Syftet med studien var att beskriva anestesisjuksköterskors upplevelse av möten med vuxna patienter som är oroliga inför generell anestesi. Bakgrund Att sövas innebär för de flesta patienter någon form av oro. För anestesisjukskö- terskor innebär det att på kort tid skapa ett möte där patienter känner trygghet, tillit och där- med mindre oro. Detta är en utmaning då det idag är ett högt flöde av patienter som ska ope- reras, samtidigt som det ställs höga krav på en säker vård där alla patienter ska mötas utifrån sina egna förutsättningar. Få studier har gjorts angående patienters oro utifrån anestesisjuk- sköterskornas perspektiv och är motiveringen till denna studie. Design Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ design med induktiv ansats. Metod Deltagarna valdes ut med ett ändamålsenligt urval. Datainsamlingen bestod av semi- strukturerade intervjuer med anestesisjuksköterskor på två sjukhus i norra Sverige. Intervjuer- na transkriberades och analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat Elva intervjuer genomfördes under hösten 2015. Analysen av materialet mynnade ut i ett tema med titeln ”Vara professionell”. Temat bestod av fem kategorier med benämningen ”Att lyckas med ett möte”, ”Att se patienternas oro”, ”Att bemöta patienternas oro”, ”Att på- verkas av mötet” och ”Att samarbeta och utvecklas”. Slutsats Anestesisjuksköterskorna upplevde att det i mötena med vuxna oroliga patienter handlade om att vara professionell i sin yrkesutövning. Att vara professionell inkluderade många områden, bland annat inställning, förhållningssätt och att sträva efter samma mål, detta för att kunna se och bemöta patienternas oro. / The aim of this study was to describe anesthetic nurses experiences, when interacting with adult patients that expresses anxiety in regards to their upcoming general anesthesia. Background: To undergo general anesthesia, is for most people, associated with some anxie- ty. The anesthetic nurse only has a limited time to build the patient ́s trust, and to try to relieve the anxiety and apprehension for the upcoming anesthesia. This is now becoming a bigger challenge, due to an increase in patient flow and stricter patient safety regulations, including requirements regarding patient centerdness. There has only been a limited number of studies looking at patient ́s pre-anesthetic anxiety, from a nursing perspective, hence the purpose of this study. Design: A qualitative research design with an inductive approach. Methods: The participants in this study were chosen based on their work. The data collection consisted of semi-structured interviews with anesthetic nurses at two hospitals in northern Sweden. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a qualitative content method. Findings: Eleven interviews were conducted during the autumn of 2015. When analyzing the material, a theme ”Be professional” was established. This was further divided to five catego- ries entitled: “How to succeed with a patient interaction”, “To acknowledge patient ́s anxie- ty”, “To master the patient ́s anxiety”, “To be affected by the interaction” and “To cooperate and develop professionally. Conclusion: The anesthetic nurses emphasized the importance of professionalism when deal- ing with anxious pre-anesthetic patients. This professionalism encompasses a number of dif- ferent attributes such as attitude, approach and to work towards a common goal, to acknowledge and address patients concerns and anxiety.

Det är vanligt att patienter som ska genomgå en operation upplever oro och ångest. Oro och ångest är en känslomässig och fysisk reaktion som påverkar människor på olika sätt. Det är sjuksköterskans arbetsuppgift att tillämpa omvårdnadsåtgärder för att lindra patienters oro och ångest. Syftet var att belysa vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som sjuksköterskor kan tillämpa för att förebygga vuxna patienters oro och ångest inför kirurgi med generell anestesi. Metoden var en litteraturöversikt som baserades på två kvalitativa och 17 kvantitativa artiklar mellan år 2000-2014 som sammanställdes för att forma ett resultat. Resultatet påvisade fyra teman; information, musik, akupunktur och akupressur, samt värmebehandling. Det är viktigt att patienten får möjligheten att uttrycka sin oro och ångest, samt att sjuksköterskan tar sig tid att lyssna på det patienten har att säga. Tillsammans kan de då komma underfund med vad som orsakar oron och ångesten. Sjuksköterskan måste ta reda på vilken förförståelse och tidigare erfarenhet patienten har för att kunna anpassa omvårdnadsåtgärderna så att den passar patientens behov. Genom att ha en bred kunskapsbas om olika omvårdnadsåtgärder kan sjuksköterskan förebygga patienters preoperativa oro och ångest och på så sätt även minska patientens lidande och öka delaktigheten.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine if the use of local anesthesia with general anesthesia results in less postoperative pain. The alternative hypothesis is that children will experience less postoperative discomfort when utilizing intraligamental local anesthetic during the intra-operative time period. Methods: Patients were recruited for this single blind, randomized, prospective cohort study with the following inclusion criteria: English speaking children age 3-6 years, ASA I/II requiring general anesthesia for dental treatment. Randomization was done to place patients in groups of no local anesthetic vs. local anesthetic administration. A Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale was utilized to evaluate pre-operative and postoperative pain. Data were compared using a two way mixed model ANCOVA controlling for sex, ethnicity, pre-op pain, and intra-op meds given. Results: Data was collected and evaluated on 90 patients. There was a statistically significant difference in postoperative pain for patients who received extractions without local anesthesia vs. those with local anesthetic. There was no statistically significant difference in pain outcomes based solely on whether local anesthetic was administered regardless of treatment type. Conclusions: The outcome of this study shows evidence for provision of local anesthetic during general anesthesia in patients receiving extractions to reduce postoperative pain.

Purpose: The purpose was to assess and understand operating room (OR) utilization and efficiency in a pediatric dental residency program. Methods: A retrospective study was performed using chart extraction from 778 patients completed by both pediatric dentistry faculty (n=7) and residents (n=17) in an ambulatory care setting over a 32 month period (between July 2010 and March 2013). Patterns in OR usage time were determined by documenting various timing metrics (start and stop times for anesthesia, start and stop times for the dental procedure, times for throat pack in and out), noting patient information (age and ASA patient classification status), and creating variables by grouping data by clinical provider type and dental procedure. OR usage time was analyzed using multiple regression to estimate the per-tooth or per-mouth time for each type of procedure. Results: The median procedure time was 75 minutes (range= 1 to 517 minutes). Multiple regression indicated that for the average patient, a faculty member took 63.8 minutes (95% CI = 60.8 to 66.7 minutes) and a resident took 81.9 minutes (95% CI = 78.7 to 85.0 minutes, P<.0001).These results demonstrate that the appropriate scheduling of operating room should be based on the proficiency level of provider as well as the complexity of the dental procedure. Conclusion: This study concludes that pediatric dental operating room planning and scheduling in teaching hospitals should take into account real constraints such as residents’ level of training and skill.

Purpose: To determine which maintenance gas (sevoflurane versus desflurane) resulted in a faster emergence from general anesthesia and investigate the patient's emergence agitation. Methods: One group was maintained during general anesthesia with sevoflurane and the other with desflurane. Upon emergence the patient's behavior was evaluated.Results: The average emergence time for desflurane was 9.8; while the average for sevoflurane was 13.98 minutes. Patients who received premedication had an emergence time of 15.43 minutes, while patients who received no premedication emerged after 8.34 minutes.Zofran® was a significant predictor of purposeful actions. Patients were more aware of their surroundings when they received Zofran® compared to patients who did not receive Zofran®.Conclusion: Maintaining with desflurane and not premedicating patients allowed for a faster emergence from general anesthesia. Patients given Zofran® in their IV during the surgery had less emergence agitation then their counterparts.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine if a co-payment resulted in a differential preference for general anesthesia (GA) or oral sedation (OS) and, if so, to examine whether age, the number of appointments, perceived risks of treatment, child's awareness during treatment, or insurance type appeared to play a role in this preference.Methods: Using a cross-sectional survey design, questionnaires were distributed to caregivers of patients in the waiting room of the Virginia Commonwealth University Pediatric Dental Clinic. Two different questionnaires were distributed randomly. Both surveys described a scenario with the need for dental treatment under general anesthesia (GA) or oral conscious sedation (OS). Seventy five surveys required a $50 co-payment for treatment completed under general anesthesia and the other 75 required the same co-payment for treatment completed under oral conscious sedation. Caregivers were asked to choose treatment modalities as well as to rate factors in their decision making including perceived risks and the number of dental visits. Results: Seventy seven survey respondents selected GA as their preferred treatment option for the described scenario. The other sixty six respondents chose OS sedation. For the insured population, the GA/OS odds ratio for the OS-co-payment group versus the GA-co-payment group was OR=2.21 (95% CI = 1.06, 4.60). In terms of the uninsured, the GA/OS odds ratio for the OS-co-payment group versus the GA-co-payment group was OR=17.5 (95% CI = 1.60, 191). The child's age, awareness during treatment, and type of insurance (public versus private) were not significantly related to treatment choice. The importance of the number of appointments was found to be significant (p-value = 0.0170) and outweighed the effect of the co-payment (p-value = 0.1757). The importance of associated risks was found to be significant (p-value = 0.0171) and this outweighed the effect of the co-payment (p-value = 0.8157).Conclusions: The presence of a co-payment does not as significantly impact the GA versus OS preference while the number of appointments and perceived risks associated with the treatment remain significant.

Bakgrund: I anestesisjuksköterskans ansvar ingår att extubera patienten på ett säkert sätt. I anestesisjuksköterskans arbete fodras ett tvärprofessionellt omhändertagande av patienten inom ett team. Det är ett varierande arbetstempo i en komplex och högteknologisk miljö. Extuberingsprocessen kan medföra många komplikationer som kan ge obehag för patienten som har varit sövd i generell anestesi med endotrachealtub. Extubation ställer därmed höga krav på anestesisjuksköterskan som skall ha fördjupande medicinska och omvårdnadskunskaper vid omhändertagandet av patient. Det saknas forskning kring extubationsprocessen ur en anestesisjuksköterskas perspektiv även om det är ett riskfyllt moment. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva anestesisjuksköterskors upplevelser och erfarenheter av svårigheter i samband med extubation av patient. Metod: Studien innefattade semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio anestesisjuksköterskor från två sjukhus i Västra Götalandsregionen i Sverige. Datamaterialet analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet visade betydande trygghet i att ha utbildning, erfarenhet och kunskap om extubationsprocessen då arbetssättet bygger på erfarenhet. Förmåga att förhålla sig till utmaningar bygger på att anestesisjuksköterskorna upplever en stor respekt för extubationsprocessen eftersom det kan innefatta många risker. Trygghet av att se patientens individuella behov var en betydande faktor för ett komplikationsfritt omhändertagande av patienter. För att främja ett systematiskt och patientsäkert sätt kring patienten, beskrev anestesisjuksköterskorna vikten av utbildning inom extubationsprocessen. Diskussion: I diskussionen jämförs det aktuella resultatet med tidigare forskning. Vidare diskuteras kunskapsbristen och forskning kring fenomenet. Slutsats: Anestesisjuksköterskornas arbete kring extubationsprocessen kräver god kunskap och erfarenhet inom anestesisjukvård. Förmåga till kommunikation och teamarbete är viktiga faktorer för en lyckad extubation.

Bakgrund: Användningen av höga doser av opioider under generell anestesi är numera mycket vanligt. Biverkningar orsakade av opioider är väl känt inom anestesin och sjukvården och senare evidens tyder på att opioider även kan bidra till smärtutveckling. Av denna anledning har studier de senaste 20 åren ifrågasatt användningen av opioider och intresset för att minska opioidbehovet och utveckla opioidfria metoder för anestesi har växt. Syfte: Att beskriva opioidfri analgesi i generell anestesi, och hur detta påverkar den perioperativa smärtupplevelsen, jämfört med patienter i generell anestesi som fått traditionell smärtlindring med opioider. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med systematisk ansats. Artikelsökningen genomfördes i PubMed, Cinahl och Scopus. Resultatet sammanställdes utifrån 15 granskade artiklar med kvantitativ design. Resultat: Litteraturöversikten visar att det finns ett stort antal läkemedel som kan användas inom opioidfri anestesi, samt deras för- och nackdelar för smärtupplevelsen jämfört opioider. De protokoll som användes vid opioidbaserad anestesi eller för opioidsparande anestesi är inte standardiserade och därför är det inte möjligt att syntetisera resultatet och ställa olika metoder mot varandra i denna litteraturöversikt. De flesta artiklar visade att det går att minska intraoperativt och postoperativt opioidbehov för patienter och ändå erbjuda likvärdig smärtlindring. De patienter som fick en opioidfri eller opioidsparande anestesi hade inte en försämrad perioperativ smärtupplevelse. Den mängd metoder som beskrevs indikerar att analgesi kan anpassas efter patientens individuella förutsättningar. Slutsats: Litteraturöversikten visade att olika läkemedel och metoder kan användas för att ge analgesi till patienten vid opioidfri anestesi samt dess effekt på smärtupplevelsen kontra opioider. De flesta alternativa läkemedel som används i artiklarna gav ett mer gynnsamt eller likvärdigt utfall för patienten. Genom utveckling av fler metoder för analgesi under anestesi kan anestesin i större omfattning utgå från individens behov och förutsättningar, vilket bidrar till en mer personcentrerad vård. Litteraturöversiktens resultat visar på en stor spridning och det är därför svårt att bedöma vilka läkemedel som är bäst lämpade. Det krävs således mer forskning inom detta ämne för att möjliggöra jämförelser och utarbeta protokoll som gör opioidfri anestesi till etablerad och säker metod för patienten. / Background: High dose opioids during general anesthesia are frequently used. The side effects caused by opioids are well known in anesthesia and healthcare and recent evidence implies opioides can contribute to the development of pain. For this reason, studies over the past 20 years have questioned the use of opioids and an interest has grown in reducing the need of opioids and developing opioid-free methods for anesthesia. Aim: To describe opioid-free analgesia in general anesthesia, and how this affects the perioperative pain experience, compared to patients in general anesthesia who have received traditional opioid-based pain relief. Method: A literature study with systematic approach. The article search was performed in PubMed, Cinahl and Scopus. The result was compiled based on 15 reviewed articles with quantitative design. Result: The literature review shows that there are a large number of drugs that can be used in opioid-free anesthesia and the advantages and disadvantages of these drugs versus opioids. The protocols used for opioid-based anesthesia or for opioid-saving anesthesia are not standardized and therefore it is not possible to synthesize the results or set different methods against each other in this review. Most articles found that it is possible to reduce the intraoperative and postoperative need of opioid for patients and still offer equivalent pain relief. The patients receiving opioid-free or opioid-sparing anesthesia did not suffer a worsened pain-related experience. The amount of methods described indicates that the analgesia can be customized accordingly to the patient's individual circumstances. Conclusion: The literature review described various drugs and methods that can be used to give analgesia to the patient during opioid-free anesthesia and the effect on the pain-related experience. Most of the alternative drugs used in the articles gave a more favorable or equivalent outcome for the patient. By developing more methods for analgesia during anesthesia, it is in a greater extent possible to adjust the anesthesia depending on the individuals needs, which contributes to a more person-centered care. The result shows a wide spread and it is therefore difficult to assess which drugs are best suited. Thus, more research is required in this subject to prepare protocols that make opioid-free anesthesia an established and safe method for the patient.

Introdução: Disfunção cognitiva pós-operatória (POCD) é um evento adverso multifatorial mais frequente em pessoas com idade superior a 60 anos ou doenças neurológicas e psiquiátricas. Este estudo avaliou o efeito da dexametasona sobre a incidência de POCD em idosos após cirurgia não cardíaca sob anestesia geral. Métodos: Cento e quarenta pacientes (ASA I-II, idade 60-87 anos) participaram deste estudo prospectivo, randomizado, envolvendo a administração ou não de 8 mg de dexametasona IV antes da indução anestésica para anestesia geral profunda ou superficial de acordo com o índice bispectral. Os testes neuropsicológicos foram aplicados no pré-operatório e em 3, 7, 21, 90 e 180 dias após a cirurgia e comparados com os dados normativos. Enolase específica do neurônio e S100beta foram avaliados antes e 12 horas após a indução da anestesia. A regressão linear com inferência baseada no método de equações de estimação generalizadas (GEE) foi aplicado, seguido pelo teste post-hoc de Bonferroni, considerando P <0,05 como significativo. Resultados: No terceiro dia pós-operatório, POCD foi diagnosticada em 25,2% dos pacientes que receberam a dose de dexametasona e anestesia profunda, 15,3% nos pacientes que receberam a dose da dexametasona e anestesia superficial, 68,2% do grupo de anestesia profunda e 27,2% do grupo de anestesia superficial (p < 0,0001). Os testes neuropsicológicos demonstraram que a anestesia superficial e a dose de dexametasona antes da indução anestésica diminuiu a incidência de POCD, especialmente para as funções memória e atenção e para a função executiva. A administração de dexametasona preveniu o aumento nos níveis séricos de S100beta no pós-operatório (p < 0,002) bem como está relacionado com uma diminuição significativa nos níveis séricos de enolase específica de neurônio (NSE) (p < 0,001). A memória imediata apresentou diferença entre pacientes com e sem alelo APOe4 (p = 0,025) independente do momento de avaliação. A memória de longo prazo apresentou alteração ao longo dos momentos de avaliação em pacientes com e sem a presença do APOe4 (p = 0,006 e p = 0,017 respectivamente). Pacientes com o alelo APOe4 apresentaram maior percentual de disfunção para memória imediata que os pacientes sem o alelo (p = 0,003). Os pacientes sem o alelo APOe4 apresentaram redução de disfunção para o processo de flexibilidade mental após 180 dias quando comparado aos demais momentos (p < 0,05) e os pacientes com a presença do alelo não apresentaram qualquer alteração estatisticamente significativa (p > 0,999), sendo que após 180 dias os pacientes com o alelo APOe4 apresentaram alteração na função executiva para a flexibilidade mental quando comparados aos pacientes sem o alelo (p < 0,001). Conclusão: A dexametasona pode minimizar a incidência de POCD em pacientes idosos submetidos a cirurgia não cardíaca, especialmente quando associada à anestesia superficial. Efeito da dexametasona sobre os níveis séricos S100beta e NSE pode estar relacionado com algum grau de neuroproteção / Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a multifactorial adverse event most frequently in elderly patients or people aged over 60 years, neurological and psychiatric diseases. This study evaluated the effect of dexamethasone on POCD incidence after non-cardiac surgery and general anesthesia. Methods: One hundred and forty patients (ASA I-II; age 60-87 years) took part in a prospective randomized study involving the administration or not of 8 mg of IV dexamethasone before deep or superficial anesthesia according to bispectral index. Neuropsychological tests were applied preoperatively and at 3rd, 7th, 21st, 90th and 180th days after surgery and compared with normative data. Neuron specific enolase and S100beta were evaluated before and 12 hours after induction of anesthesia. Linear regression with inference based on the generalized estimating equations (GEE) method was applied, followed by the post-hoc Bonferroni test considering P < 0.05 as significant. Results: On the 3rd postoperative day, POCD was diagnosed in 25.2% of patients receiving dexamethasone plus deep anesthesia, 15.3% of the dexamethasone plus superficial anesthesia group, 68.2% of the deep anesthesia group and 27.2% of the superficial anesthesia group (p < 0.0001). Neuropsychological tests showed that dexamethasone plus superficial anesthesia decreased the incidence of POCD, especially memory, attention and executive function. The administration of dexamethasone prevented the postoperative increase in S100? serum levels (p < 0.002) and it is also related with a significant decrease in serum levels of neuron specific enolase (p < 0.001). Immediate memory was different between patients with and without APOe4 allele (p = 0.025) independent of the moment of assessment. The Long-term memory was impaired over the evaluation periods in patients with and without the presence of APOe4 allele (p = 0.006 and p = 0.017 respectively). Patients with the APOe4 allele had higher percentage of dysfunction for Immediate memory (p = 0.003). Patients without the APOe4 allele showed a reduction of dysfunction for the process of Mental flexibility after 180 days compared to the other assessment phases (p < 0.05) and patients with APO?4 allele showed no statistically significant change (p > 0.999), and after 180 days the patients with the APOe4 allele had alterations in Executive function for mental flexibility when compared to patients without the allele (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Dexamethasone can minimize the incidence of POCD in elderly patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, especially when associated with superficial anesthesia. The effect of dexamethasone on S100beta e NSE serum levels might be related with some degree of neuroprotection

Dagkirurgi blir allt vanligare. Då det genomförs under generell anestesi förekommer ofta oro och postoperativa komplikationer som smärta och illamående. Patienters tillfredsställelse med dagkirurgi och anestesi har tidigare studerats, men ofta med enkäter av låg kvalité. Syftet med denna studie var därför att med hjälp av intervjuer studera dagkirurgiska patienters upplevelse av anestesi och kirurgi. Sju patienter intervjuades. Intervjuerna var kvalitativa och analyserades med innehållsanalys. Resultatet kan sammanfattas i ett övergripande tema: förberedda patienter ser dagkirurgi som en positiv upplevelse. Domänen före operation beskrevs av kategorierna: viktigt med information, mycket tankar inför operation, smidigt insomnande och vissa obehagliga moment. Domänen efter operation beskrevs av kategorin: lugnt uppvaknande. Domänen total upplevelse beskrevs av kategorierna: kommunikation med personal ger lugn samt dagkirurgi en positiv upplevelse. Patienter som med hjälp av förberedande information och personalens goda bemötande och som genomgår dagkirurgi under generell anestesi, ser upplevelsen som positiv. De kommer in till sjukhuset med mer förhoppningar än oroskänslor. Informationen som ges behöver anpassas individuellt. Förekomsten av smärta och illamående är låg den närmsta tiden efter dagkirurgi. / Day surgery is becoming more common and with general anesthesia, anxiety and postoperative complications such as pain and nausea has been described. Patient satisfaction with day surgery and anesthesia are previously studied, but often with surveys of low quality. The purpose of this study was therefore with interviews study patients’ experience of anesthesia and surgery in day surgery. Seven patients were interviewed. The interviews were qualitative and analyzed using content analysis. The result can be summarized in a theme: prepared patients describe day surgery as a positive experience. The domain before surgery was described by the categories: importance of information, many thoughts before surgery, fell asleep easily and some uncomfortable moments. The domain after surgery was described by the category: peacefully awakening. The domain total experience was described by the categories: communication with nursing staff reduces anxiety and day surgery a positive experience. Patients with the help of preparatory information and good interactions with the nursing staff and who are undergoing day surgery with general anesthesia, describe the experience as positive. They come to the hospital with more hope than anxiety. The information needs to be individually adjusted. The presence of pain and nausea is low immediately after day surgery.