Jämställdhet definieras som lika tillgång till rättigheter och möjligheter oavsett en individs kön. Även om många organisationer och institutioner över hela världen eftersträvar jämställdhet finns fortfarande tydliga tecken på att kvinnor har svårare att nå chefspositioner och ledande befattningar (Diskrimineringslagen, 2008; Vänje, 2005). Inom industribranschen går jämställdhetsutvecklingen märkbart långsammare (Svenskt näringsliv, 2019; Torstensson, 2021). Trots att arbete med jämställdhet förekommer i flera avseenden när det gäller kvinnors avancemang i organisationen, är en kvinnas tillgång till karriärutveckling inte samma som för en man. Därför är det viktigt att jämställdhetsinitiativ leder till att kvinnor får samma möjligheter till karriärutveckling som män. Syftet med studien är därför att undersöka hur kvinnor, som är ingenjörer, i en mansdominerad organisation upplever att jämställdhetsinitiativ har påverkat deras förutsättningar för karriärutveckling. Studien har genomförts på en internationell industriorganisation. Datainsamlingen var semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju respondenter utifrån studiens socialkonstruktivistiska ansats. Analysen av datamaterialet har skett genom en tematisk analys på empirisk grund som är inspirerad av fenomenologin. Resultatet visar att det finns könsstrukturer i organisationen, vilket ses som det främsta hindret för respondenternas karriärutveckling. För att förändra könsstrukturerna bör män involveras i jämställdhetsfrågor i större utsträckning. Det framkom också att jämställdhetsinitiativ har skapat möjligheter som leder till befordran, dock inte till de högsta ledningsgrupperna som fortfarande uteslutande består av män. En slutsats av studien är att män i högsta ledningen behöver vara mer delaktiga i jämställdhetsinitiativ för att öka sin egen och andra mäns medvetenhet om mannens privilegium och agera mot vad könsstrukturer innebär för att bli en mer jämställd organisation. / Gender equality is defined by equal access to rights and opportunities regardless of an individual's gender. Although gender equality is statute within many organizations and institutions across the globe, there are still clear indications that women have more difficulty in reaching managerial and leading positions (Diskrimineringslagen, 2008; Vänje, 2005). In the manufacturing industry, the development of gender equality is noticeably slower. Despite the fact that gender equality initiatives and activities occur in several aspects within organizations, a woman’s access to career advancements is not equal to a man’s. Therefore, it is important that gender equality initiatives result in women accessing the same opportunities for career development as men. The purpose of this study is to therefore investigate how female engineers in a maledominated organization experience how gender equality initiatives have affected their conditions for career development. The study was conducted in an international manufacturing industry where the data was collected via semi-structured interviews with seven participants based on the study's social constructivist approach. The analysis of the data material has taken place through a thematic analysis on an empirical basis that is inspired by phenomenology. The results show that gender structures exist in the organization, which is seen as the main obstacle for the study participants’ career development. In order to change gender structures, men should increase their involvement in gender equality initiatives to a greater extent. It also revealed that gender equality initiatives have created opportunities leading to promotion, however not to the higher management groups which still consists with men. One conclusion of the study is that men in top management groups need to be more involved in gender equality initiatives to raise their own and their peers’ awareness of a man's privilege, and act against what gender structures entail to result in a gender equal organization.

Syftet med studien är att öka kunskapen om ett pedagogiskt stöd till medarbetarna kan främja jämställdhetsintegreringen på arbetsmarknaden genom en utvecklingsinriktad förändringsprocess. Kognitiv teori har använts som utgångspunkt med en socialkonstruktivistisk tyngd. Datainsamlingen har skett genom en kvantitativ metod där en enkätundersökning gjordes med ett obundet slumpmässigt urval. Enkäten delades ut via sociala media på Facebook och Instagram. Det var 49 respondenter som deltog varav 40 kvinnor och 9 män. Resultatet visade att kvinnor i större utsträckning upplever mer ojämställdhet och diskriminering. De anser att mer information, utbildning och stöd i från både myndigheter och arbetsgivare i kombination med strängare straff kan främja jämställdhetsintegreringen. Män anser att ökad information, utbildning, stöd från myndigheter och arbetsgivare är tillräckliga åtgärder för jämställdhetsintegreringen. Stor del av respondenterna upplevde att en ökad jämställdhet på arbetsmarknaden skulle även minska ojämställdhet och diskriminering i samhället. Avsaknad av tidigare forskning på det specifika området av ett pedagogiskt stöd i jämställdhetsintegreringen gör att ytterligare forskning kan krävas för att styrka resultat och slutsats av denna studie. / <p>PE207G. Examinationsdatum: 2023-06-08.</p>

Försvarsmakten har fått som uppdrag av regeringen att integrera jämställdhetsarbetet i hela sin verksamhet och därmed måste all personal vara inkluderad i detta arbete. Det finns en lucka i forskningen när det gäller manlig militärpersonals syn på jämställdhetsarbetet. Uppsatsen syftar till att förstå på vilket sätt kadetter, som identifierar sig som män, upplever jämställdhetsarbetet. Utifrån en kvalitativ design genomfördes 11 stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med kadetter som vid tiden då uppsatsen skrevs var inskrivna som kadetter vid Försvarshögskolan. Genom en diskursanalys synliggjordes den sociala verkligheten och vilka diskurser som får ta plats i jämställdhetsarbetet. Resultatet visade att kadetternas upplevelse av jämställdhetsarbetet är att det inte finns förankrat i hela organisationen och att det kan uppfattas som om det finns ett organisatoriskt motstånd mot arbetet. Vidare, likställs jämställdhet med likabehandling av kadetterna vilket kan vara problematiskt. / The Swedish Armed Forces have been tasked by the Swedish government to integrate gender equality efforts throughout their operations, necessitating the inclusion of all personnel in this work. There is a gap in research concerning the perspectives of male military personnel on gender equality efforts. The thesis aims to understand how cadets who identify themselves as men experience gender equality work in the Swedish Armed Forces. Using a qualitative design, eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted with cadets enrolled at the Swedish Defence University at the time of the thesis. Through a discourse analysis, the social reality and the discourses that are allowed to take place in the work for gender equality were made visible. The results showed that the cadets perceive gender equality efforts as not being integrated throughout the organization and possibly being seen as if there is organizational resistance to such initiatives. Furthermore, gender equality is equated with equal treatment by the cadets, which can be problematic.

In Sweden, it has been noticed and important to work with gender equality for 50years. Gender equality work is important to continue to pay attention to and activelywork with within companies as it is still not equal between women and men. It isimportant that managers prioritize gender equality work because they have a decisiveposition in the extent to which the work is carried out. The purpose of the study wasto describe how managers in real estate companies work to promote gender equality.The empirics have been collected through a qualitative method in the form of semistructuredinterviews with six managers in real estate companies. The interview guidewas designed to be able to answer the study's purpose and questions. The interviewswere conducted with a respondent from each company, the collected data was thentranscribed. The results indicate that the interviewed managers do not carry out genderequality work to the extent that is considered necessary. The conclusion is thatmanagers in real estate companies work to varying degrees to promote gender equality,however, the most important factors were stated to be to create a mix of gender inwork groups and equal pay for equal work.

This thesis analyses the making of gender mainstreaming in regional development politics. Because of that gender mainstreaming can be filled with any meaning it has been of interest to study how gender mainstreaming in regional development policy is made. This is also especially interesting since gender mainstreaming is criticized in previous research of the tool. With Carol Bacchis methodological framework, “what’s the problem represented to be?” governing through problematization is analyzed. Specifically, the regional development politics problem representation of gender equality and gender mainstreaming and it effects are analyzed. The result of this analysis shows that gender equality and gender mainstreaming is made to be something that the regions simply can download to its own organization. The thing that stands between the region and a successful download is simply knowledge. What I find is that this discourse is limiting to gender mainstreaming as a tool and for the regions that utilizes it. The discursive and subjectifing effects of the found problem representation leads according to me to depoliticization of the policy area in the material. This in turn has its own issues and limits. In summary gender mainstreaming is not made to make structural change in regional development politics.

Denna uppsats handlar om hur några av de redan etablerade partierna har bemött Feministiskt Initiativ och dess inträde i politiken och partiernas syn på jämställdhet och feminism.Vi har använt oss av kvalitativa metoder i form av intervjuer och datainsamling. Vi har intervjuat partier angående deras ideologi och bemötande samt vilka strategier de har antagit för att bemöta nischpartiet Feministiskt Initiativ. Vi har tittat närmare på Position, salience and ownership theory, PSO-teorin, för att se om partier har använt sig utav de strategier som nämns i teorin. Vi har även studerat hur tillkomsten av Feministiskt Initiativ har påverkat de etablerade partiernas prioriteringar och profilering i frågor om jämställdhet och feminism. Vi fokuserar också på tidigare forskning gällande feminismen.Partier ser annorlunda på feminism och på jämställdheten. Efter att ha intervjuat de utvalda partierna så syns det tydliga kopplingar till PSO-teorin. Vi har också studerat om partierna har satt feminism och jämställdhet högre upp på den politiska agendan sedan Feministiskt Initiativs intåg i politiken. / This essay is about how some of the already established parties have responded to the Feminist Initiative and it’s entry into politics and the parties' views on gender equality and feminism.We have used qualitative methods in the form of interviews and data collection. We interviewed the parties regarding their ideology and attitude as well as the strategies they have adopted to address niche party Feminist Initiative. We have looked at Position, salience and ownership, PSO-theory to see if the parties have used out the strategies significantly in theory. We also studied how the advent of the Feminist Initiative has affected the established parties' priorities and profiling the issues of gender equality and feminism. We also focus on earlier research on feminism.Parties look different on feminism and gender equality. After interviewing the desired parties it will show clear links with PSO-theory. We also studied whether the parties have put feminism and gender equality higher up on the political agenda since the Feminist Initiative's entry into politics.The original text is in Swedish.

Inledning: Fysisk aktivitet minskar risken för många sjukdomar. Många barn når inte upp till rekommendationerna för fysisk aktivitet, och flickor är mindre fysiskt aktiva än pojkar. Syftet med litteraturöversikten är att identifiera orsakerna bakom att flickor i åldern 5-16 år är mindre fysiskt aktiva än pojkar. Metod: Studien är en litteraturöversikt som innefattar tio artiklar. Sökning efter artiklar gjordes i olika relevanta databaser, och därefter granskades och analyserades artiklarna. Resultat: Vanligast förekommande orsaker till flickors lägre fysiska aktivitetsnivå i jämförelse med pojkars delades in i följande teman: upplevd kompetens, konflikt, kroppsuppfattning, vänner och påverkan från familj. Diskussion: Flickor blir retade av pojkar och har en uppfattning av att inte vara tillräckligt bra på grund av pojkars beteende. Familj och vänner kan utgöra både motivationsfaktor och hinder. Skolan är en viktig arena för interventioner inom fysisk aktivitet med tanke på tiden barn spenderar där. Synen på flickor och fysisk aktivitet behöver förändras, och interventioner behöver göras på många olika nivåer i samhället. Nyckelord: Fysisk aktivitet, flickor, upplevd kompetens, jämställdhet, folkhälsa

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In 2001 when this research commenced, there was little understanding in Saudi Arabia of the opportunities digital art could provide for artists, how it could be integrated with or used instead of painting, and the effects the enlarged vocabulary could have in communicating difficult social issues. As a result, this study aimed at filling a gap in knowledge through reviewing contemporary Saudi art. This, in turn, helped me to understand the position of my practice. The study also aimed at developing a means of expression in which traditional art can be combined with digital media and showing how this combination provides a new direction for Saudi art by raising awareness in Saudi Arabia about complex issues. In addition, the study aimed at determining the acceptability of this new form of art to artistically literate Saudi artists through gathering audience’s reactions to the developed artefacts. This study comprised of several stages: discovering the state of art in Saudi Arabia and where it fits into the global stage; documenting my journey as an artist and understanding my practice; the creation of the installation and its reception, all of which was documented in a reflective journal. Through reflecting on my practice, I transformed my work from simple traditional pieces of art to more complex installations concerning everyday gender politics. I interviewed 20 practicing artists, noting that the majority of their work used traditional forms of art rather than digital art. A week-long exhibition on gender differences in Saudi Arabia was held in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The feedback from the exhibition showed that, although there is not a strong appreciation of digital art in Saudi Arabia, the audience was able to understand the different components of the installations and the underlying issues being portrayed. They were able to bring their own experiences to the situation and reflected on the installations accordingly. The study contributes to knowledge by providing a review of contemporary Saudi Artists as there is no significant literature that documents this in Saudi Arabia. It also contributes to knowledge by exploring and developing artefacts that incorporate different technologies and by showing that digital media and traditional art can be used together to articulate complex social issues arising in everyday Saudi life. Finally, it fills a gap in knowledge of how Saudi audiences engage with works that use a combination of traditional and new art to express such issues.

In recent decades, international feminist activism and research has had significant success in pushing gender issues onto the international agenda and into global governance institutions and processes. The goal of gender equality is now widely accepted and codified in international legal instruments. While this appears to be a remarkable global success for feminism, widespread gender inequalities persist around the globe. This paradox has led scholars to question the extent to which feminist concepts and goals can retain their transformative potential when they are institutionalized in global governance institutions and processes. This thesis examines the institutionalization of feminist ideas in global governance through an analysis of how, and with what effects, gender equality norms are constructed, interpreted and applied in the global governance of refugees: a field that has thus far received little attention in the growing literature on feminism, gender and global governance. This aim is pursued through a case study of humanitarian aid practices in refugee camps in Bangladesh and Thailand. The study is based on interviews with humanitarian workers in these two contexts, and its theoretical framework is informed by postcolonial feminist theory and Foucauldian thought on power and governing. These analytical perspectives allows the thesis to capture how gender equality norms operate as governing tools, and situate the politics of gender equality in refugee camps in the context of global relations of power and marginalization. The findings of this thesis show that in the global governance of refugees, gender equality is rarely treated as a goal in its own right. The construction, interpretation and application of gender equality norms is mediated and shaped by the dominant governing projects in this field. Gender equality norms are either advocated on the basis of their usefulness as means for the efficient management of refugee situations, or as necessary components of a process of modernization and development of the regions from which refugees originate. These governing projects significantly limit the forms of social change and the forms of agency that are enabled. Nevertheless, gender equality norms do contribute to opening up new opportunities for refugee women and destabilizing local gendered relations of power, and they are appropriated and used by refugees in ways that challenge and go beyond humanitarian agendas.