<p>This essay is part of a project between Södertörn University College and Stockholm Academic Forum. The focus of the project is gender equality in small- and medium sized companies. I have worked with a construction company called Activa . The majority of the employees at the company were male and I was interested in the consequences of gender construction in such an environment. I think that the basic condition for equality work is an understanding of gender and the male norm. The purpose was to investigate how these things worked out in the Activa organisation. I wanted to investigate the consequences of gender and illustrate how discrimination can work. The conclusions are supposed to be a base for the company’s future equality opportunities.</p><p>The methodology for this investigation were interviews. I have interviewed six persons, whom all worked at the company-office. The interviews were informal conversations based on a semi-structured methodology. The information I got was interpret by the hermeneutic tradition and analysed by gender theories.</p><p>The conclusions of this study are that gender indeed affected the organisation structure. The male and female employees experienced different working conditions. The male norm were in fact setting the agenda in the organisation. The male employees had better possibilities to affect the working conditions compared to the women. Both men and women maintained this structure. They were all acting in order of their expectations. The consequence of these structures, and the behaviour of both men and women at the company, creates an conception of the male norm as natural.</p>

我國兩性工作平等法制，受到國際潮流之影響，歷經十餘年努力，在諸多婦運團體、學者專家、立法委員的奮鬥下，終於在民國90年12月21日完成三讀立法程序，並於次年3月8日正式施行，至今已6年。就政府部門而言，其不僅為本法之主管機關（兩性工作平等法第4條規定），更是眾多公務人員的雇主。因而政府機關如何推動、施行兩性工作平等法，以及其落實兩性工作平等法之程度，不僅將為私部門之楷模，更是政策成敗重要關鍵之一。 本研究以關務機關為例，採用質性研究，以文獻探討法蒐集兩性工作平等相關文獻探討及相關規範予以對照比較分析，以了解兩性工作平等相關議題歷史軌跡，進程及未來趨勢，並透過比較研究法就英美國家實施兩性平權措施經驗與我國兩性工作平等實施情形加以比較，並檢視兩性工作法施行於公部門不足之處，以建置本研究架構，另透過目標性抽樣方式選取訪談對象，以半結構的訪談大綱進行深度訪談，就訪談所得資料予以記錄、編碼、分類、整合，期了解女性及男性關務人員對於兩性工作平等法實施後的看法以及親身的經驗。希望可以藉由實證的結果，得知理論與實務的差異。從本研究中發現，一、我國兩性公平權仍有繼續努力的空間。二、兩性工作平等法部分內容可予以修改補充之。三、其他國家兩性工作平權之措施值得我國參考，但不宜貿然完全移植，必須應各國國情之不同，而提出適合自己國家的措施或制度。四、未來母性保護措施應予修正，另受訪者均認生育補助及育嬰津貼無法解決生活經濟壓力的問題。五、家庭與工作間的衝突仍在。六、關務機關兩性工作平等之落實仍有繼續加強的空間。七、兩性工作平等法宣傳不足。整體而言，兩性工作平等法實施後關務人員均持正面看法，復據本研究發現，吾人試從禁止性別歧視、促進工作平等等面向提出下列建議：一、應藉由「札根教育」建立起兩性平等、無性別高下之分的觀念。二、宣傳兩性平等之真諦。三、職場托育制度的推動。三、增加女性再就業的訓練機會。四、正視低階公務人員生育補助育嬰津貼的問題。五、公務人員相關母性保護規定應予修正。六、對於育有三歲以下子女之婦女如報考公職應比照後備軍人模式予加分優待。七、女性關務人員應克服生理障礙爭取工作績效。八、我國對於幼兒教育券的發放對象，似得參考歐美放寬至3-5歲的幼兒。 關鍵字：兩性工作平等、關務人員 / The Gender Equality Employment Law of Taiwan, ROC, influenced by international trends, passed the third reading in the Legislative Yuan on December 21, 2001, with the endeavor of women’s groups, scholars, experts, lawmakers, etc. Implemented on March 8 the next year, it has now been six years since implementation. The government is not only the “competent authority” of this act (in accordance with Article 4 of this law) but also the major employer of a large number of civil servants. Therefore, the government institutions’ manner in promoting and implementing the Gender Equality Employment Law to consolidate equal rights mentioned in this law will become the exemplar of the private sector and the key to the success of this policy. This research regards the customs office as example. Utilizing qualitative research and literature review on documents and regulations related to the Gender Equality Employment Law, it compares and contrasts the findings to understand the historical trajectory regarding the issues, the progresses, and future trends of gender equality employment. Through comparative research, the experience of the implementation of gender equality employment in UK and US will be compared with that in Taiwan to examine the inadequacy in Taiwan’s government sector in order to construct the framework of this research. In addition, purposive sampling will be used to select the interviewees, who will be interviewed with a semi-structured interview guide in in-depth interview. The data gathered in the interviews will be recorded, numbered, categorized, and integrated to understand the experiences of the male and female officers working in the customs office after the implementation of the Gender Equality Employment Law. It is hoped that the empirical findings can offer us the knowledge of the differences between theory and practice. This research discovers that: 1.There is still room for improvement regarding gender equality. 2. Part of the contents of the Gender Equality Employment Law can be amended and expanded. 3. The measures of other countries in the aspects of gender equality are worthy of our reference but without any necessity of transplanting them. 4. The protection policy of maternity should be amended in the future. In addition, all the interviewees agree that the childbirth subsidy and parental benefits cannot help alleviate economic pressure. 5. The conflicts between work and family still exist. 6. There is still room for consolidation of gender equality employment in the customs office. 7. There is insufficient promotion of the Gender Equality Employment Law. Overall, the officers in the customs office hold positive view towards gender equality employment after the implementation of this law. Meanwhile, according to findings in this study, we would like to suggest the following: 1.The concepts of gender equality and non gender priorities should be built through “fundamental education”. 2. To promote the truth of gender equality. 3. To promote a childcare system for career people. 4. To Increase the opportunities for women to receive on the job training before re-entering the job market. 5. To pay attention to the problems of childbirth subsidy and parental benefit for low-ranking officers. 6. The regulations for the protection of maternity should be amended. 7. Bonus scores should be given to women, just as retired military personnel, with a child or children below three years old in the entrance for civil servants. 8. Female officers in the customs office should overcome physical barriers to promote better accomplishments at work. 9. The issuing of children’s education vouchers should be expanded to children from 3 to 5 years old with reference to the policies in Europe and America. Key word: gender equality in employment, customs officer

Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka relationen mellan styrdokumen­tens föreskrifter gällande jämställdhet och lärares hantering av detta i ensemble­undervisning inom jazz och populärmusik på gymnasiet. Jag har valt att analysera ensemblepedagogernas förhållningssätt och handlingar vid ensembleundervisning utifrån ett genusperspektiv. Denna studie tar avstamp i synen på genus som en social konstruktion, där genusmönster genereras i möten mellan människor, genom ständig upprepning av handlingar och beteenden. För att få svar på mina frågor har jag genomfört halvstrukturerade kvalitativa in­tervjuer med fyra verksamma ensemblelärare vid fyra olika gymnasieskolor. Efter att ha analyserat intervjumaterialet visar resultatet att alla informanter anser att synen på jämställdhet och människors lika värde är grundläggande för hela under­visningen. Tillvägagångssätten för hur pedagogerna hanterar jämställdhet i en­sembleundervisningen skiljer sig något. De lyfter fram olika aspekter rörande äm­net och knyter an till styrdokumentens föreskrifter på varierande vis, men samlas kring åsikten att synen på jämställdhet påverkar det pedagogiska arbetet såväl i mötet med eleverna som på ett kollegialt plan. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the national policy documents regarding gender perception and how teachers are dealing with this in ensemble education in jazz and popular music in the Swedish upper secondary school. I have chosen to analyze the attitudes and actions of ensemble teachers from a gender perspective. This study is based on the perception of gender as a social construction,, where gender patterns are generated in the interaction between people, through constant repetition of action and behavior. In an attempt to answer these questions, I conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with four current teachers at four upper secondary schools. After analyzing the interview material, the result shows that all the participants believe that the perception of gender and human equality is fundamental in the field of education. The procedures for how educators handle equality in ensemble teaching differ slightly. They highlight various aspects of the subject linked to policy documents governing the various ways. The teachers agree that perception of gender affects the educational work, both through interaction with the students, as well as on a collegiate level.

The purpose of the thesis is to understand and analyze the present situation of gender equality in politics in the Philippines, investigate women's opportunities to be politically active and to exercise political influence. Finally find out if there is a difference in horizontal and vertical positions between women's and men's representation in politics and investigate further possibilities and problems that might be associated with women's political representation in the Philippines. The empirical material for this thesis has been gathered through qualitative interviews with male and female politicians from Manila, the capital of the Philippines. The theoretical framework is divided into different parts which are used to analyse various points from the empirical material. In this chapter, we included theories about differences between gender experiences and why women should be politically active. As well as the meaning of an overrepresentation of a certain group in politics and the possible reasons to women’s underrepresentation in politics as well as the arguments about women's presence in politics, and also the horizontal and vertical segregations. To analyse the empirics from a theoretical point of view, we have divided the results into three sub-categories which are the respondents' attitude to the present situation of gender equality in politics, women's opportunities to be politically active and to make political influence and the horizontal or vertical divisions between women and men's positions in politics.  The results from this thesis shows that women are as competent as men in the political field, and they have a lot of experiences to contribute with in politics that benefit all the citizens, but it is easier for women to come in politics if they are a part of a political clan. But these women, who replace their family members, usually pursue those members’ decision, but do not act according to their own will.

This essay has the purpose to explore what awareness women in their professional lives have over how the choices they make affect their pension. Together with the reasoning behind the choices who will later affect their economy in old age retirement. Through connections with staff at a kindergarden I found women who unconstrained choose to be apart of the study, consisting of women in working age in a relationship and they all had children. It was my intention to make a qualitative interview study where I interviewed women to get their thoughts and how they act in certain situations during their professional life. After I had conducted the interwiews I noticed that the results could be seen in relationship to norms and values in socitey. By using a norm theory the answers could be analysed and the norm that was constructed by the women was highlighted. As a complement to the norm theory i used a gender theory to explain why these women took those actions whom was highlighted in these interwiews. The act that was highlighted was that women take more parental leave than men which research proves affects womens economic in retirement negative and the norm that could be constructed was that men work full time.

Jämställdhetsintegrering är den huvudsakliga strategin för att uppnå Sveriges jämställdhetspolitiska mål. Strategin etablerades 1994 ur propositionen Delad makt – delat ansvar och ska sedan dess genomsyra all politisk beslutsfattning och alla politiska processer för att främja ett jämställdhetsperspektiv, och se till att inte existerande ojämlikhet reproduceras. Strategin dras dock med ett antal problem och fallgropar. Att istället faktiskt visst reproducera befintlig könsordning, att förhöja kvinnor just för att de är kvinnor, och att inte se djupet, roten, i problemet – strukturerna. Det finns en risk för att denna rädsla, eller okunskap, att rikta fokus på strukturerna förgås av diskrepans mellan den politiska ambitionen och genomförandet, vilket istället resulterar att bli en teknikalitet – en bock i en checklista. I denna studie utgår jag från två tolkningar som finns av jämställdhetsintegrering, anpassnings- och omvandlingstolkning, där förstnämnda ser jämställdhetsperspektivet som något som läggs ovanpå existerande verksamhet och samhälleliga ramar och där etablera kvinnor; den andra som söker att etablera jämställdhetsperspektivet i verksamheter och i grunden förändra dem för att främja jämställdhet på ett fundamentalt och strukturellt vis. Jag vill mena att dessa tolkningar går att härledas till olika feminismer. För att söka svaret på detta så använder jag mig av Judith Squires olika tillämpningar av jämställdhetsintegrering, vilket hjälper mig att klassificera materialet och i slutändan ge mig svaret på frågan om Regeringskansliet kan uppfattas som jämställdhetsintegrerat. Resultatet indikerar på att jämställdhetsintegrering har blivit ett mål i sig och inte det verktyg för att nå de utsatta jämställdhetspolitiska målen. Arbetet har blivit fokus på resultat och till något tekniskt och kvantitativt framför politiskt och kvalitativt. Även vikten av tydliga politiska signaler för ett fungerande kvalitativt arbete belyses.

As a result of a historically anchored relationship between the Swedish state and the sports movement, gender equality has been a prioritized area of interest in Swedish sports since the 1970s. Despite long-term work in this field, research indicates a notable gap between what is said and done at the central level and locally. Research also indicates attitude problems; gender equality is often seen as an insignificant or unnecessary issue. This thesis seeks to relate to and analyze this development. Answers are sought via male sport coaches and leaders. This approach is motivated by the fact that gender equality-related sport research in Sweden seldom focuses on men and masculinities. At the same time men have been overrepresented as power holders and decision makers, and gender equality has consequently been constructed as a women’s issue. By means of a post-structural discourse analysis, the aim is to investigate constructions of gender equality in interviews with 47 leaders selected from seven sports. How is gender equality constructed in terms of meanings of and standpoints in relation to the concept, and which discourses set the frames for these constructions? Which subject positions are articulated? Results show that gender equality is given many different meanings in the interviews and that these meanings are produced in line with three discourses: a women’s rights discourse (semi-essentialism, structural feminism, a quantitative and qualitative support for women’s sport), a gender critical discourse (constructionism, structural feminism, “women can”, deconstructions of femininities) and a liberal discourse (“sport for all”, individualism, gender neutrality). Furthermore, four subject positions are distinguished: the skeptic, the cynic, the women rightist and the norm critic position. When the results are related to the production of gender equality policies four aspects are discussed, 1) relations between discourses (the discourses generate contradictory interpretations of sport, subjectivity, gender and equality), 2) men and gender equality, 3) the relatively substantial lack of interest in gender equality in the interviews and 4) sport and pluralism. One conclusion in the thesis is that the women’s rights discourse dominates and that the liberal discourse is marginalized in the interviews. Further, it is suggested that an elaboration and a more frequent practice of the gender critical discourse could be useful in the development of the gender equality project in Swedish sport. / Forskningslinjen Fritid

Sexual economics theory (SET) innebär att kvinnor kan använda sin sexualitet som resurs mot mäns materiella och emotionella resurser. Sexual double standards (SDS) innebär att män och kvinnor uppmanar män men avråder kvinnor från casual sex. Ökad medvetenhet kan leda till att skillnader mellan råd till män respektive kvinnor undviks, vilket minskar SDS och främjar jämställdhet. Studien undersökte om SET har fäste i ett samhälle som anses jämställt. Ett tillgänglighetsurval på 125 kvinnor och 75 män gjordes vid en högskola i Mellansverige. Enkätundersökningen berörde råd om casual sex, aspekter som söks i en partner samt påståenden relaterade till SET. Män uppvisade SDS eftersom de uppmanade andra män mer än de uppmanade kvinnor till casual sex. Däremot visade kvinnor tendens till omvänd SDS gällande casual sex, vilket tyder på ojämställdhet i Sverige. I framtida studier rekommenderas specificering av person som får råd, då mätningen blir mer reliabel och resultat kan generaliseras.

The widespread presence of radio in Tanzania suggests that the news being broadcasted nationally has a large public and political impact. In this thesis we examine what roles a few women journalists hold in Dar es Salaam’s radio newsrooms. Our research question concerns how these women journalists perceive their influence in the newsroom during the agenda setting process. We interviewed seven women journalists, who hold varying positions in different radio newsrooms in Dar es Salaam, concerning their perception of their own informal status in the office hierarchy. We then present and analyze key quotes from our respondents using Bourdieu’s theory of social fields and perspective on male domination, Hirdman’s stereotypical gender contract and a postcolonial feminist perspective. Our repondents told us of the importance of empowering other women at the editorial office as well as putting gender issues revolving women and girls on the news agenda. In this way they demonstrate the importance of a gender equal representation in the newsroom and in the news content. We come to the conclusion that our respondents do indeed perceive themselves to have influence over the news agenda and they use different strategies to gain status and recognition in the newsroom.

The US presidential campaign was a hot topic around the world in 2016. Discussions about what might have affected the outcome of the election have been many, where in amongst the discussion of the media's role in political events like this. By investigating The Washington Post (liberal) and The Washington Times (conservative) articles portraying Hillary Clintons period of illness during the campaign, this essay aims to examine and analyze the discourse describing Clintons pneumonia. The essay will use the discourse theory developed by Chantal Mouffe and Ernesto Laclau which is based on the concepts of signs and elements and how they are connected in the discourse. By examining the use of words we can investigate the general attitude towards women in politics. Pairing this method with the gender theories developed by Yvonne Hirdman, Simone de Beauvoir and Raewyn Connells and the idea of medialised politics, this essay considered it to be clear that Hillary is subjected to an unfair portrayal. The general conclusion is that there are differences in how men and women are portrayed in the American media, which demonstrates the continued injustices in society and thus a continued unequal society with a long way to go to reach full equality in all aspects of society.