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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
261

Machine learning and statistical methods in search of cosmic neutrino sources

Capone, Luigino January 2022 (has links)
No description available.
262

Evaluation of Prompt Gamma-ray Data and Nuclear Structure of Niobium-94 with Statistical Model Calculations

Turkoglu, Danyal J. January 2014 (has links)
No description available.
263

Search for transient phenomena in the very-high-energy gamma-ray sky with H.E.S.S.

Konno, Ruslan 12 July 2024 (has links)
Zeitabhängige Multimessenger-Astronomie ist die Studie von vorübergehenden astrophysikalischen Phänomenen mithilfe verschiedener Botschafterteilchen und -wellen. Das High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) ist ein bodengestütztes Teleskop-Array, das Gammastrahlen im Bereich von 30 GeV bis 100 TeV misst. In dieser Arbeit werden drei H.E.S.S.-Programme zur Nachverfolgung von vorübergehenden Phänomenen diskutiert. Zuerst wird das Nova-Programm vorgestellt, zusammen mit der Entdeckung des Ausbruchs von RS Ophiuchi (RS Oph) im Jahr 2021. RS Oph ist eine Nova, welche schon mehrmals ausgebrochen ist. Die Analyse der Nova, zeigt eine klare Detektion über die ersten fünf Nächte sowie eine marginale Detektion bis zu vier Wochen nach dem Ausbruch. RS Oph ist damit das erste galaktische vorübergehende Phänomen, das bei Energien von ~1 TeV detektiert wurde. Eine klare Variabilität des Spektrums wird gezeigt. Eine Diskussion zeigt, dass die beobachteten Gammastrahlen höchstwahrscheinlich durch beschleunigte Protonen innerhalb eines astrophysikalischen Schocks stammt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine zeitaufgelöster Teilchenbeschleunigung. Das zweite Programm ist das Gravitationswellen (GW)-Programm. Hier wird die Analyse von vier beobachteten Verschmelzungsereignissen von binären schwarzen Löchern vorgestellt. Es wird keine Detektion gemeldet, stattdessen werden Himmelskarten mit Höchstgrenzen produziert. Die Effektivität der GW-Nachverfolgung mit H.E.S.S. wird diskutiert. Das dritte Programm ist das Pionierprogramm für Gezeiten-Sternzerrissereignisse (TDEs), das in den letzten Jahren etabliert wurde. Herausforderungen des Programms werden diskutiert, und die H.E.S.S.-Nachverfolgung des Ereignisses AT2019uqv wird vorgestellt. Es werden keine Detektionen gemeldet, stattdessen werden obere Grenzen für AT2019uqv angegeben. Abschließend erfolgt ein Vergleich der Programme sowie ein Ausblick auf das nächste Jahrzehnt bodengestützter Gammastrahlenbeobachtungen. / Time-domain multi-messenger astronomy is the study of transient astrophysical phenomena using several messenger particles and waves. The High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) is a ground-based telescope array, which measures very-high-energy gamma rays between 30 GeV and 100 TeV. Within this work, three H.E.S.S. transients follow-up programs and their results are shown. At first, the nova program is shown together with the detection of the 2021 RS Ophiuchi (RS Oph) outburst. RS Oph is a known nova with past eruptions. The analysis of the nova presented in this work shows a clear detection over the first five nights of observations, and a marginal detection two to four weeks after the eruption. RS Oph is thus the first Galactic transient phenomenon detected at ~1 TeV energies. A clear variability of the spectrum is shown. A discussion of the underlying physics concludes, that the observed gamma-ray emission most likely stems from cooled protons accelerated within an astrophysical shock. The results show time-resolved particle acceleration. The second program is the gravitational-waves (GWs) program. Here, the analysis of four observed binary black hole merger events is shown. No detection is reported, and upper limit sky maps are derived instead. The viability of GW follow-up with H.E.S.S. is discussed, and a case is made for a potential counterpart detection. The third program is the tidal disruption event (TDE) program, a pioneered program established at the emergence of the source class within the last few years. Unique challenges of the follow-up program are discussed, and the H.E.S.S. follow-up of the event AT2019uqv is shown. No detection is reported, and upper limits for AT2019uqv are given instead. The interest in follow-up observations of TDEs with gamma-ray instruments is stressed. In conclusion, a comparison of the different programs and their requirements is given, together with an outlook for the next decade of ground-based gamma-ray observations.
264

Caractérisation des colis de déchets radioactifs par activation neutronique / Radioactive waste caracterisation by neutron activation

Nicol, Tangi 19 September 2016 (has links)
Les activités nucléaires génèrent des déchets radioactifs classés selon leur niveau d’activité et la durée de vie des radioéléments présents. La garantie d’un classement et d’une gestion optimale nécessite une caractérisation précise. Les déchets de moyenne et haute activité, contenant des radioéléments à vie très longue, seront stockés en profondeur pendant plusieurs centaines de milliers d’années, à l’issue desquelles il est nécessaire de pouvoir garantir l’absence de risques pour l’homme et l’environnement, non seulement sur le plan radiologique, mais aussi en ce qui concerne des éléments stables, toxiques du point de vue chimique. Cette thèse concerne la caractérisation par activation neutronique de ces éléments toxiques, ainsi que celle des matières nucléaires présentes dans les colis. Elle a été réalisée dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre le Laboratoire de Mesures Nucléaires du CEA Cadarache, en France, et l’institut de Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs et de Sûreté des Réacteurs du centre de recherche FZJ (Forschungszentrum Jülich), en Allemagne. La première étude a consisté à valider le modèle numérique de la cellule d’activation neutronique MEDINA (FZJ) avec le code de transport Monte Carlo MCNP. Les rayonnements gamma prompts de capture radiative d’échantillons contenant des éléments d’intérêt (béryllium, aluminium, chlore, cuivre, sélénium, strontium et tantale) ont été mesurés et comparés aux simulations avec diverses bases de données nucléaires, permettant d’aboutir à un accord satisfaisant et validant le schéma de calcul en vue des études suivantes. Ensuite, la mesure des rayonnements gamma retardés de fissions induites sur les isotopes 235U et 239Pu a été étudiée pour des fûts de 225 L contenant des enrobés bitumineux ou une matrice béton, représentatifs de déchets produits en France et en Allemagne. Les rendements d’émission des rayonnements gamma retardés de fission d’intérêt, cohérents avec ceux publiés dans la littérature, ont été déterminés à partir des mesures d’échantillons métalliques d’uranium et de plutonium dans la cellule d’activation neutronique REGAIN du LMN. Le signal utile a ensuite été extrapolé par simulation MCNP pour une répartition homogène d’isotopes 239Pu ou 235U dans les matrices considérées, en utilisant le modèle numérique de MEDINA. Des signaux faibles, de l’ordre de 100 coups par gramme d’isotope 239Pu ou 235U, ont été obtenus. Pour le colis d’enrobés bitumineux, le niveau d’irradiation gamma très élevé, dû à une activité en 137Cs de l’ordre de 1 TBq par fût, nécessiterait l’utilisation d’une collimation et/ou d’écrans pour éviter la saturation de l’électronique de mesure, rendant indétectables les rayonnements gamma retardés de fission. Les colis de déchets bétonnés produits en Allemagne présentant un niveau d’activité plus faible, il a été possible d’estimer des limites de détection allant de 10 à 290 g d’isotope fissile 235U ou 239Pu, selon la raie gamma considérée, suite à la mesure du bruit de fond actif dans MEDINA avec une matrice béton maquette. Afin d’améliorer ces performances, le blindage du détecteur germanium de MEDINA a été optimisé à l’aide de simulations MCNP, montrant la possibilité de réduire les bruits de fond gamma et neutron d’un facteur 4 et 5, respectivement. La validation expérimentale de l’efficacité du blindage a été effectuée à partir de configuration simples à implémenter dans MEDINA, confirmant les facteurs de réduction attendus. Un blindage du détecteur optimal permettrait d’améliorer les limites de détection et aussi d’utiliser une source de neutrons d’intensité supérieure, comme un générateur de neutron à haut flux ou un accélérateur linéaire d’électrons avec une cible de conversion appropriée. / Nuclear activities produce radioactive wastes classified following their radioactive level and decay time. An accurate characterization is necessary for efficient classification and management. Medium and high level wastes containing long lived radioactive isotopes will be stored in deep geological storage for hundreds of thousands years. At the end of this period, it is essential to ensure that the wastes do not represent any risk for humans and environment, not only from radioactive point of view, but also from stable toxic chemicals. This PhD thesis concerns the characterization of toxic chemicals and nuclear material in radioactive waste, by using neutron activation analysis, in the frame of collaboration between the Nuclear Measurement Laboratory of CEA Cadarache, France, and the Institute of Nuclear Waste Management and Reactor Safety of the research center, FZJ (Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH), Germany. The first study is about the validation of the numerical model of the neutron activation cell MEDINA (FZJ), using MCNP Monte Carlo transport code. Simulations and measurements of prompt capture gamma rays from small samples measured in MEDINA have been compared for a number of elements of interest (beryllium, aluminum, chlorine, copper, selenium, strontium, and tantalum). The comparison was performed using different nuclear databases, resulting in satisfactory agreement and validating simulation in view of following studies. Then, the feasibility of fission delayed gamma-ray measurements of 239Pu and 235U in 225 L waste drums has been studied, considering bituminized or concrete matrixes representative of wastes produced in France and Germany. The delayed gamma emission yields were first determined from uranium and plutonium metallic samples measurements in REGAIN, the neutron activation cell of LMN, showing satisfactory consistency with published data. The useful delayed gamma signals of 239Pu and 235U, homogeneously distributed in the 225 L matrixes, were then determined by MCNP simulations using MEDINA numerical model. Weak signals of about one hundred counts per gram of 239Pu or 235U after 7200 s irradiation were obtained. Because of the high gamma emission in the bituminized waste produced in France (about 1 TBq of 137Cs per drum), the use of collimator and/or shielding is mandatory to avoid electronic saturation, making fission delayed gamma rays undetectable. However, German concrete drums being of lower activity, their corresponding active background was measured in MEDINA with a concrete mock-up, leading to detection limits between 10 and 290 g of 235U or239Pu, depending on the delayed gamma line. In order to improve these performances, the shielding of MEDINA germanium detector was optimized using MCNP calculations, resulting in gamma and neutron background reduction factors of 4 and 5, respectively. The experimental validation of the shielding efficiency was performed by implementing easy-to-build configurations in MEDINA, which confirmed the expected background reduction factors predicted by MCNP. Thanks to an optimized detector shielding, it will also be possible to use a higher neutron emission source, like a high flux neutron generator or an electron LINAC with appropriate conversion targets, in view to further reduce detection limits.
265

Nonparametric estimation of the off-pulse interval(s) of a pulsar light curve / Willem Daniël Schutte

Schutte, Willem Daniël January 2014 (has links)
The main objective of this thesis is the development of a nonparametric sequential estimation technique for the off-pulse interval(s) of a source function originating from a pulsar. It is important to identify the off-pulse interval of each pulsar accurately, since the properties of the off-pulse emissions are further researched by astrophysicists in an attempt to detect potential emissions from the associated pulsar wind nebula (PWN). The identification technique currently used in the literature is subjective in nature, since it is based on the visual inspection of the histogram estimate of the pulsar light curve. The developed nonparametric estimation technique is not only objective in nature, but also accurate in the estimation of the off-pulse interval of a pulsar, as evident from the simulation study and the application of the developed technique to observed pulsar data. The first two chapters of this thesis are devoted to a literature study that provides background information on the pulsar environment and -ray astronomy, together with an explanation of the on-pulse and off-pulse interval of a pulsar and the importance thereof for the present study. This is followed by a discussion on some fundamental circular statistical ideas, as well as an overview of kernel density estimation techniques. These two statistical topics are then united in order to illustrate kernel density estimation techniques applied to circular data, since this concept is the starting point of the developed nonparametric sequential estimation technique. Once the basic theoretical background of the pulsar environment and circular kernel density estimation has been established, the new sequential off-pulse interval estimator is formulated. The estimation technique will be referred to as `SOPIE'. A number of tuning parameters form part of SOPIE, and therefore the performed simulation study not only serves as an evaluation of the performance of SOPIE, but also as a mechanism to establish which tuning parameter configurations consistently perform better than some other configurations. In conclusion, the optimal parameter configurations are utilised in the application of SOPIE to pulsar data. For several pulsars, the sequential off-pulse interval estimators are compared to the off-pulse intervals published in research papers, which were identified with the subjective \eye-ball" technique. It is found that the sequential off-pulse interval estimators are closely related to the off-pulse intervals identified with subjective visual inspection, with the benefit that the estimated intervals are objectively obtained with a nonparametric estimation technique. / PhD (Statistics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
266

Nonparametric estimation of the off-pulse interval(s) of a pulsar light curve / Willem Daniël Schutte

Schutte, Willem Daniël January 2014 (has links)
The main objective of this thesis is the development of a nonparametric sequential estimation technique for the off-pulse interval(s) of a source function originating from a pulsar. It is important to identify the off-pulse interval of each pulsar accurately, since the properties of the off-pulse emissions are further researched by astrophysicists in an attempt to detect potential emissions from the associated pulsar wind nebula (PWN). The identification technique currently used in the literature is subjective in nature, since it is based on the visual inspection of the histogram estimate of the pulsar light curve. The developed nonparametric estimation technique is not only objective in nature, but also accurate in the estimation of the off-pulse interval of a pulsar, as evident from the simulation study and the application of the developed technique to observed pulsar data. The first two chapters of this thesis are devoted to a literature study that provides background information on the pulsar environment and -ray astronomy, together with an explanation of the on-pulse and off-pulse interval of a pulsar and the importance thereof for the present study. This is followed by a discussion on some fundamental circular statistical ideas, as well as an overview of kernel density estimation techniques. These two statistical topics are then united in order to illustrate kernel density estimation techniques applied to circular data, since this concept is the starting point of the developed nonparametric sequential estimation technique. Once the basic theoretical background of the pulsar environment and circular kernel density estimation has been established, the new sequential off-pulse interval estimator is formulated. The estimation technique will be referred to as `SOPIE'. A number of tuning parameters form part of SOPIE, and therefore the performed simulation study not only serves as an evaluation of the performance of SOPIE, but also as a mechanism to establish which tuning parameter configurations consistently perform better than some other configurations. In conclusion, the optimal parameter configurations are utilised in the application of SOPIE to pulsar data. For several pulsars, the sequential off-pulse interval estimators are compared to the off-pulse intervals published in research papers, which were identified with the subjective \eye-ball" technique. It is found that the sequential off-pulse interval estimators are closely related to the off-pulse intervals identified with subjective visual inspection, with the benefit that the estimated intervals are objectively obtained with a nonparametric estimation technique. / PhD (Statistics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
267

VHE and multi-wavelength data analysis of HESS J1741−302

Angüner, Ekrem Oǧuzhan 17 May 2016 (has links)
HESS J1741−302 ist eine nicht identifizierte Quelle sehr hochenergetischer Gammastrahlen, welche circa 1,7 Grad vom Zentrum der Milchstraße entfernt liegt. Diese Quelle ist eines der schwächsten Objekte im TeV-Bereich mit einem Photonfluss von Φ(>1 TeV) = (1.65 ± 0.28stat ± 0.33sys) × 10^−13 cm^−2 s^−1, was ~1% des Krebsnebelflusses im gleichen Energiebereich entspricht. Die Analyse des aktuellen H.E.S.S. Datensatzes von 145 Stunden Beobachtungen mit hoher Qualität gibt Einblicke in die Morphologie von HESS J1741−302. Das Energiespektrum von HESS J1741−302 geht über 10 TeV hinaus, ohne dabei ein klares Anzeichen für einen spektralen Abbruch zu zeigen. Das Spektrum kann durch ein Potenzgesetz mit einem spektralen Index von Γ = 2.28 ± 0.16stat ± 0.20sys und einer Normierung bei 1 TeV von Φ0 = (2.12 ± 0.42stat ± 0.42sys) × 10^−13 cm^−2 s^−1 TeV^−1 beschrieben werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Szenarien für die beobachtete Gammastrahlung und deren Entstehung in Betracht gezogen. Diese beinhalten die Wechselwirkung von Protonen der kosmischen Strahlung mit Molekülwolken entlang der Sichtlinie, IC Streuung an Infrarot-Photonen eines nahe gelegenen OH/IR Sterns und die Präsenz eines Pulsarwindnebels, welcher möglicherweise zu PSR B1737−30 gehört. / HESS J1741−302 is an unidentified very-high-energy (VHE) γ-ray source located in the Galactic Plane at about 1.7° away from the Galactic Center. It is one of the faintest TeV objects detected so far, with a flux Φ(>1 TeV) = (1.65 ± 0.28stat ± 0.33sys) × 10^−13 cm^−2 s^−1 corresponding to ~ 1% of the Crab Nebula flux at the same energies. The data analysis of an updated high-quality dataset of ~145 hours of VHE H.E.S.S. data taken between 2004 and 2013 has revealed the morphology of HESS J1741−302. The γ-ray spectrum of HESS J1741−302 extends beyond 10 TeV without showing any clear evidence of a cut-off. The source spectrum is well described by a power-law model with a spectral index of Γ = 2.28 ± 0.16stat ± 0.20sys and a normalization at 1 TeV of Φ0 = (2.12 ± 0.42stat ± 0.42sys) × 10^−13 cm^−2 s^−1 TeV^−1. Different scenarios will be considered in this thesis, including the interaction of cosmic-ray protons with molecular clouds found along the line of sight, inverse Compton scattering of infra-red photons provided by a nearby OH/IR star and the presence of a nearby pulsar wind nebula possibly related to PSR B1737−30, in order to explain the observed VHE gamma-ray emission.
268

Very high energy gamma rays from the binary pulsar PSR B1259-63

Schlenker, Stefan 05 August 2005 (has links)
Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Entdeckung von hochenergetischer Gammastrahlung aus Richtung des Binaersystems PSR B1259-63 / SS 2883. Die Beobachtungen dieses Systems von einem Radio-Pulsar, der sich auf einer stark exzentrischen Umlaufbahn um einen schweren und hellen Stern befindet, wurden mit dem High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.), einem System von abbildenden atmosphaerischen Cherenkov-Teleskopen, in der ersten Haelfte des Jahres 2004 durchgefuehrt. Kosmische Gammastrahlen im Energiebereich zwischen 0.1 und 100 TeV erzeugen in der oberen Atmosphaere Luftschauer von relativistischen Sekundaerteilchen, deren Cherenkov-Emission von den Teleskopen des Systems nachgewiesen werden kann. Vor der Entdeckung von TeV-Gammastrahlung aus Richtung von PSR B1259-63 galt dieses System als ein aussichtsreicher Kandidat fuer die Beschleunigung von geladenen Teilchen auf Energien oberhalb von 1 TeV. Es wurde angenommen, dass die Wechselwirkung des relativistischen Pulsarwindes mit dem Sternenwind des Begleitsterns massive Plasmaschocks erzeugt, in denen die Beschleunigung erfolgt. Durch die H.E.S.S. Beobachtungen wurde ein Signal von Photonen im TeV-Bereich mit einer statistischen Signifikanz von ueber 13 sigma gemessen und somit wurde die Beschleunigung von Teilchen auf TeV-Energien innerhalb des Binaersystems erstmalig zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen. Das gemessene Energiespektrum kann im zeitlichen Mittel mit einem Potenzgesetz mit dem Photonenindex 2.7 +- 0.3 beschrieben werden. Diese Form des Spektrums weist auf eine Erzeugung der Gammastrahlung durch inverse Compton-Streuung von schock-beschleunigten Elektronen und Positronen mit den Photonen der thermischen Strahlung von SS 2883 hin. Die gemessene Variation des Flusses der Gammastrahlung auf einer Zeitskala von Tagen ist bisher einmalig fuer eine galaktische Quelle von TeV Photonen und ermoeglicht erstmalig Einblicke in die Dynamik der Wechselwirkung eines Pulsarwindes mit einer sich aendernden Umgebung. / This work reports on the discovery of very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission of the binary system PSR B1259-63 / SS 2883, consisting of a radio pulsar orbiting a massive, luminous star in a highly eccentric orbit. The observations of the binary system in the first half of 2004 were performed with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.), a system of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, recently installed in Namibia and in full operation since December 2003. The instrument collects the Cherenkov light emitted by air showers which are induced by the interaction of cosmic gamma-rays with the upper atmosphere. This technique allows to detect gamma-rays with energies ranging from 10^11 to 10^14 electron Volts, and to reconstruct their direction and energy with an angular resolution of less than 0.1° and energy resolution of better than 20%, respectively. Prior to the detection of VHE gamma-rays from PSR B1259-63, the system served as a candidate for the acceleration of particles to TeV energies. The acceleration is believed to take place in plasma shocks produced by the interaction of the relativistic pulsar wind with the massive stellar winds of the companion star. The VHE gamma-ray signal from the binary system was detected with a total significance above 13 sigma. This detection provides the first unambiguous evidence for particle acceleration to multi-TeV energies in this binary system. The measured time-averaged energy spectrum can be described by a power law with a photon index 2.7 +- 0.3 suggesting that the emission is produced by inverse Compton scattering of shock-accelerated electrons and positrons on the thermal photons emitted by SS 2883. The gamma-ray flux was found to vary significantly on timescales of days which makes PSR B1259-63 the first variable galactic source of VHE gamma-rays observed so far and gives valuable insights into the dynamics of pulsar winds interacting with a changing environment.
269

The TeV gamma-ray binary PSR B1259-63

Kerschhaggl, Matthias 13 July 2010 (has links)
PSR B1259-63 ist ein Binärsystem in welchem ein Pulsar um einen massereichen Be-Stern kreist. Dieses System weist variable, nicht thermische Strahlung um den Periastron herum auf, welche vom Radiobereich bis zu sehr hohen Energien (engl. very-high-energy VHE; E > 100 GeV) sichtbar ist. Die vorliegende Dissertation präsentiert VHE Daten des Systems, gemessen in den Jahren 2005, 2006 b.z.w. vor und kurz nach dem Periastron im Jahr 2007. Diese Daten erweitern das Wissen um die Lichtkurve dieses Objektes über alle Phasen der Umlaufbahn. Diese Daten wurden mit den H.E.S.S. Teleskopen gewonnen. Gamma-Strahlung in einem Energiebereich von 0.5-70 TeV wurde gemessen. Von PSR B1259-63 wurde, unter Verwendung von 55 h Detektorzeit im Jahr 2007, VHE Strahlung mit einer Gesamtsignifikanz von 9.5 Sigma detektiert. Der monatliche Photonen-Fluss wurde vermessen was erstmals zu VHE Lichtkurvendaten noch weit vor dem Periastron führte. PSR B1259-63 wurde auch in den Jahren 2005 und 2006, weit weg vom Periastron, ueberwacht. Hierbei war kein signifikanter Ueberschuss an gamma-Strahlung über Untergrund zu verzeichnen. Die signifikante Detektion von VHE Photonen, die bei einer wahren Anomalie von -0.35 , also bereits 50 Tage vor dem Periastron, ausgesendet wurden, schliesst ein Szenario mit stellarer Scheibe als Zielmaterial für hadronische Wechselwirkungen als Hauptemissionsmechanismus eher aus. Weiters konnten innerhalb einer phänomenologischen Studie Hinweise gefunden werden, dass PSR B1259-63 ein periodischer VHE Strahler ist. Darüber hinaus wurden Modellrechnungen, die auf inverser Comptonstreuung (IC) von schockbeschleunigten Pulsarwindelektronen basieren, durchgeführt. Das dargestellte Modell berücksichtigt strahlungsfreie Verluste, die möglicherweise im Bereich, in dem der Pulsarwind terminiert wird, eine Rolle spielen. Die gefundenen Ergebnisse zeigen ein eigentümliches nicht radiatives Kühlverhalten um den Periastron, das die VHE Emission in PSR B1259-63 dominiert. / PSR B1259-63 is a binary system where a 48 ms pulsar orbits a massive Be star. The system exhibits variable, non-thermal radiation around periastron visible from radio to very high energies (VHE; E>100 GeV). This thesis presents VHE data from PSR B1259-63 as taken during the years 2005, 2006 and before as well as shortly after the 2007 periastron passage. These data extend the knowledge of the lightcurve of this object to all phases of the binary orbit. Observations of VHE gamma-rays with the H.E.S.S. telescope array were performed. Gamma-ray events in an energy range of 0.5-70 TeV were recorded. VHE gamma-ray emission from PSR B1259-63 was detected with an overall significance of 9.5 standard deviations using 55 h of exposure, obtained in 2007. The monthly flux of gamma-rays during the observation period was measured, yielding VHE lightcurve data for the early pre-periastron phase of the system for the first time. PSR B1259-63 was also monitored in 2005 and 2006, far from periastron passage, comprising 8.9 h and 7.5 h of exposure, respectively. No significant excess of gamma-rays is seen in those observations. The firm detection of VHE photons emitted at a true anomaly of -0.35 of the pulsar orbit, i.e. already ~50 days prior to the periastron passage, disfavors the stellar disc target scenario as a primary emission mechanism, based on current knowledge about the companion star''s disc inclination, extension, and density profile. In a phenomenological study indirect evidence that PSR B1259-63 could in fact be a periodical VHE emitter is presented using the TeV data discussed in this work. Moreover, model calculations based on inverse compton (IC) scattering of shock accelerated pulsar wind electrons were performed. The model presented accounts for non-radiative losses possibly at work in the region where the pulsar wind is shocked by stellar outflows. The presented results show a peculiar non-radiative cooling profile around periastron dominating the VHE emission.
270

Etude des réponses temporelle et spectrale de l'instrument ECLAIRs pour la mission SVOM / Studies of temporal and spectral responses of the eclairs instrument for the mission svom

Bajat, Armelle 09 October 2018 (has links)
La mission Franco-chinoise SVOM (Space based multi-band Variable astronomical Object Monitor), est dédiée à l'étude des sursauts ƴ, intenses et brèves bouffées de photons en X et ƴ, associées à la formation catastrophique de trous noirs. SVOM embarquera en 2021 quatre instruments observant du visible jusqu'aux rayonnements ƴ. ECLAIRs, télescope principal, est une caméra à masque codé capable de détecter et localiser, environ 200 sursauts pendant les trois années de vie de la mission. Son plan de détection compte 6400 détecteurs CdTe à contact Schottky, qui sont regroupés en matrice de 32 formant un module. Le plan est divisé en huit secteurs électroniquement indépendants, composés chacun de 25 modules. Chaque électronique est dédiée à la lecture et au codage du temps, de la position, de la multiplicité et des énergies des événements détectés sur un secteur. La validation des fonctionnalités de l'électronique de lecture a permis de s'assurer du bon codage des événements, d'estimer les limites de l'électronique et de construire un modèle analytique de correction efficace des événements perdus. Une application à une courbe de lumière d'un sursaut brillant a permis de valider théoriquement ce modèle et des mesures réalisées sur le prototype ont permis de le valider expérimentalement. D'autre part, un modèle complet de la réponse spectrale a été construit afin de caractériser chaque détecteur pavant le secteur du prototype et d'estimer la réponse du plan de détection des photons mono-énergétiques. Les processus physiques des interactions rayonnement-matière ont été simulés ainsi qu'un modèle de perte de charges puis une convolution gaussienne permet de considérer le bruit électronique. Ce modèle, comptant six paramètres libres, est ajusté à des spectres réalisés sur le prototype. L'étude des paramètres extraits caractérise les performances de chaque détecteur dans toutes les configurations de tension et de t peaking et permet d'optimiser les performances de l'instrument. / The french-chinese mission SVOM (Space-based multi-band variable Astronomical Object Monitor), is dedicated to the study of ƴ-rays bursts, brief and intense X and ƴ photons flashes, associated with the catastrophic formation of black holes. SVOM will embark in 2021 four instruments observing from the visible to ƴ rays. ECLAIRs, the main telescope, is a coded mask camera able to detect and locate, about 200 bursts during the three years nominal life time of SVOM. Its detection plan counts 6400 Schottky CdTe detectors, grouped into a matrix of 32 pixels forming a module. The plan is divided into eight electronically independent sectors, each consisting of 25 modules. Each electronic is dedicated to read and encode, the time, the position, the multiplicity and the energies of the detected events on a sector. The validation of each functionality of the readout electronics allows to ensure the correct encoding of the events, to estimate the limits of the electronics and to build an analytical model of lost events efficient correction. An application to a lightcurve of a bright GRB permits to validate theoretically this model and measurements carried out on the prototype validates it experimentally. On the other hand, a complete model of the spectral response has been established to characterize each detector on the sector of the prototype and to estimate the response of the plan of detection of the mono-energetic photons. The physical processes of the radiation-matter interactions are simulated as well as a model of lost charges then a Gaussian convolution takes into account the electronic noise. This model, counting six free parameters, is fitted to spectra measured on the prototype. The study of the extracted parameters characterizes the performance of each detector in every voltage and t peaking configurations optimizing the performance of the instrument.

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