les PAs de la vigne ont la particularité d’être estérifiées avec de l’acide gallique. Une réaction d’acylation appelée galloylation est responsable de cette modification. Les études montrent que la galloylation influence les propriétés œnologiques et pharmacologiques des PAs. Dans la baie de raisin, les PAs sont synthétisés dans les premiers stades de développement, principalement dans les pellicules et les pépins. Un nombre relativement faible d'étapes enzymatiques sont nécessaires pour la biosynthèse de la structure de base de ces métabolites et les gènes correspondants sont aujourd'hui largement connus chez les plantes modèles, y compris chez la vigne. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans les étapes finales, y compris la galloylation, ne sont encore que partiellement connus. Des résultats antérieurs obtenus après la recherche de QTL influençant la composition du raisin, et en particulier le taux de galloylation des PAs, et des études transcriptomiques après surexpression de facteurs de transcription régulant la biosynthèse de la voie des PAs, ont permis l'identification de gènes potentiellement impliqués dans ces étapes. Des gènes de shikimate déshydrogénase (SDH) ont été identifiés. Ces gènes interviendraient en amont, pour la biosynthèse de l'acide gallique. Trois glucosyltransférases ainsi identifiées et déjà caractérisées au laboratoire sont impliquées dans la biosynthèse de l'ester de glucose de l'acide gallique (β-glucogalline), qui servirait d'intermédiaire pour la galloylation des PAs. Ces méthodes de criblage ont également permis d’identifier 2 acyltransférases de type sérine carboxypeptidase, nommées glucose acyltransférases (GATs) qui seraient capables de catalyser la dernière étape de galloylation: le transfert de l'acide gallique depuis la β-glucogalline sur les PAs. Le premier objectif de cette thèse a été de déterminer la fonction des SDHs codées par les gènes de vigne. Certaines SDHs recombinantes produites de façon hétérologue chez E.coli ont la capacité à produire de l'acide gallique in vitro. Leur niveau d’expression au cours du développement et dans différents tissus de la baie a également été établi. Les résultats obtenus in vitro sont étayés par le profil métabolique (acide gallique, β-glucogalline et PAs) de hairy-roots de vigne transformées avec un gène de SDH. Le second objectif de cette thèse a été de valider la fonction des GATs par expression transitoire dans des feuilles de tabac et des tests enzymatiques in vitro. La transformation transitoire de feuilles de vigne avec les GATs a permis de moduler la concentration d’esters phénoliques et nomment des flavan-3-ols galloylés in planta. L’étude de ces gènes a été étendue aux plantes vasculaires par des analyses phylogénétiques et a permis d’identifier des motifs peptidiques potentiellement impliqués dans les mécanismes étudiés et reflétant la sub-fonctionnalisation de certains gènes. Ce travail a fourni des informations sur les bases génétiques et les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la biosynthèse de l'acide gallique et son transfert en deux étapes sur les flavan-3-ols (galloylation). De nouvelles hypothèses sur l'intervention de différents transporteurs et la nature des molécules transportées pourront être formulées. / Among the secondary metabolites involved in grape berry and wine quality, condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins (PAs) play a major role, especially in astringency and color stability of wine. These molecules are also involved in plant defence against biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of PAs to human health are well documented. In grapevine, PAs have the distinctive feature of being esterified with gallic acid. An acylation reaction called galloylation is responsible for this modification. Studies show that the galloylation influences oenological and pharmacological properties of PAs. In the grape berry, PAs are synthesized in the early stages of development, mainly in skin and seeds. A relatively small number of enzymatic steps are required for the biosynthesis of the basic structure of these metabolites and the corresponding genes are now widely known in model plants, including in grapevine. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the final steps, including galloylation, are only partially known. Earlier results obtained after the search of QTL influencing the composition of the grape berry, especially the galloylation ratio of PAs, and transcriptomic studies after overexpression of transcription factors that regulate PAs biosynthesis pathway, have allowed the identification of genes potentially involved in these steps. Shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH) genes were identified. These genes would intervene upstream, for the biosynthesis of gallic acid. Three identified glucosyltransferases, already characterized in the laboratory, are involved in the biosynthesis of glucose ester of gallic acid (β-glucogalline), which could serve as an intermediary for PAs galloylation. These screening methods have also helped to identify 2 serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases, called glucose acyltransferases (GATs) which are capable of catalyzing the last step of galloylation: the transfer of gallic acid from β-glucogalline to PAs. The first objective of this thesis was to determine the function of the SDHs encoded by grapevine genes. Recombinant SDHs, produced heterologously in E. coli, have the capacity to generate gallic acid in vitro. Their level of expression during development and in different tissues of the berry was also established. In vitro results are supported by the metabolic profile (gallic acid, β-glucogallin and PAs) of grapevine hairy -roots transformed with a SDH gene. The second objective of this thesis was to validate the function of the GATs by transient expression in tobacco leaves and in vitro enzyme assays. The transient transformation of grapevine leaves with GATs allowed to modulate the concentration of phenolic esters and notably galloylated flavan-3-ols in planta. The study of these genes was extended to vascular plants by phylogenetic analyses which allowed to identify peptide motifs potentially involved in the studied mechanisms and reflecting the sub-functionalization of certain genes. This work has provided informations on the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of gallic acid and its two-step transfer on flavan-3-ols (galloylation). New hypotheses on the intervention of different carriers and nature of transported molecules can be proposed.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Salt stress is a major abiotic stress that accounts for huge agricultural losses worldwide, which in turn threaten food security and sustainable agriculture. Salt triggers the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which accumulate to levels that become toxic to plants, resulting in cell death and reduced plant growth. Part of the plant’s mechanisms to counteract ROS-induced cell death involves the scavenging ability of the antioxidant defense system to maintain redox homeostasis. Gallic acid (GA) is an antioxidant that has been shown to reduce salt-induced ROS in legume plants. However, its effects on wheat plants have not been elucidated. This study thus investigated the role of exogenous GA (250 μM) on the physiological responses and antioxidant system of wheat plants under salt stress (150 mM). In addition, this study also investigated how GA and salt stress influenced changes in the membrane proteome of wheat plants using LC-MS proteomic analysis. / 2022

Li Lok Yee Mandy. / "June 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-165). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

La Gaule protohistorique est traditionnellement vue comme dénuée d'unité, déchirée par de continuelles guerres entre ses peuples. L'entité gauloise décrite par César serait une création de ce dernier en vue d'objectifs politiques bien romains. Néanmoins, les institutions des peuples gaulois sont vues comme un tout cohérent conforme au modèle éduen. L'étude renouvelée des sources. Du "Bellum Gallicum" en particulier, infirme ces vues héritées des siècles passés. La Gaule est en fait une réalité antérieure au descriptif romain, un espace politique cohérent doté de pratiques politiques communes : des assemblées à différents niveaux, dont une commune à la Gaule, la reconnaissance d'un peuple hégémonique, le recours à des coalitions générales dirigées par un chef de guerre. Ces pratiques bien établies à l’époque de César, fournirent en partie le socle du système administratif romain en Gaule. Ainsi l'entité gauloise fut pérennisée par le culte du Confluent qui ignore la tripartition provinciale et obéit en partie à des critères hérités de l'indépendance. Quant aux institutions des peuples, elles sont ici conçues comme autant d'entités indépendantes, révélant, par-delà des convergences, leur diversité. La conquête romaine n'entraîne pas d’immédiat bouleversement institutionnel et les guerres civiles retardent l'application d'une "forma provinciae". Rome s'appuie alors sur des hommes qu'elle maintient au pouvoir et ce n'est qu’en 16-13 av. J.-C. qu'Auguste réalise le découpage provincial et initie la mutation civique en Gaule ce qui pousse à plus d'homogénéité institutionnelle. Mais la diversité perdure, et le droit latin ne met pas fin non plus aux situations héritées du passé. / Protohostoric Gaul is traditionally seen as devoid of unity, torn apart by continuous wars between its peoples. The Gallic entity described by Caesar would be a creation of his own in view of Roman politics goals. Nonetheless, the institutions of Gallic peoples are seen as a coherent whole obeying to the Aeduan model. The renewed study of the sources, particularly the "Bellum Gallicum", invalidates these views inherited from passed centuries. ln fact, Gaul is a reality that precedes the Roman description. It is a coherent political space with common political practices: assemblies at different levels, among which one for Gaul, the recognition of a hegemonic people, the use of general coalitions headed by a war leader. These practices, well established already during Caesar's time, provided for a part of the basis of the Roman administrative system in Gaul. Thus the Gallic entity is perpetuated though the cult at the Confluent which ignored the provincial tripartition and partially obeyed criteria inherited from the independence. As for the peoples' institutions, they are here considered as many of independent entities therefore revealing their diversity in spite of their convergences. The Roman conquest did not entail an immediate institutional upheaval and civil wars delayed the establishment of a "forma provinciae". Rome then relies on men it maintained to power. It is only in 16-13 BC that Augustus completed the provincial cutting and triggered civic mutation in Gaul which leads to more institutional homogeneity. But diversity endured and the Latin right doesn't put an end to situations inherited from the past either.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-23T11:32:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Clayton.pdf: 1700881 bytes, checksum: bef0a31461056b467bc6eb1389d5bdf6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-23T11:32:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clayton.pdf: 1700881 bytes, checksum: bef0a31461056b467bc6eb1389d5bdf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Este trabalho descreve o estudo fitoquímico dos extratos polares de Cenostigma gardnerianum Tul., além da realização de ensaios de avaliação antioxidante das substâncias isoladas. O gênero Cenostigma pertence à família Leguminosae e compreende quatro espécies, sendo três delas endêmicas do Brasil. Das espécies conhecidas, apenas uma apresenta estudo químico preliminar. C. gardnerianum é conhecida popularmente como “canela-de-velho” ou “catingueira”, e pode ser encontrada no cerrado e caatinga baianos. Esta espécie é utilizada como forrageira podendo, portanto, ser empregada na alimentação de animais, constituindo assim uma importante fonte de recursos para o homem do sertão, principalmente em época de secas. Utilizando-se métodos cromatográficos usuais (CC, CCDC em sílica, poliamida e permeação em gel de Sephadex), do extrato AcOEt das folhas de C. gardnerianum foram isoladas o Ácido gálico, Galato de metila e o Ácido elágico. Foram isolados, ainda deste extrato, os flavonóides: Quercetina; Quercetina-3-O-S Dglicopiranosídeo; Quercetina-3-O-(6’’-O-galoil)-S-D-glicopiranosídeo; Quercetina-3-O-(6’’-O-E-p-cumaroil)-S-D-glicopiranosídeo; Agathisflavona e Vitexina. Do extrato clorofórmico das folhas foi isolada a Escoparona. Do extrato AcOEt das cascas do caule foi isolado um novo derivado do ácido gálico, caracterizado como Galato de metila-2-C-S-Dglicopiranosídeo, uma substância rara nesta classe de compostos. As estruturas das substâncias isoladas foram elucidadas através da análise dos dados obtidos pelos dados de EM, de RMN de 1H , 13C e DEPT, além de técnicas bidimensionais (HMBC e HMQC). Os testes de atividade antioxidante, in vitro, utilizando as metodologias da co-oxidação do S-caroteno/ácido linoleico e do seqüestro do radical estável DPPH, demonstraram que as substâncias Quercetina-3-O-S-D-glicopiranosídeo e Quercetina-3-O-(6’’-O-galoil)-S-Dglicopiranosídeo apresentaram excelente atividade, enquanto que a Quercetina-3-O-(6’’-O-Ep-cumaroil)-S-D-glicopiranosídeo apresentou atividade moderada, e as substâncias Agathisflavona e Galato de metila-2-C-S-D-glicopiranosídeo apresentaram baixa ou nenhuma atividade, respectivamente. / Salvador

Submitted by VANESSA GONÇALVES WOLF null (nessa.wolf@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-13T23:39:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20170708145234dissertacao_final_vanessa_goncalves_wolf_corrigida_jul_8.pdf: 3123091 bytes, checksum: 0e5f498e0767893a065858a9ae558c1c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-14T18:44:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 wolf_vg_me_arafcf.pdf: 3123091 bytes, checksum: 0e5f498e0767893a065858a9ae558c1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-14T18:44:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wolf_vg_me_arafcf.pdf: 3123091 bytes, checksum: 0e5f498e0767893a065858a9ae558c1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Helicobacter pylori é um dos principais causadores de gastrite crônica e úlcera péptica, e embora o mecanismo envolvido na inflamação gástrica por esta bactéria não esteja completamente elucidado, sabe-se do importante papel das espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) produzidas por polimorfonucleares neutrófilos, que são atraídos e ativados pelo agente da infecção, sem que, entretanto, consigam debelar a mesma, mas que contribuem fortemente para a lesão tecidual e o processo inflamatório crônico. Diante disso, tem aumentado a busca de novas estratégias de tratamento que possam levar à redução do estresse oxidativo gerado no sítio da infecção, com consequente redução do processo inflamatório. Neste sentido, ácido gálico, juntamente com seus ésteres (galato de metila, propila, hexila e octila), foram utilizados neste estudo, com o objetivo de avaliar suas ações como inibidores da liberação de EROs por neutrófilos ativados, bem como seus efeitos antimicrobianos sobre H. pylori. Para a avaliação da atividade antioxidante dessas substâncias foram realizados ensaios livres de células (efeito supressor sobre o radical DPPH e sobre radicais peroxila), e o efeito anti-EROs foi avaliado utilizando neutrófilos isolados de sangue humano estimulados por H. pylori, Zymosan ou PMA, através de ensaio quimiluminescente dependente de luminol ou lucigenina, ensaio com WST-1, ensaio de inibição da produção de HOCl, e o teste do NBT. Ensaio antimicrobiano foi realizado através da técnica de microdiluição em caldo. A presença da cadeia lateral carbônica levou a um significativo aumento na capacidade dos ésteres em inibir a produção de EROs por neutrófilos ativados, quando comparados ao ácido precursor, com destaque para os galatos de hexila e octila, que inibiram em quase 100% a produção de radical ânion superóxido, bem como de todas as EROs do burst oxidativo de forma geral. Galatos de octila e hexila também mostraram-se ser as moléculas com maior atividade antimicrobiana sobre H. pylori, com um valor de CIM de 125 e 250g/mL, respectivamente, ao passo que as demais substâncias apresentaram valor de CIM acima de 1000 g/mL. Os resultados obtidos mostram o grande potencial dos ésteres do ácido gálico quanto à suas atividades anti-H. pylori e anti-EROs, e além disso demonstram a importância da presença de uma cadeia carbônica lateral, conferindo maior hidrofobicidade à molécula, para obter-se a máxima atividade antimicrobiana in vitro e a máxima atividade antioxidante em modelo ex vivo. Assim, os ésteres do ácido gálico apresentam-se como moléculas promissoras no tratamento da infecção por Helicobacter pylori, apresentando ação antimicrobiana sobre o mesmo, bem como na redução do estresse oxidativo gerado no sítio da infecção. / Helicobacter pylori is one of major cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, and although the mechanism involved in gastric inflammation by this bacterium is not fully understood, it is know the important role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), which are attracted and activated by infection agent, without, however, to be able to overcome the same, but which contribute strongly to the tissue damage and chronic inflammation. Therefore, it has increased the search for new strategies of treatment that can lead to the reduction of the oxidative stress generated at the infection site, with consequent reduction of the inflammatory process. In this sense, gallic acid, together with its esters (methyl, propyl, hexyl and octyl gallate), were used in this study, with the aim of evaluating their actions as inhibitors of ROS release by activated neutrophils, as well as their antimicrobial effects on H. pylori. Cell-free assays (suppressor effect on the DPPH radical and peroxyl radicals) were performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these substances, and the anti-EROs effect was evaluated using neutrophils isolated from human blood, stimulated by H. pylori, Zymosan or PMA, through luminol-dependent or lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescent assay, WST-1 assay, inhibition of HOCl production assay, and the NBT assay. Antimicrobial assay was performed by broth microdilution technique. The presence of the carbonic side chain led to a significant increase in the ability of the esters to inhibit the ROS production by activated neutrophils when compared to the precursor acid, especially hexyl and octyl gallates, which inhibited practically 100% of the superoxide anion radical production, as well as all ROS of the oxidative burst in general. Octyl and hexyl gallates were also shown to be the molecules with the highest antimicrobial activity on H. pylori, with a MIC value of 125 and 250 μg/mL, respectively, while the other substances had a MIC value higher than 1000 g/ml. The results show the great potential of the esters of gallic acid for their anti-H. pylori and anti-EROs activities, and furthermore demonstrate the importance of the presence of a lateral carbonic chain, giving greater hydrophobicity to the molecule, to obtain the maximum antimicrobial activity in vitro and the maximum antioxidant activity in an ex vivo model. Thus, esters of gallic acid are promising molecules in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, presenting antimicrobial action on the same, as well as reducing the oxidative stress generated at the site of infection. / CNPq: 130667/2015-3 / FAPESP: 2015/21693-0