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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Isoflurano : desenvolvimento de um método analítico empregando microextração em fase sólida, incorporação em nanoemulsões e avaliação biológica das nanoemulsões

Krahn, Carolina Lopes January 2010 (has links)
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e validar um método analítico empregando microextração em fase sólida (SPME) para detecção e quantificação de isoflurano (ISO) na forma volátil e incluso em nanoemulsões intravenosas e, ainda, avaliar o efeito biológico destas. A detecção do ISO foi realizada através de cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de ionização de chama (CG/DIC). As condições ideais para realização da pré-concentração e extração de ISO através da técnica de SPME foram temperatura ambiente, agitação constante, 30 min de extração e 2 min de dessorção no injetor do CG. O método desenvolvido foi validado avaliando os parâmetros de especificidade, linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação, precisão, exatidão e robustez. As nanoemulsões contendo ISO foram desenvolvidas através da homogeneização à alta pressão, e apresentaram diâmetro médio, índice de polidispersão, potencial zeta e pH de 150 ± 0,78 nm, 0,08 ± 0,01, - 18 ± 2,4 mV e 6,03 ± 0,04, respectivamente. O pH foi ajustado para 7,4 (valor fisiológico). O teor de ISO nas formulações foi de 98,4 %. Não houve modificação das características físico-químicas das nanoemulsões após 30 dias de armazenamento a 8 ºC. Análises de espalhamento de luz múltiplo não demonstraram tendência a fenômenos de instabilidade física para as formulações. Os estudos do efeito anestésico das nanoemulsões intravenosas contendo ISO em cães evidenciaram uma redução significativa (p < 0,05) na dose comparada com a administração de ISO volátil. Não houve alterações no débito cardíaco, saturação de oxigênio na hemoglobina e nos biomarcadores das funções renal, hepática e muscular. Uma queda na pressão arterial dos cães foi observada em todos os tratamentos devido ao efeito hipotensor do ISO. Após administração das nanoemulsões contendo ISO e branca, observou-se taquipnéia, edema, eritema, e baixas concentrações de dióxido de carbono expiradas. Assim, a nanoemulsificação do ISO foi realizada com sucesso e a aplicação na anestesia geral intravenosa foi demonstrada. / The aims of this work were to develop and validate an analytical method using solidphase microextraction (SPME) to detect and quantify isoflurane (ISO) inhalation liquid and loaded in intravenous nanoemulsions, and also evaluate the biological effect of the formulations. ISO detection was made by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID). The ideal conditions setting for the pre concentration and extraction of ISO through SPME were environmental temperature, constant stirring, 30 min for extraction and 2 min for analyte desorption in the GC inlet port. The developed method was validated by means of specificity, linearity, detection and quantification limits, precision, accuracy and robustness. The ISOloaded nanoemulsions were formulated by high-pressure homogenization, and presented average diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential and pH of 150 ± 0.78 nm, 0.08 ± 0.01, -18 ± 2.4 mV and 6.03 ± 0.04, respectively. The pH was adjusted to 7.4 (physiological value). The drug content on the formulations was 98.4 %. After 30 days of storage at 8 ºC no changes on nanoemulsion’s physicalchemical characteristics were observed. Multiple light scattering analysis did not demonstrate any physical destabilization phenomena for the formulations. The anesthetic effect study for the intravenous ISO-loaded nanoemulsions in dogs highlighted a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in dosage regimen when compared to the volatile ISO administration. There were no alterations on cardiac rate, oxygen hemoglobin saturation and on biomarkers of the renal, hepatic and muscle functionalities. A decrease in dog’s arterial blood pressure in all treatments due the hypotensive effect caused by ISO was observed. After the administration of the nanomulsions, ISO-loaded and unloaded, occurred tachypnea, edema, erythema and low end tidal concentrations of carbon dioxide. Taking all above into account, the method was considered easy on execution and suitable for laboratory routines, the ISO nanoemulsification was made successfully and its application on general anesthesia was demonstrated.
62

Morfina subaracnóidea associada à anestesia geral para revascularização miocárdica: efeitos sobre a função respiratória, a analgesia, o consumo de morfina e seus níveis plasmáticos no pós-operatório / Intrathecal morphine plus general anesthesia in cardiac surgery: effects on pulmonary function, postoperative analgesia, morphine consumption and plasma morphine levels

Luciana Moraes dos Santos 23 March 2009 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: Existem poucas evidências de benefícios da analgesia regional na disfunção respiratória observada no pós-operatório (PO) de cirurgia cardíaca. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os efeitos da morfina intratecal sobre a função respiratória, a analgesia, o consumo de morfina e seus níveis plasmáticos no PO de pacientes submetidos à anestesia geral para revascularização do miocárdio (RM). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 42 pacientes submetidos à RM com circulação extracorpórea e randomizados para receberem anestesia geral associada ou não a morfina intratecal na dose de 400 g (grupo controle, n=22 e grupo morfina, n=20). A anestesia geral foi padronizada com sufentanil e isoflurano e no PO imediato, instalou-se dispositivo de analgesia controlada pelo paciente, com bolus de 1 mg, em livre demanda e dipirona se necessário. Com espirômetro digital, avaliou-se a capacidade vital forçada (CVF), o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1), a relação VEF1/CVF e, pela análise da gasometria artérial, calculou-se a relação PaO2/FIO2 no pré-operatório, primeiro e segundo dias de PO. A intensidade da dor, avaliada com escala visual numérica (0-10), o número de solicitações e o consumo de morfina venosa, assim como seus níveis plasmáticos, foram avaliados até 36 horas de PO. A análise estatística consistiu de análise de variância para medidas repetidas e teste de Mann-Whitney, considerando-se significativo p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Em ambos os grupos houve redução da CVF (grupo controle=1,45 L e 1,38 L, grupo morfina= 1,18 L e 1,26 L no primeiro e segundo dias de PO, respectivamente), sem diferença entre os mesmos (p=0,06). Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos no VEF1 (p=0,085), nas relações VEF1/CVF (p=0,68) e PaO2/FiO2 (p=0,08) nos tempos avaliados. O grupo morfina apresentou valores significativamente menores de dor no repouso e inspiração profunda e, principalmente, durante a tosse após 18 horas (grupo controle=4,73 e grupo morfina=1,80, p=0,001), 24 horas (grupo controle=4,41 e grupo morfina=1,40, p=0,022) e 36 horas (grupo controle=3,09 e grupo morfina=1,55, p=0,015) de PO. Observou-se redução do consumo cumulativo de morfina venosa após 18 horas (grupo controle=20,14 mg e grupo morfina=14,10 mg, p=0,037) e 24 horas de PO (grupo controle= 27,8 mg e grupo morfina= 13,55 mg, p=0,028). Após 24 horas de PO, o grupo que recebeu opióide intratecal apresentou menores níveis plasmáticos de morfina (grupo controle=16,41 ng/mL e grupo morfina=4,08 ng/mL, p=0,029). CONCLUSÕES: O efeito central da morfina intratecal não minimizou a disfunção respiratória mas promoveu redução da intensidade da dor, com diminuição do consumo venoso e menores níveis plasmáticos de morfina no PO de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de RM. / BACKGROUNDS: Few evidence exists on beneficial effects of intrathecal analgesia in lung dysfunction observed in postoperative (PO) of cardiac surgery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of intrathecal morphine on pulmonary function, analgesia, morphine consumption and plasma morphine levels in PO of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). METHODS: Were studied 42 patients undergoing on-pump CABG randomized (control group, n=22 and morphine group, n=20) to receive general anesthesia with or not 400 g of intrathecal morphine. Anesthesia was standardized and in immediate PO, patients received a patient controlled-analgesia pump, 1 mg bolus of morphine, free demand and dipirone if necessary. Forced vital capacity (CVF), expiratory forced volume in first second (EFV1) and EFV1/FVC ratio were measured using spirometry and arterial blood samples obtained preoperatively, in first and second PO days. Intensity of pain, evaluated using visual numeric scale (0-10), morphine solicitation and consumption and plasma morphine levels were evaluated until 36 hours of PO. Statistical analysis was done with repeated measures analysis of variance and Mann-Whiney test (*p<0.05). RESULTS: Both groups had reduction of FVC in PO (control group=1.45 L and 1.38 L, and morphine group=1.18 L and 1.26 L, respectively in first and second PO (p= 0.06) without differences between them. There were no differences in EFV1 (p=0.085), VEF1/CVF (p=0.68) and PaO2/FiO2 ratio between groups (p=0.08). In morphine group was observed reduction in intensity of pain at rest and profound inspiration but most significatively at cough after 18 hours PO (control group=4.73 and morphine group=1.80, p=0.001), 24 hours (control group=4.41 and morphine group=1.40, p=0.022) and 36 hours (control group=3.09 and morphine group=1.55, p=0.015). Was observed reduction in morphine consumption after 18 hours PO (control group=20.14 mg and morphine group=14.10 mg, p=0.037) and after 24 hours (control group=27.8 mg and morphine group= 13.55, p=0.028). After 24 hours of PO, morphine group has reduced plasma morphine levels (control group=16,41 ng/mL and morphine group=4.08 ng/mL, p=0.029). CONCLUSIONS: Central neuraxial effect of morphine did not reduced postoperative pulmonary dysfunction but promoted better postoperative analgesia, reducing pain scores, venous morphine consumption and lower plasma morphine levels in CABG.
63

Isoflurano : desenvolvimento de um método analítico empregando microextração em fase sólida, incorporação em nanoemulsões e avaliação biológica das nanoemulsões

Krahn, Carolina Lopes January 2010 (has links)
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e validar um método analítico empregando microextração em fase sólida (SPME) para detecção e quantificação de isoflurano (ISO) na forma volátil e incluso em nanoemulsões intravenosas e, ainda, avaliar o efeito biológico destas. A detecção do ISO foi realizada através de cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de ionização de chama (CG/DIC). As condições ideais para realização da pré-concentração e extração de ISO através da técnica de SPME foram temperatura ambiente, agitação constante, 30 min de extração e 2 min de dessorção no injetor do CG. O método desenvolvido foi validado avaliando os parâmetros de especificidade, linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação, precisão, exatidão e robustez. As nanoemulsões contendo ISO foram desenvolvidas através da homogeneização à alta pressão, e apresentaram diâmetro médio, índice de polidispersão, potencial zeta e pH de 150 ± 0,78 nm, 0,08 ± 0,01, - 18 ± 2,4 mV e 6,03 ± 0,04, respectivamente. O pH foi ajustado para 7,4 (valor fisiológico). O teor de ISO nas formulações foi de 98,4 %. Não houve modificação das características físico-químicas das nanoemulsões após 30 dias de armazenamento a 8 ºC. Análises de espalhamento de luz múltiplo não demonstraram tendência a fenômenos de instabilidade física para as formulações. Os estudos do efeito anestésico das nanoemulsões intravenosas contendo ISO em cães evidenciaram uma redução significativa (p < 0,05) na dose comparada com a administração de ISO volátil. Não houve alterações no débito cardíaco, saturação de oxigênio na hemoglobina e nos biomarcadores das funções renal, hepática e muscular. Uma queda na pressão arterial dos cães foi observada em todos os tratamentos devido ao efeito hipotensor do ISO. Após administração das nanoemulsões contendo ISO e branca, observou-se taquipnéia, edema, eritema, e baixas concentrações de dióxido de carbono expiradas. Assim, a nanoemulsificação do ISO foi realizada com sucesso e a aplicação na anestesia geral intravenosa foi demonstrada. / The aims of this work were to develop and validate an analytical method using solidphase microextraction (SPME) to detect and quantify isoflurane (ISO) inhalation liquid and loaded in intravenous nanoemulsions, and also evaluate the biological effect of the formulations. ISO detection was made by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID). The ideal conditions setting for the pre concentration and extraction of ISO through SPME were environmental temperature, constant stirring, 30 min for extraction and 2 min for analyte desorption in the GC inlet port. The developed method was validated by means of specificity, linearity, detection and quantification limits, precision, accuracy and robustness. The ISOloaded nanoemulsions were formulated by high-pressure homogenization, and presented average diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential and pH of 150 ± 0.78 nm, 0.08 ± 0.01, -18 ± 2.4 mV and 6.03 ± 0.04, respectively. The pH was adjusted to 7.4 (physiological value). The drug content on the formulations was 98.4 %. After 30 days of storage at 8 ºC no changes on nanoemulsion’s physicalchemical characteristics were observed. Multiple light scattering analysis did not demonstrate any physical destabilization phenomena for the formulations. The anesthetic effect study for the intravenous ISO-loaded nanoemulsions in dogs highlighted a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in dosage regimen when compared to the volatile ISO administration. There were no alterations on cardiac rate, oxygen hemoglobin saturation and on biomarkers of the renal, hepatic and muscle functionalities. A decrease in dog’s arterial blood pressure in all treatments due the hypotensive effect caused by ISO was observed. After the administration of the nanomulsions, ISO-loaded and unloaded, occurred tachypnea, edema, erythema and low end tidal concentrations of carbon dioxide. Taking all above into account, the method was considered easy on execution and suitable for laboratory routines, the ISO nanoemulsification was made successfully and its application on general anesthesia was demonstrated.
64

Deskriptive Verlaufsanalyse akustisch evozierter Potentiale bei Kindern unter Allgemeinanästhesie

Hänsig, Martin 22 March 2011 (has links)
Die Validierung und Etablierung einer zuverlässigen Methode zur Erfassung der Narkosetiefe bleibt bis heute, speziell in der Kinderanästhesie, problematisch. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Erstellung einer deskriptiven Verlaufsanalyse akustisch evozierter Potentiale mittlerer Latenz (MLAEP‘s) im Kindesalter. Unter Allgemeinanästhesie wurde mit Hilfe des AEPex-Monitors die Validität, Reagibilität und Korrelation der MLAEP‘s im Vergleich zu den beiden wichtigen hämodynamischen Parametern Herzfrequenz und mittlerer arterieller Blutdruck untersucht. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt hierbei lag auf der Untersuchung der Praktikabilität des eingesetzten AEP-Monitorings. Dazu wurden 56 Kinder, davon 29 unter total intravenöser Anästhesie und 27 unter balancierter Anästhesie in die Studie eingeschlossen. Die Steuerung der Narkosetiefe erfolgte nach rein klinischen Kriterien. Nachträglich wurden die zu analysierenden Patienten in 3 verschiedene Altersgruppen (2-<4, 4-<10 und 10-<17 Lebensjahr) unterteilt und auf Auffälligkeiten hin untersucht. Die Anwendung des AEPex-Monitors war unkompliziert und ohne größeren personellen oder zeitlichen Aufwand in den Anästhesiearbeitsplatz zu integrieren. Während unter inhalativer Anästhesie zum Teil eine Zunahme der Amplituden Na/Pa und Pa/Nb bei der visuellen Inspektion des Signals beobachtet wurde, waren die Ergebnisse unter total intravenöser Anästhesie denen Erwachsener vergleichbar. Sowohl die Veränderungen des Blutdruckes als auch des AEPex waren ein- bis eineinhalb Minuten nach Applikation eines Propofolbolus als zuverlässiges Korrelat für eine Veränderung im Sedierungslevel darstellbar. Zusätzlich konnte in dieser Studie gezeigt werden, dass akustisch evozierte Potentiale mittlerer Latenz mit dem mittleren arteriellen Blutdruck, aber nicht mit der Herzfrequenz, unter intraoperativ hämodynamisch stabilen Bedingungen korrelieren (HI: rs(xy•z) = 0,583; p = 0,003). Jüngere Kinder (2-<4 LJ.) zeigten entweder tendenziell oder signifikant höhere Werte. Nach der Integration altersspezifischer Besonderheiten in der Weiterentwicklung prozessierter AEP-Parameter und der Überwindung gerätespezifischer Unzulänglichkeiten scheint auch im Kindesalter eine Hypnosetiefenbestimmung möglich.
65

A Randomized Controlled Trial: Absorbable Hemostatic Pack Effect on Bleeding Time Following Extraction of Primary Maxillary Incisors

Mattox, Shayna L. January 2020 (has links)
No description available.
66

Hur anestesisjuksköterskan kan förebygga awareness hos patienter under generell anestesi / How the nurse anesthetist can prevent awareness in patients under general anesthesia

Bohlin, Linda, Tofalvi, Andrea January 2023 (has links)
Anestesisjuksköterskan ansvarar för att förebygga skador hos patienter under generell anestesi. En fruktad komplikation är awareness, oavsiktlig vakenhet undergenerell anestesi, vilket kan orsaka vårdlidande hos patienter. Syftet var att undersöka hur anestesisjuksköterskan kan förebygga intraoperativ awareness hos patienter under generell anestesi. Studien är en systematisk litteraturstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Sökningar gjordes i CINAHL och PubMed, 14 artiklar inkluderades. Det framkom tre teman: övervakning av anestesidjup, farmakologiska faktorer och icke-farmakologiska faktorer. Resultatet visar att enbart klinisk övervakning inte är tillräckligt för att övervaka anestesidjupet. Användning av bispectral index (BIS) och auditory evoked potentials index (AAI) har visats vara effektiva metoder för att förebygga awareness vid total intravenös anestesi (TIVA). Vid inhalationsanestesi är övervakning med endtidala anestesigaskoncentrationen (ETAC) mer effektivt än BIS. Inhalationsanestesi har visat lägre förekomst av awareness än TIVA. Muskelrelaxantia bör bara användas när det är nödvändigt eftersom det är en av de främsta orsakerna till awareness. Bensodiazepiner minskar troligen förekomsten av awareness. Den mänskliga faktorn har visat sig spela stor roll för att förebygga awareness där läkemedelsadministrering, handhavandefel av anestesiutrustning, okunskap och oerfarenhet om fenomenet är några exempel. Musikterapi har visat goda resultat när det gäller att förebygga awareness. För att minska risken för vårdlidande hos patienter bör anestesisjuksköterskan använda de metoder som har visat goda resultat för att skapa bästa tänkbara förutsättningar för säker vård. Vården bör bedrivas kostnadseffektivt med hänsyn till miljön, men inte på bekostnad av patientsäkerhet och god vård för patienter. / The nurse anesthetist is responsible for preventing injuries in patients under general anesthesia. A feared complication is awareness, accidental wakefulness under general anesthesia, which can cause suffering from care in patients. The objective was to study how the nurse anesthetist can prevent intraoperative awareness in patients under general anesthesia. The study is a systematic literature review with a quantitative design. Searches were made in CINAHL and PubMed, 14 articles were included. Three themes emerged: monitoring depth of anesthesia, pharmacological factors and non-pharmacological factors. The result shows that clinical monitoring alone is not sufficient to monitor the depth of anesthesia. Use of bispectral index (BIS) and auditory evoked potentials index (AAI) have been shown to be effective methods for preventing awareness in total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). In case of inhalation anesthesia, monitoring with end-tidal anesthetic concentration (ETAC) is more effective than BIS. Inhalation anesthesia has shown a lower incidence of awareness than TIVA. Muscle relaxants should only be used when necessary as it is one of the main causes of awareness. Benzodiazepines probably reduce the incidence of awareness. The human factor has been shown to play a major role in preventing awareness, where drug administration, handling errors of anesthesia equipment, inadequate knowledge and inexperience about the phenomenon are some examples. Music therapy has shown good results when it comes to preventing awareness. To reduce the risk of suffering in patients, the nurse anesthetist should use the methods that have shown good results to create the best possible conditions for safe care. Care should be carried out cost-effectively with regard to the environment, but not at the expense of patient safety and good care for patients.
67

Generell anestesi av patienter med obesitas : En integrativ litteraturöversikt / General anesthesia of patients with obesity : An integrative literature review

Hammerin, Hans, Vendelius, Patrik January 2022 (has links)
Obesitas är ett växande problem världen över och definieras genom att Body Mass Index (BMI) är över 30. Antalet personer med obesitas ökar för varje år, både globalt och nationellt. Det ställer ökade krav på sjukvården, att möta behoven och ge högkvalitativ vård till denna patientgrupp. Att bli sövd är förenat med risker, att dessutom ha högt BMI ökar riskerna kring generell anestesi. Den förändrade anatomin och fysiologin hos personer med obesitas utgör en ökad risk vid generell anestesi. Detta är något som anestesisjuksköterskan måste vara förberedd på och kunna bemästra. Syftet med denna studie var att utforska generell anestesi hos vuxna patienter med obesitas. Metoden som användes var en integrativ litteraturöversikt och de 36 vetenskapliga artiklarna som mötte inklusionskriterierna analyserades med ett integrativt förhållningssätt. Resultatet visar på vikten av att ta tid till förberedelser, nyttja tiden väl, teamarbete samt viktspecifik justering av läkemedel för att uppnå framgångsrik generell anestesi hos patienter med obesitas. Ett videolaryngoskop ger stora fördelar vid intubering såväl som att positionera patienten för optimal insyn till stämbanden. Emellertid visar resultaten även att vikt endast är en av flera viktiga faktorer för anestesisjuksköterskan att ta hänsyn till, tillsammans med exempelvis ålder och kön. Det är viktigt att vårda hela patienten och inte fokusera för mycket på vikt för att inte riskera att missa andra viktiga faktorer i den perioperativa vården. / Obesity is a growing problem worldwide and it is defined by the Body Mass Index (BMI) being over 30. The number of people with obesity are increasing each year, both globally and nationally. This places increased demands on healthcare, to meet the needs and provide high quality care for this patient group. Being anesthetized is associated with risks and a high BMI increases the risks surrounding general anesthesia. The changed anatomy and physiology in patients with obesity constitute a risk when generally anaesthetizing. This is something the anesthetic nurse needs to be prepared for and be able to handle. The aim of this study was to explore general anesthesia in adult patients with obesity. The method used was an integrative literature review and the 36 scientific articles meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed using an integrative approach. The results show the importance of taking time to prepare, time management, teamwork, and weight specific adjustment of medicine in order to create successful anesthesia. A video laryngoscope provides great benefits when intubating patient with obesity, as well as optimizing the position of the patient for a good view of the vocal cords. However, the results also show that weight is only one of several important factors to consider, such as gender and age. It is important to care for the whole patient and not focus too much on weight, thus risking overlooking other important aspects in the perioperative care.
68

Föräldrars upplevelse av att närvara vid sitt barns sövning, inför operation eller undersökning i narkos / Parents' experience of being present during their child's general anaesthetic procedure, prior to surgery or examination under general anaesthesia

Lidström, Helena, Walkeby, Susanne January 2021 (has links)
Introduktion: Ångest och oro är vanliga känslor föräldrar upplever i samband med sitt barns sövning och det finns ett tydligt samband mellan föräldrarnas ångest och barnets oro i samband med sövning. Lugna föräldrar skulle resultera i lugnare barn och därmed också säkrare sövningar och en mer positiv upplevelse i samband med sövningen. Den anestesiologiska omvårdnaden ska planeras så att omvårdnadsbehovet definieras hos patient och anhöriga. Som anestesisjuksköterskor behöver vi en ökad förståelse och mer kunskap om hur föräldrar upplever att närvara vid sitt barns sövning. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva föräldrars upplevelse av att närvara vid sitt barns sövning inför operation eller undersökning i narkos. Metod: En kvalitativ studie gjordes och semistrukturerade intervjuer hölls med nio föräldrar. Framkommen data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i en övergripande kategori: Det är betydelsefullt att omges av närvarande och inkännande personal och tre subkategorier: Information i stunden inger trygghet, Känner tillit till personalen och Känna ångest och hjälplöshet. Föräldrarna kände en stor tillit till personalens kompetens men många upplevde ändå en känsla av hjälplöshet över att inte kunna hjälpa sitt barn i en svår stund. Information ökade trygghetskänslan och anestesisjuksköterskorna behöver försäkra sig om att informationen gått fram. Det viktigaste i situationen var att personalen på salen var närvarande och såg både föräldern och barnet. Slutsats: I en annorlunda och otrygg situation beskrev föräldrarna betydelsen av att träffa närvarande och inkännande ansestesi personal. Det är därför viktigt att som anestesisjuksköterska bedriva personcentrerad vård och utgå från barnet och föräldrarnas behov.
69

Efeito da umidificação dos gases anestésicos nas propriedades físicas e transportabilidade do muco respiratório durante anestesia geral / Effects of inspired gases humidity on respiratory mucus in patients under general anesthesia

Yagi, Claudia Simeire Albertini 09 October 2006 (has links)
Introdução: Em pacientes sob intubação endotraqueal os mecanismos fisiológicos de climatização do ar inspirado são anulados. Durante anestesia geral, quando os gases inspiratórios são ofertados secos e frios, a manutenção da umidade das vias aéreas é condição importante para prevenção de lesões da mucosa respiratória e ressecamento das secreções. Os sistemas de anestesia possuem propriedades de umidicação inerentes, decorrentes do sistema respiratório circular e a presença do absorvedor de CO2. Entretanto, os níveis de umidificação, durante a anestesia, dependem de vários fatores incluindo o tipo de ventilador anestésico, montagem do sistema respiratório e o fluxo de gás fresco utilizado. Porém não há dados na literatura que tenham investigado o efeito nos níveis de umidade do gás inspirado nas propriedades físicas e de transportabilidade do muco respiratório. Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis de Temperatura (T), umidade absoluta (UA) e umidade relativa (UR) do ar inspirado durante anestesia geral oferecidos pelo sistema circular valvular com absorção de CO2 e com a adição do HME em dois tipos de ventiladores (Dräger e Takaoka). Avaliar os efeitos do HME sobre os níveis de Temperatura e Umidade dos gases inspirados ofertados pelos dois equipamentos. Avaliar o impacto da umidade sobre as propriedades físicas e de transportabilidade do muco respiratório. Método: Foram selecionados 44 pacientes da Clínica Cirúrgica II do Departamento de Gastroenterologia do HCFMUSP com indicação de cirurgia abdominal eletiva e anestesia geral com duração superior a 4 horas. Os pacientes foram alocados em 4 grupos conforme o tipo do ventilador utilizado (Dräger ou Takaoka) e a presença ou ausência do HME. O muco respiratório e os dados de temperatura, UR e UA do gás ofertado foram coletados logo após a intubação endotraqueal, e a cada duas horas até o final da cirurgia. A análise do muco respiratório foi realizada através dos seguintes métodos: Transportabilidade mucociliar (MCT), em palato de rã; Transportabilidade pela tosse (TT), através da máquina simuladora da tosse e as propriedades de superfície, através do Ângulo de contato (AC). Resultado: O ventilador Dräger foi significantemente mais efetivo em ofertar níveis mais altos de T, UA e UR comparado ao ventilador Takaoka. A adição do HME aumentou a T e UA nos dois equipamentos. A UR aumentou somente no ventilador Takaoka. Houve um aumento do TMC e da TT no grupo que apresentou níveis mais altos de umidade (i.e. Dräger + HME). O AC não mostrou diferenças entre os quatro grupos. A análise longitudinal mostrou que o TMC foi positivamente afetado com o aumento da UA e UR. A TT foi positivamente afetada com a adição do HME. Conclusão: Nossos resultados mostram que o ventilador Dräger produziu níveis significantemente mais altos de umidade comparados ao ventilador Takaoka e que a adição do HME aumentou os níveis de umidade nos dois equipamentos estudados. Os equipamentos anestésicos e a adição do HME afetaram os níveis de umidade ofertados ao paciente durante a anestesia geral, e essas mudanças influenciaram a transportabilidade do muco respiratório / Background: In patients who are intubated, the natural mechanism of gas climatization by the nose and the upper airway is bypassed. During anesthesia, when the inspiratory gases are cold and dry, humidification of gases is recommended to prevent drying of the mucosal epithelium and respiratory secretions. The anesthesia systems have inherent humidifying properties as a result of the valvular rebreathing of some of the expired humidity and of the production of water in the CO2 absorber. However, the level of moisture in anesthetic ventilation is critically dependent on several factors that include the equipment, the arrangement of the circle breathing system and the fresh gas flow. To date the effect of humidity on respiratory mucus properties and transportability was not investigated. Objectives: The objective of this study was to measure the humidity and temperature of the inspired gas from a circle absorber system in two different ventilators (Dräger and Takaoka) and the effect of a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) on the inspired gas. Furthermore, we also evaluated the impact of humidity on in vitro mucus transportability and physical properties. Methods: We studied 44 patients with no pulmonary disease scheduled for elective surgery that were randomly allocated in four groups according to the anesthetic equipment (Dräger or Takaoka) and the absence or presence of HME. Respiratory mucus was collected and Temperature (T), absolute humidity (AH), relative humidity (RH) of inspired gases were recorded immediately after intubation (T0) and every 2 hours. In vitro respiratory mucus was studied by mucociliary transportability (MCT) by the frog palate method; cough clearance (CC) by the cough equipment, and contact angle (CA) by direct observation. Results: Dräger equipment delivered significantly higher levels of RH and AH when compared to Takaoka. The addition of HME increased AH and T in both equipments. RH was improved only in the Takaoka equipment. MCT, CC showed a non-significant trend to be higher in the group that provided the highest humidity (i.e Dräger + HME). CA did not change among groups. Longitudinal analysis showed that MCT was positively affected by an increase in AH and RH. CC was positively affected by the addition of HME. Conclusion: Our results showed that Dräger equipment was more effective in humidifying anesthetic gas than Takaoka. The performance of both equipments was improved when HME was added. The anesthetic equipment and the addition of HME affect the humidity delivered to the patient that in turn influences in vitro respiratory mucus transportability
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Variable versus conventional lung protective mechanical ventilation during open abdominal surgery

Spieth, Peter M., Güldner, Andreas, Uhlig, Christopher, Bluth, Thomas, Kiss, Thomas, Schultz, Marcus J., Pelosi, Paolo, Koch, Thea, Gamba de Abreu, Marcelo 17 April 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Background: General anesthesia usually requires mechanical ventilation, which is traditionally accomplished with constant tidal volumes in volume- or pressure-controlled modes. Experimental studies suggest that the use of variable tidal volumes (variable ventilation) recruits lung tissue, improves pulmonary function and reduces systemic inflammatory response. However, it is currently not known whether patients undergoing open abdominal surgery might benefit from intraoperative variable ventilation. Methods/Design: The PROtective VARiable ventilation trial ('PROVAR') is a single center, randomized controlled trial enrolling 50 patients who are planning for open abdominal surgery expected to last longer than 3 hours. PROVAR compares conventional (non-variable) lung protective ventilation (CV) with variable lung protective ventilation (VV) regarding pulmonary function and inflammatory response. The primary endpoint of the study is the forced vital capacity on the first postoperative day. Secondary endpoints include further lung function tests, plasma cytokine levels, spatial distribution of ventilation assessed by means of electrical impedance tomography and postoperative pulmonary complications. Discussion: We hypothesize that VV improves lung function and reduces systemic inflammatory response compared to CV in patients receiving mechanical ventilation during general anesthesia for open abdominal surgery longer than 3 hours. PROVAR is the first randomized controlled trial aiming at intra- and postoperative effects of VV on lung function. This study may help to define the role of VV during general anesthesia requiring mechanical ventilation.

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