Laryngospasm är ett livshotande tillstånd hos barn som kan uppkomma i samband med generell anestesi. Hantering av luftvägen är den mest riskfyllda momentet inom barnanestesi. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka riskfaktorer för laryngospasm som finns hos barn vid generell anestesi. Undersökningen genomfördes som en litteraturstudie. Vid analys av fjorton artiklar framkom det i resultatet tre kategorier: anestesirelaterade riskfaktorer, patientrelaterade riskfaktorer och kirurgi-och procedur- relaterade riskfaktorer. Vid anestesirelateraderiskfaktorer framkom det fyra subkategorier; Stadier under anestesi där laryngospasm uppkommer och där är induktion en riskfaktor i denna subkategori. Den andra subkategorin handlar om utrustning för säkerställande av luftvägar där användandet av larynxmask är den största riskfaktorn. Tredje subkategorin behandlar anestesiläkemedel som risk för laryngospasm. Den mest betydande riskfaktorn är inhalationsanestesi. Den fjärde och sista subkategorin är anestesiologens erfarenhet och skicklighet. Det är viktigt att anestesipersonal har rutiner och riktlinjer för hur de skall identifiera, förebygga och behandla laryngospasm. Vidare är det av betydelse att erfaren anestesipersonal finns tillgänglig under hela anestesiförloppet när det föreligger risk för laryngospasm. / Laryngospasm is a life-threatening condition in children that may arise in connection with the anesthesia. Management of the airway is the most critical moment during anesthesia in children. The aim of the study was to investigate the risk factors for laryngospasm during general anesthesia. The survey was    carried out as a literature review. The analyses of the fourteen articles resulted in three categories: anesthesia- related risk factors, patient-related risk factors and surgery-and procedure related risk factors. From the anesthesia-related risk factors revealed four subcategories; Stages during anesthesia where laryngospasm occurs and where induction is a risk factor in this subcategory. The second subcategory is about device for securing the airway which the use of larynx masks is the greatest risk factor. The third subcategory considering the risk of anesthesia drugs risk in laryngospasm. The most significant risk factor here is inhalation anaesthesia. The fourth subcategory is the anesthesiologist experience and skill. It is important that anesthesia professionals have routines and guidelines to identify, prevent and treat laryngospasm. Furthermore, it is important that experienced anaesthesia staff is available throughout the anesthetic process when there is a risk of laryngospasm.

Det är välkänt att patienter känner oro inför generell anestesi vilket utgör ett problem i den anestesiologiska omvårdnaden. Studier gjorda över olika decennier visar att över 80 % av patienter som ska genomgå operation känner oro inför generell anestesi. Det patienter känner oro inför är exempelvis att tappa kontrollen, vakna under anestesin, att inte vakna efter operationen, erhålla perifer venkateter och lång väntan. Anestesisjuksköterskan träffar patienten först i det preoperativa samtalet och ska då under några minuter identifiera  patientens oro samt planera omvårdnadsåtgärderna för att försöka lindra den. Detta medför ett stort behov av adekvata omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan hjälpa patienten lindra sin oro. Syftet med studien var att beskriva anestesisjuksköterskans omvårdnadsstrategier för att lindra patientens oro inför generell anestesi. Studien har en deskriptiv kvalitativ design med semistrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod. Studien innefattade intervjuer med fyra verksamma anestesisjuksköterskor på ett sjukhus i västra Sverige. Efter  dataanalysen framkom två kategorier som beskriver anestesisjuksköterskans omvårdnadsstrategier preoperativt för att lindra patientens oro inför generell anestesi. En spridning av studiens material kan kanske öka medvetenheten om användningen av olika omvårdnadsstrategier. Detta skulle i sin tur kunna bidra till att lindra den preoperativa oron inför generell anestesi. / It is well-known that patients feel anxious about general anesthesia and that makes a problem in the nursing of anesthesia. Studies made over decades show that over 80% of the patients undergoing operation feel anxious about general anesthesia. Patients feel anxious about to lose control, wake up during the operation, never wake up, to get a needle and to wait long. The anesthesia nurse sees the patient at the first time in the preoperative meeting and have to identify anxiety and plan the nursing strategies in a few minutes. This lead to a large need of adequate nursing strategies which can mitigate patients anxiety. The aim of this study was to describe nursing strategies preoperative to mitigate patients anxiety before general anesthesia. The study has a descriptive qualitative design and semi structured interviews were used to collect data. The study was based on four working anesthesia nurses in a hospital in the west of Sweden. After the analysis two categories were identified to describe the nursing strategies to ease the patients anxiety before operation. The results of the study can get around and add the consciousness to use different nursing strategies. This could in turn conduct to help patients ease the preoperative anxiety before general anesthesia.

Oral health problems have been a major public health concern profoundly affecting people’s general health and quality of life. Given that oral health data is composed of several measurable dimensions including clinical measurements, socio-behavioral factors, genetic predispositions, self-reported assessments, and quality of life measures, strategies for analyzing multidimensional data are neither computationally straightforward nor efficient. Researchers face major challenges to identify tools that circumvent the processes of manually probing the data. The purpose of this dissertation is to provide applications of the proposed methodology on oral health-related data that go beyond identifying risk factors from a single dimension, and to describe large-scale datasets in a natural intuitive manner. The three specific applications focus on the utilization of 1) classification regression tree (CART) to understand the multidimensional factors associated with untreated decay in childhood, 2) network analyses and network plots to describe connectedness of concurrent co-morbid conditions for pediatric patients with autism receiving dental treatments under general anesthesia, and 3) random forests in addition to conventional adjusted main effects analyses to identify potential environmental risk factors and interactive effects for periodontitis. Compared to findings from the previous literature, the use of these innovative applications demonstrates overlapping findings as well as novel discoveries to the oral health knowledge. The results of this research not only illustrate that these data mining techniques can be used to improve the delivery of information into knowledge, but also provide new avenues for future decision making and planning for oral health-care management.

Bakgrund: Föräldrar vars barn ska genomgå anestesi och operation önskar stödja barnet på bästa sätt inför detta. Samtidigt är de själva ofta oroliga. Oro hos föräldrar och oro hos barn tycks hänga samman, likväl som en lugn förälder tycks kunna vara till hjälp för ett oroligt barn. Syfte: Att belysa vad anestesisjuksköterskan kan bidra med för att svara an till föräldrars önskan att vara till stöd för sitt barn under den pre- och intraoperativa perioden, och därmed främja hälsa och välbefinnande hos dem båda. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras under två huvudteman med fyra underteman vardera. Huvudtemat Att vara belyser anestesisjuksköterskans sätt att vara emot föräldrarna, medan Att göra belyser dennes konkreta handlingar. Slutsats: Anestesisjuksköterskan kan genom god omvårdnad öka föräldrarnas möjlighet att stödja sitt barn pre- och intraoperativt. / Background: Parents whose child is going to be anesthetized and operated wish to support the child for the upcoming events in the best way possible. At the same time they often experience anxiety. The parents and the childs anxiety seems to be related, as well as a calm parent can be helpful to a worried child. Aim: To highlight in what way the nurse anaesthetist can contribute to respond to the parents desire to support their child in the pre- and intraoperative period, and thereby promote health and wellbeing for them both. Method: Literature review with a qualitative approach. Findings: The findings are presented in two main themes with four subthemes each. To be illuminates the nurse anaesthetists way to behave towards the parents, and To do highlights her or his practical actings. Conclusion: The nurse anaesthetist can improve the parents ability to support their child pre- and intraoperative by providing good nursing care.

Introdução: Disfunção cognitiva pós-operatória (POCD) é um evento adverso multifatorial mais frequente em pessoas com idade superior a 60 anos ou doenças neurológicas e psiquiátricas. Este estudo avaliou o efeito da dexametasona sobre a incidência de POCD em idosos após cirurgia não cardíaca sob anestesia geral. Métodos: Cento e quarenta pacientes (ASA I-II, idade 60-87 anos) participaram deste estudo prospectivo, randomizado, envolvendo a administração ou não de 8 mg de dexametasona IV antes da indução anestésica para anestesia geral profunda ou superficial de acordo com o índice bispectral. Os testes neuropsicológicos foram aplicados no pré-operatório e em 3, 7, 21, 90 e 180 dias após a cirurgia e comparados com os dados normativos. Enolase específica do neurônio e S100beta foram avaliados antes e 12 horas após a indução da anestesia. A regressão linear com inferência baseada no método de equações de estimação generalizadas (GEE) foi aplicado, seguido pelo teste post-hoc de Bonferroni, considerando P <0,05 como significativo. Resultados: No terceiro dia pós-operatório, POCD foi diagnosticada em 25,2% dos pacientes que receberam a dose de dexametasona e anestesia profunda, 15,3% nos pacientes que receberam a dose da dexametasona e anestesia superficial, 68,2% do grupo de anestesia profunda e 27,2% do grupo de anestesia superficial (p < 0,0001). Os testes neuropsicológicos demonstraram que a anestesia superficial e a dose de dexametasona antes da indução anestésica diminuiu a incidência de POCD, especialmente para as funções memória e atenção e para a função executiva. A administração de dexametasona preveniu o aumento nos níveis séricos de S100beta no pós-operatório (p < 0,002) bem como está relacionado com uma diminuição significativa nos níveis séricos de enolase específica de neurônio (NSE) (p < 0,001). A memória imediata apresentou diferença entre pacientes com e sem alelo APOe4 (p = 0,025) independente do momento de avaliação. A memória de longo prazo apresentou alteração ao longo dos momentos de avaliação em pacientes com e sem a presença do APOe4 (p = 0,006 e p = 0,017 respectivamente). Pacientes com o alelo APOe4 apresentaram maior percentual de disfunção para memória imediata que os pacientes sem o alelo (p = 0,003). Os pacientes sem o alelo APOe4 apresentaram redução de disfunção para o processo de flexibilidade mental após 180 dias quando comparado aos demais momentos (p < 0,05) e os pacientes com a presença do alelo não apresentaram qualquer alteração estatisticamente significativa (p > 0,999), sendo que após 180 dias os pacientes com o alelo APOe4 apresentaram alteração na função executiva para a flexibilidade mental quando comparados aos pacientes sem o alelo (p < 0,001). Conclusão: A dexametasona pode minimizar a incidência de POCD em pacientes idosos submetidos a cirurgia não cardíaca, especialmente quando associada à anestesia superficial. Efeito da dexametasona sobre os níveis séricos S100beta e NSE pode estar relacionado com algum grau de neuroproteção / Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a multifactorial adverse event most frequently in elderly patients or people aged over 60 years, neurological and psychiatric diseases. This study evaluated the effect of dexamethasone on POCD incidence after non-cardiac surgery and general anesthesia. Methods: One hundred and forty patients (ASA I-II; age 60-87 years) took part in a prospective randomized study involving the administration or not of 8 mg of IV dexamethasone before deep or superficial anesthesia according to bispectral index. Neuropsychological tests were applied preoperatively and at 3rd, 7th, 21st, 90th and 180th days after surgery and compared with normative data. Neuron specific enolase and S100beta were evaluated before and 12 hours after induction of anesthesia. Linear regression with inference based on the generalized estimating equations (GEE) method was applied, followed by the post-hoc Bonferroni test considering P < 0.05 as significant. Results: On the 3rd postoperative day, POCD was diagnosed in 25.2% of patients receiving dexamethasone plus deep anesthesia, 15.3% of the dexamethasone plus superficial anesthesia group, 68.2% of the deep anesthesia group and 27.2% of the superficial anesthesia group (p < 0.0001). Neuropsychological tests showed that dexamethasone plus superficial anesthesia decreased the incidence of POCD, especially memory, attention and executive function. The administration of dexamethasone prevented the postoperative increase in S100? serum levels (p < 0.002) and it is also related with a significant decrease in serum levels of neuron specific enolase (p < 0.001). Immediate memory was different between patients with and without APOe4 allele (p = 0.025) independent of the moment of assessment. The Long-term memory was impaired over the evaluation periods in patients with and without the presence of APOe4 allele (p = 0.006 and p = 0.017 respectively). Patients with the APOe4 allele had higher percentage of dysfunction for Immediate memory (p = 0.003). Patients without the APOe4 allele showed a reduction of dysfunction for the process of Mental flexibility after 180 days compared to the other assessment phases (p < 0.05) and patients with APO?4 allele showed no statistically significant change (p > 0.999), and after 180 days the patients with the APOe4 allele had alterations in Executive function for mental flexibility when compared to patients without the allele (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Dexamethasone can minimize the incidence of POCD in elderly patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, especially when associated with superficial anesthesia. The effect of dexamethasone on S100beta e NSE serum levels might be related with some degree of neuroprotection

Previous studies suggest that Medicaid-enrolled children have difficulties accessing dental care, which can lead to untreated dental disease, poor oral health, and compromised overall health status. While Medicaid-enrolled children with a chronic condition (CC) encounter additional barriers to dental care, most relevant studies on dental utilization fail to adopt risk adjustment methods. As such, the impact of CC status and CC severity on access to dental care for Medicaid-enrolled children is poorly understood. The main objectives of this dissertation were to: 1) compare dental utilization for Medicaid-enrolled children with and without a CC; 2) assess the relationship between CC severity and dental utilization; and 3) identify the other factors associated with dental utilization. The 3M Clinical Risk Grouping (CRG) Methods were applied to enrollee-level data from the Iowa Medicaid Program (2003-2008) to identify children with and without a CC and to classify children with a CC into a CC severity level. Three outcome measures were developed: 1) access to an annual dental visit; 2) use of dental services under general anesthesia (GA); and 3) time to the first dental visit after initial enrollment into the Medicaid program. We used multiple variable logistic regression models and survival analytic techniques to test our study hypotheses. Compared to Medicaid-enrolled children without a CC, those with a CC were more likely to have had an annual dental visit and earlier first dental visits. Having a CC was an important determinant of dental utilization under GA for older but not for younger Medicaid-enrolled children. In terms of CC severity, Medicaid-enrolled children with more severe CCs were less likely to have had an annual dental visit and more likely to have utilized dental services under GA. CC severity was not associated with the rate at which the first dental visit took place. Not residing in a dental Health Professional Shortage Area, previous use of dental care, and previous utilization of primary medical care were all positively associated with dental utilization. Identifying and understanding the determinants of access to dental care is an important first step in developing clinical interventions and policies aimed at improving access to dental care for all Medicaid-enrolled children. Future work should focus on identifying the socio-behavioral determinants of as well as the clinical outcomes associated with access to dental services for vulnerable children.

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