Norms are something that affects society, of which we are all aware of. Agenda 2030 and the goals for increased gender equality, sexual health and sexual rights contributes to what now is a more spoken about topic. Norms that affect sexual health is something that we are aware of, but which norms affect people the most is something that is rarely talked about. The previous research is split into two themes, women's respectively men's attitude towards contraceptive methods. The previous research shows that studies have been made within this research area, but the previous research does not show the norms impact on individuals. The purpose of this essay is to study how women in the ages 20-25 years who are sexually active in heteronormative relations feel affected by the society's norms about sexual health and contraceptive methods. The empirical material in this essay is based on eight semi-structured interviews where women have shared their experiences. The collected empirical data have been analyzed based on theoretical concepts from Berger and Luckmann and Hirdman. The theoretical concepts that have been used are objective and subjective reality, socialization, internalization, legitimation and the gender system and the gender contract. The results show that women feel affected by the norms which leads to the sexual health being affected. The experienced norms affect that the women use a hormone-based contraceptive and the attitude towards condom is negative. The conclusions in this study are that the experienced norms affect both women's sexual health and sexual behavior / Att normer är något som påverkar samhället är något vi alla är medvetna om, men sällan pratar om. I och med Agenda 2030 och målen för ökad jämställdhet har sexuell hälsa och sexuella rättigheter blivit ett mer omtalat ämne. Normer som påverkar den sexuella hälsan är något vi vet finns, men däremot talas det sällan om vilka normer det handlar om. Den tidigare forskningen är uppdelad i två teman där kvinnors respektive mäns inställning till preventivmedel presenteras. Den tidigare forskningen visar att studier inom området har gjorts, däremot handlar den tidigare forskningen inte om hur normer påverkar individer. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är därför att undersöka hur kvinnor i åldrarna 20-25 år som är sexuellt aktiva i heteronormativa relationer upplever sig påverkade av samhällets normer kring sexuell hälsa och preventivmedel. Det empiriska materialet i uppsatsen grundar sig i åtta kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer där kvinnor har delat med sig av sina erfarenheter och upplevelser. Den insamlade empirin är analyserad utifrån teoretiska begrepp från Berger och Luckmann samt Hirdman. De teoretiska begrepp som presenteras är objektiv och subjektiv verklighet, socialisering, internalisering och legitimering samt genussystemet och genuskontrakten. Resultatet visade att kvinnorna upplever normer och normerna påverkar deras sexuella hälsa på flera olika sätt. De upplevda normerna påverkar bland annat att de använder sig av ett hormonellt preventivmedel och att inställningen till användning av kondom är negativ. Slutsatserna i studien är att de upplevda normerna påverkar både kvinnors sexuella hälsa och sexuella beteende.

The purpose of this essay is to study the gender system and structures for a married couple in the late 1900-centery in the southern part of Sweden. More precisely the gender system of the lord Joseph Stephens and his wife the lady of the castle Elisabeth Stephens that lived in Huseby mansion during this time. I attend to do a qualitative textual analysis of the couple's correspondence from 1880-1900. I will interpret the results based on a theory of gender and gender division between the genders and the concepts of the private and the public sphere for the two genders. The results shows that the couple for most of the time has a gender based division between themselves were Elisabeth attempts to the privatesphere and Joseph for the public. Joseph does not involve Elisabeth with the operation of the estate or with his political duties. The way they appeals to each other can also implie that Joseph is superior to Elisabeth. The couple has also embraced the bourgeois ideal of love that means togetherness and exclusiveness in the relationship. But the result also shows that the division is not that fixed for the man in the relationship. Joseph can also enter the private and the female sphere which can implie that he is in control of the gender relationship and thinks that this is the best way to make sure the gender roles are kept safe which also will secure his superior position.

Syftet med studien är att studera kvinnliga akademikers upplevelser av möjlighet till akademisk karriär. Studien besvarar följande frågeställningar: Hur uppfattar kvinnliga akademiker karriärstrukturen vid lärosätet utifrån ett genusperspektiv? Vilka möjligheter och hinder till karriärutveckling har kvinnliga akademiker identifierat och kan de i sådana fall kopplas till kön/jämställdhet? För att besvara vårt syfte och våra frågeställningar används en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med kvinnor vid det berörda lärosätet. De teoretiska utgångspunkter som används för att analysera det empiriska materialet är Yvonne Hirdmans genussystem och Rosabeth Moss Kanters förklaringsmodell. Resultatet visar att kvinnor vid lärosätet upplever möjligheten till akademisk karriär som begränsad eftersom karriärstrukturen vid lärosätet är anpassad efter en manlig norm, vilket får en hindrande effekt för kvinnors karriärutveckling. Vidare bekräftar resultatet tidigare forskning som visar på att kvinnor möter hindrande faktorer kopplade till kön när de försöker avancera i karriären. / The aim of this study is to investigate female academics’ experiences of the opportunity for academic career. The study answers the following research questions: How do female academics perceive the career structure by the university from a gender perspective? Which opportunities and obstacles to career development did they identify and can they be connected to gender/gender equality? In order to answer our aim and our research questions a qualitative method is used in the form of semi-structured interviews with women at the university concerned. The theoretical starting points used to analyze the empirical material are Yvonne Hirdman’s gender system and a model by Rosabeth Moss Kanter. The result shows that women at the university experience the opportunity for academic career as limited since the career structure is adapted to a male norm, which contributes to an impeding effect on women’s career development. Furthermore, the result confirms previous research that shows women face impeding factors linked to gender when trying to advance in their careers.

The purpose of this study has been to examine how the media presents policymakers from a gender perspective. We have made an analysis on the basis of genderdichotomies. We have studied images from the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet as well as the French newspaper Le Monde in order to achieve a greater understanding in which way the both medias contributes to the reproduction of gender in the media.The conclusion of the study has shown that the gender system is somewhat confirmed by the way in which men and women are presented in the medias. Men are presented with more traditional gender related associations than women who is shown in a more dynamic constellation, this is mostly evident in the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet. / Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur media presenterar makthavare med utgångspunkt ur ett genusperspektiv. Vi har gjort en bildanalys vars verktyg har operationaliserats med utgångspunkt i genussystemets dikotomier. Vi har studerat bilder ur såväl Svenska Dagbladet som Le Monde i syfte att bredda förståelsen för hur Sverige och Frankrike ter sig ifråga om reproduktionen av genus i nämnda medier. De konklusioner som studien har uppvisat är att rådande genussystem delvis bekräftats då män i nämnda medier allt mer ofta framställs utifrån det som är manligt associerat. Däremot finns det en trend där kvinnor är mer dynamiska i hur de framställs utifrån könsbundna associationer, detta främst påtagligt i Svenska Dagbladet.

<p>This thesis deals with model readers in contemporary Swedish magazine advertising texts aimed at different target groups: children (aged 7–12), teenagers (13–19), and adults (20–29) of both genders. The model reader is the presupposed reader of the text, realised in the text itself and not identical with the empirical reader, who is anyone reading the text.</p><p>The study takes the consumer culture of late modernity and the gender system as its point of departure. The model readers are regarded as socially motivated mass mediated identities that are offered to the empirical readers of the advertisements. Through the theoretical assumptions of social semiotics and critical discourse analysis, the model readers are, on the one hand, treated as textual realisations of the consumer culture and the gender system and, on the other, as varying with respect to target group.</p><p>A total of 14 advertisements, selected according to the age and gender of the target groups, are analysed. The texts are multimodal; the copy combines with the images, graphics, colours etc. to create meaning. A qualitative model for analysis was developed and applied both to the copy and to other visual representations in the texts. This model allows an analysis of the construction of the model reader at different levels in the text. The textual composition of the ads as well as ideational and interpersonal meanings are analysed along with intertextual and extratextual presuppositions.</p><p>One of the main findings of the study is that the model readers in the ads with male target groups tend to relate to a reproductive type of consumption, where an already successful model reader reproduces success, activity and leadership through consumption of the advertised products. The model readers in ads with female target groups tend to be more concerned with looks and the female body, and are not as successful or leadership-oriented. They also relate to a pretentious type of consumption, where the product is needed to adjust or improve the identity of the model reader. A gender system in which masculinity is superior and femininity inferior can thus be traced in the advertisements analysed. Another result is that more traditional, often more person and product-oriented, advertising formats are found in the ads with older target groups whereas more collage-oriented, or intertextual, formats are found in the ads with younger target groups.</p>

The present study treats liberal poor relief policy in Sweden between 1903 and 1918. In using institutionalist theory and Yvonne Hirdman's gender theory, along with qualitative analysis, the author interprets the motives of the actors, distilling from them both the values, attitudes and norms they themselves represented, and those they wished to communicate to the poverty-stricken through poor relief. This study shows that the liberal reformers, with the liberal, "help-to-self-help" idea as their basic ideological foundation, wanted to shape poor relief institutions so that those who came into contact with poor relief authorities would be taught to assume responsibility for their own lives. Poor relief was intended to develop the individual's will and ability to support him/herself and his/her family. Maintenance obligation was a central element here; those who neglected this obligation were therefore apprehended as criminals, and toughened regulations for neglecting the maintenance obligation were introduced into the poor relief law of 1918. Poor relief was also to be formed so that it would have a deterrent effect. Unchecked charity would be counteracted and the individual prevented from becoming dependent upon receiving welfare. This would be effected through preventive measures for the conscienious recipients, and moral education for the unruly ones. In order that the right measures be taken in each individual case, the liberal reformers advocated an individualized system of poor relief whereby poor people were judged to be either "worthy" or "unworthy", according to a moral yardstick. However, in the legislation it is apparent that the male is considered to be the norm, since it was the inability to secure gainful employment that gave one the right to receive poor relief. This employment criterion disregarded the fact that it was most often the husband who was the family provider, while the wife most often worked in the household. The poor housewife was made invisible and thus found herself relegated to a no-man's land somewhere in between the "worthy" and "unworthy" poor. The female reformers, warders and the poor women themselves lived within the confines of a gender system where the man represented the norm. However, there existed sub-systems side-by-side and on different levels of society, with class differences acting as the watershed. The progressive middle- and upper-class women and the female warders lived in a system of separation of the male and female spheres which allowed them to take the step out into the public arena — within certain boundaries — while the poor women lived in a system constructed with men foremost in mind. In conclusion, one may say that moral education was a type of social engineering intended to realize a liberal social Utopia, where all individuals would have the will and the ability to support themselves. / digitalisering@umu

The purpose of this study is to examine, from a gender perspective, Utbildningsradions TV-program Hej Litteraturen! in the light of feminist literature studies conducted during the last twenty years. I want to examine if the feminist literature studies have had any impact on contemporary teaching material regarding the question of how much space in time is given to men versus women and which female authors are included in the literary canon. Hej Litteraturen! is a TV program produced in 2010 intended for high school teaching of literature history.    By conducting a content analysis in which I divide the study in a quantitative and a qualitative component, I have investigated how much space and time is given to female writers and how they are presented. My analysis draws on use Yvonne Hirdman’s theory of the gender system.    The result shows that the female authors get 37 percent of the total reference space and 42 percent of the time-space. The program has sought to describe male and female authors equally and gives them weight and relevance to the sections in a similar manner.     In conclusion, Hej Litteraturen! is a tutorial which embraces parts of the criticisms that have existed in historical literature review papers in general and literary history textbooks in particular. Hej Litteraturen! has worked on gender aspects of the program and by picking up contemporary authors as reference points for literary history in the present, the program contributes not only not only in renewing the literary canon, but also in balancing out the dominance of male writers in the history of literature. / Syftet med denna studie är att ur ett genusperspektiv granska Utbildningsradions programserie Hej Litteraturen! mot bakgrund av den feministiska litteraturforskning som bedrivits under de tjugo senaste åren.  Jag vill undersöka om forskningen har haft någon inverkan på ett nutida läromedel i frågan om hur mycket utrymme som ges till män respektive kvinnor och vilka kvinnor som ingår i kanon. Hej Litteraturen! är ett TV-program avsett för gymnasieskolans litteraturhistoriska undervisning och är producerat 2010. Genom att göra en innehållsanalys där jag delar upp undersökningen i en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ del, har jag undersökt vilket faktiskt utrymme i tid och omnämnanden som ges de kvinnliga författarna och hur de presenteras. I denna analys har jag använt Hirdmans teori om genussystemets två principer som utgångspunkt. Resultatet visar att de kvinnliga författarna får 37 procent av det totala omnämnandeutrymmet och 42 procent av tidsutrymmet. I programmet har man försökt beskriva manliga och kvinnliga författare likvärdigt och ger dem tyngd och relevans i avsnitten på ett likvärdigt sätt. Slutsatsen blir att Hej Litteraturen! är ett läromedel som tagit till sig delar av den kritik som funnits mot litteraturhistoriska översiktsverk i allmänhet och litteraturhistoriska läromedel i synnerhet. Man har arbetat med genusaspekter i programmet och genom att låta nutida författare medverka som referenspunkter för litteraturhistorien i samtiden, bidrar man inte bara till att förnya kanon, utan väger också upp den dominans av manliga författare som finns i litteraturhistorien.

My dissertation addresses and responds to research and practical interventions on gender in the Andean area. In it, I argue for the native Andean gender system's pertinence as an explanatory variable of past and present gender relations. This gender arrangement's name is 'Complementarity and Parallel Lines of Descent' (CPLD) (Silverblatt, 1985; Harris, 1987; Hardman, 2005; Vieira, 2005); it holds equivalent and complementary functions for women and men inside and outside the home. CPLD prevents women's subordination and the over-valuing of men's actions and characteristics on the basis of women's independent access to vital resources and the non-separation and non-primacy of the productive/public over the reproductive/private sphere (Roel Pineda, V., 1981-83; Lajo, J. 1985-6). Three independent studies show the empirical and theoretical importance of CPLD: 1) social identity observations during socio-anthropological field work on rural-to-urban migration in Lima, Peru (Lloyd, 1981; Herencia, 1985); 2) an historical monograph on CPLD's manifestations in the Tupac Amaru II Rebellion of the 1780's (Herencia, 1999); and 3) a political sociology essay on contemporary social movements in the Andes, seen through the prism of ethnicity and gender (Herencia, 2006). The transformation of gender relations through social identity moments (Study 1) serves to propose the theoretical coexistence and evolution, in a dominant/dominated condition, of engendered Native Andean and Western capitalist socio-cultural systems. For this reason, observations of gender at any point in time should consider the relation between the two. Also hypothetically, the Andean socio-cultural system's distinctive quality may result from Andean women's unrestricted social involvement, in contrast to that in the Western patriarchal capitalist system (and others). From a native people's perspective, conserving worldview and culture in past and present times implies preserving native gender relations. CPLD manifestations are ubiquitous in the Andean socio-cultural system’s traditions, beliefs and practices. Indigenous social movements need to fend off ideological barriers that obscure this gender system's existence, consciously ratifying and honoring the gender relations that continue to sustain the social reproduction of communities in not less than half the population of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and surrounding areas. CPLD's intrinsic merits are indispensable for a genuine response to capitalist patriarchy. / text

The aim of this thesis is to highlight how male and female characters are portrayed in children’s books, that have football as a theme, and are written for children between 9-12 years of age. I have chosen this subject so that I, as a pre-school teacher, can adhere to the curriculum’s aim of maintaining the school’s responsibility for counteracting traditional gender roles. I aim to study how gender is represented in literature for children. I shall apply Yvonne Hirdman’s theories on the gender system which is built on the principals whereby the sexes are separate entities and there is a structural hierarchy between them. There is also a gender contract which maintains a balance of power according to which woman is considered inferior to man. From the reproduction process Hirdman identifies cultural influences that literature conveys to the reader as to how genus concepts are created. To answer questions on how characters in the books are presented, I use a qualitative analysis. I primarily use Maria Nikolajevas “character-theory” and gender based “opposite concepts”. This thesis deals with the following questions: Which kinds of descriptions are used to present female and male characters, and if there are, can one see any differences between them? How are the relations between coaches, parents and children portrayed? From these I have come to the conclusion that gender is presented in a traditional manner so that in stories in which the main characters are female are motivated by love; while stories in which the main characters are male are about football. Girls are rather orientated towards relations, as apart from boys who are described as more independent and egocentric. I can also identify that the team leader is gentler and more personal when dealing with girls, in contrast to when dealing with boys. It may be mentioned here that some of the characters have at time some qualities that go against the norm and which may be considered as challenging the established “keeping them apart principle”. That man is the norm on the football arena is however common in all the books.

This thesis investigates and illustrates how men are presented and treated in legal cases concerning sexual crimes in Gävle during the time period of 1631 to 1639 and how the norms concerning manhood are represented in the text. The theoretical material used to analyse the result are based on a number of different approaches to the concept of the social constructed gender, such as Marxism, power, control and gender-system. Joan Wallach Scott, R. W Connell and Yvonne Hirdman are three of the seven researchers used in the theoretical material and analysis.   Previous research regarding similar cases has mainly been focused on women and their rights. Åsa Karlsson Sjögren is one researcher who used the same source material that is used in this thesis but her dissertation focuses on women’s rights in all of the legal cases and men are only mentioned to show the contrast between the sexes. Marie Lindstedt Cronberg, Gudrun Andersson, and Malin Lennartsson are some of the other researchers that have concluded similar research.   The most important thing that this thesis illustrates is the fact that is seems to be the women’s sexual status in each case that determines the man’s sentence, in excess of the crime itself, apart from the crimes concerning incest and fornication. The men are presented in a different way than the women where the men’s social status is more important than the women’s. This indicates that the norms concerning manhood differs depending on who the woman in the crime is and what she has done, sexually, beforehand. Men should not commit sexual crimes but the severity of the crime differs depending on the man’s social status and the woman’s sexual status.