Penningtvätt är ett ämne som under de senaste åren fått mycket uppmärksamhet. Nya lagar och regleringar med målsättningen att förebygga och bekämpa penningtvätt har införts. För att uppskatta problemets storlek har ett flertal estimat beräknats med hjälp av olika metoder. I denna uppsats har vi valt att fokusera på de metoder som används för att beräkna estimat, då det finns tecken som tyder på att estimaten som beräknas sällan utsätts för kritik.Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka och jämföra tre av de idag vanligaste metoderna för att beräkna penningtvättens storlek. De vanligaste modellerna är Walkermodellen, Zdanowicz metoder för handelsbaserad penningtvätt och en två-sektor modell vilka har utgjort fokus i denna studie. Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär med en induktiv ansats där empirin består av de utvalda metoderna.Att göra en exakt mätning av storleken på penningtvätten är naturligtvis inte möjligt, utan det handlar istället om att göra en så bra uppskattning som möjligt. Resultatet av vår undersökning visar att de tre metoderna skiljer sig helt från varandra. Vilken metod som är lämpligast beror på sammanhanget, vilket är viktigt att ha i åtanke när någon tar del av de estimat som beräknats. Zdanowicz metod mäter exempelvis inte total penningtvätt för ett land, men är samtidigt den som bäst mäter kapitalförflyttning vid handel mellan länder. Av de tre metoder vi tagit upp i vår undersökning är Walkermodellen den som lämpar sig bäst för att beräkna penningtvätten globalt, men den har en svaghet i att den till stor del förlitar sig på experters kunskaper och erfarenheter. Två-sektor modellen har sin utgångspunkt i mikroekonomisk teori och får anses ha en högre reliabilitet än Walkermodellen, men går dock inte att tillämpa globalt på samma sätt som Walkermodellen. Två-sektormodellen mäter heller inte hur mycket pengar som tvättas mellan länder så som de andra två metoderna gör. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

The main objective of the doctorate thesis was to explore the causes of the current state of relations between the EU and Russia and to provide substantiation for future effective cooperation. The main analytical assumption of the thesis is that deeper regional economic cooperation creates positive effects for improvement of economic relations. Based on that assumption a complex exploratory framework with solid theoretical grounding was created in order to evaluate potential gains from trade liberalization scenarios between the EU and Russia. Main research is focused on the three following areas: historical background of economic relations, current developments and perspectives of the future cooperation in light of trade liberalization. Historical background of common economic relations stems from political and economic development on both sides, legal and institutional framework and problematic areas. Current development of trade and economic relations is based on analysis of trade flows in goods, trade in services and capital flows. Analysis of the future development is based on three liberalization scenarios: - Accession of Russia to the World Trade Organization (WTO), - Free trade agreement (FTA) -- scrapping customs tariffs between the EU and Russia, - Comprehensive free trade agreement (FTA+) -- reduction of non-tariff barriers to trade, liberalization of trade in services and capital flows, regulatory harmonization. Meta-analysis of different computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling is used to evaluate the liberalization scenarios. Research results proved positive effects of trade liberalization for both sides. However, comprehensive free trade agreement seems to be the most effective form of trade liberalization with maximum economic welfare gains for the EU and the Russian Federation.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-04-17T19:16:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alícia Cechin_.pdf: 515927 bytes, checksum: 0cbde681385e2cdfaa91d02496e274b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T19:16:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alícia Cechin_.pdf: 515927 bytes, checksum: 0cbde681385e2cdfaa91d02496e274b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-16 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O aumento dos Acordos Preferenciais de Comércio (APCs) tem modificado o cenário do comércio internacional. No caso brasileiro, o país se mostra relativamente isolado no cenário das negociações comerciais preferenciais, não possuindo um conjunto de acordos comerciais importantes com parceiros extra-regionais. Nesse sentido, o estudo busca examinar através de um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável (GTAP), os efeitos que a criação de APCs com importantes parceiros comerciais do Brasil teria sobre variáveis-chave para a economia, especialmente bem-estar e comércio internacional. Além das reduções das tarifas de importação, o trabalho também explorou os efeitos da redução das barreiras não-tarifárias (BNTs). Os impactos da formação de acordos de livre comércio geralmente se concentram naqueles setores mais protegidos antes da criação do bloco. Nas simulações realizadas neste trabalho, isso também se observou. Os resultados mostraram um aumento expressivo nas exportações de produtos primários e de baixa intensidade tecnológica, quando simulada a redução parcial e plena das tarifas de importação, no entanto quando simula-se além da redução das tarifas de importação a redução das BNTs, verifica-se que o sistema produtivo brasileiro pode ser afetado de diferente forma. Com a redução plena de tarifas e BNTs, as exportações brasileiras de setores de maior conteúdo tecnológico seriam as mais beneficiadas, enquanto a liberalização parcial das BNTs, além de reduzir a magnitude das exportações em todos os acordos, iria estimular mais setores de menor conteúdo tecnológico em vários acordos. No que se refere ao ganho de bem-estar, verifica-se o mesmo comportamento das exportações, mas quando ocorre a redução das BNTs, o maior ganho de bem-estar é obtido em setores de maior intensidade tecnológica. / The increase in the PTAs (Preferential Trade Agreements) has modified the international trade scenario, in the case of Brazil, the country appears to be relatively isolated in the context of trade negotiations, lacking a set of important trade agreements with extra-regional partners. In this sense, the study seeks to examine, through a computable general equilibrium model (GTAP), the effects that the creation of PTAs with important trade partners of Brazil would have on key variables for the economy, especially welfare and trade International. In addition to the reduction of import tariffs, the work also explored the effects of reducing non-tariff barriers (NTBs). The impacts of forming free trade agreements generally focus on those sectors most protected before the bloc was created. In the simulations performed in this work, this was also observed. The results show a significant increase in exports of primary products and low technological intensity, when simulated the partial and full reduction of import tariffs, however, when the reduction of NTBs is allowed in addition to the reduction of import tariffs, it is verified that the Brazilian productive sector can be affected differently. With the full reduction of tariffs and NTBs, Brazilian exports of sectors with higher technological content would be the most benefited, while the partial liberalization of NTBs, besides reducing the magnitude of exports in all agreements, would stimulate more sectors of lower technological content in most agreements. With regard to welfare gains, the same behavior of exports is observed, when reduction of NTBs occur, the greatest welfare gain is obtained in sectors of higher technological intensity.

No description available.

No description available.

Humboldt-Univ., Diss (Nicht für den Austausch)--Berlin, 2007.

Submitted by Raoni Rugai Marinho (raonirmarinho@gmail.com) on 2015-03-11T14:52:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - RRM_20150311.pdf: 998586 bytes, checksum: 81f50db5cdf96110f5bba72b66357ea4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-03-11T16:25:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - RRM_20150311.pdf: 998586 bytes, checksum: 81f50db5cdf96110f5bba72b66357ea4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-11T16:31:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - RRM_20150311.pdf: 998586 bytes, checksum: 81f50db5cdf96110f5bba72b66357ea4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-11 / Motivado pelas diversas discussões em torno do futuro das negociações multilaterais do comércio mundial, utilizando o embasamento de trabalhos anteriores realizados a partir de dados de exportação e importação nos Estados Unidos da América, o presente trabalho busca estimar impactos econômicos ao Brasil das diretivas do Acordo de Facilitação de Comércio de Bali, utilizando-se para isso de Modelo de Equilíbrio Geral já consolidado no tratamento de comércio internacional, bem como sua base de dados. Os principais resultados indicam uma reindustrialização das exportações brasileiras, e permitem concluir que a adesão ao Acordo gera ganhos ao Brasil, e que o país segue na direção correta nesse aspecto. Tais resultados se mostram úteis na formulação de futuras diretrizes para a abertura comercial. / Motivated by the various discussions on the future of the multilateral negotiations of world trade, using previous works, which used data on export and import in the United States of America as basis, this paper seeks to estimate the economic impacts of the policies of Bali Trade Facilitation Agreement to Brazil, making use of a consolidated Computable General Equilibrium model in the treatment of international trade, as well as its database. The main results indicate a reindustrialization of Brazilian exports, and show that the adherence to the Agreement generates gains in Brazil, and that the country goes in the right direction in this regard. Such results could be useful in elaborating future guidelines for trade liberalization.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aims to evaluate the impact on Brazilian agribusiness form realization of agreement, Transpacific Trade Preference (TPP). As well as exploring the issue of comparative advantages and complementarity of Brazil's producers markets with the markets of other regions and how it would affect the Brazilian agribusiness. In this sense, we not only analyse the changes in the economy when the elimination of all tariff barriers, what characterizes the formation of a free trade area, but also the elimination of barriers tariff in conjunction with the elimination of the subsidies agreement. To this end, we use the general equilibrium model of Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP). The Elimination of import tariffs between the economies of the TPP, it was possible to identify the economic impacts on Brazilian agribusiness, mostly, were negative, hurting mainly the sectors of meat, corn, wool, processed food and rice. The fields of wheat, oilseeds and vegetables suffer positive impacts. On the other hand in the scenario of complete liberalisation of trade between the intrablocos regions, such as the Elimination of import tariffs and export subsidies and production. The impacts generated in Brazilian agribusiness were more significant, in the fields of wheat, vegetables, oil seeds and fruits, with the Brazilian agricultural sector producer and exporter being positively influenced. However, wool, milk, processed foods and meats were the hardest hit. In addition, the complete liberalization of trade would promote economic welfare gains and losses higher, when compared to the scenario of tariff elimination, because the tariff structure between members of the TPP is already reasonably reduced. Therefore, the possible intensification in trade intrabloco of TPP, without the reduction of subsidies on production, could weaken the Brazilian agribusiness, therefore suggests loss of competitiveness in the sector. / Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os impactos no agronegócio brasileiro na formação do Acordo de Preferência Comercial Transpacífico (TPP). Nesse sentido, foram analisadas não apenas as mudanças na economia quando ocorre a eliminação de todas as barreiras tarifárias, o que caracteriza a formação de uma área de livre comércio, mas também a eliminação de barreiras tarifárias em conjunto com a eliminação de subsídios entre as regiões do acordo. Para tal, utilizou-se o modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP). Os resultados indicaram, no cenário de eliminação de tarifas de importação entre as economias do TPP, que impactos econômicos no agronegócio brasileiro, na sua maioria, seriam negativos, prejudicando principalmente os setores de carnes, milho, lã, alimentos processados e arroz. Os setores de trigo, sementes oleaginosas e os vegetais sofreriam impactos positivos. Por outro lado, no cenário de liberalização total de comércio entre as regiões intrablocos, como eliminação de tarifas de importação e de subsídios à exportação e produção, os impactos gerados no agronegócio brasileiro seriam mais significativos nos setores de trigo, vegetais, sementes oleaginosas e frutas, com o setor agrícola brasileiro produtor e exportador sendo positivamente influenciado. Porém, os setores lã, leite, alimentos processados e carnes seriam os mais prejudicados. Além disso, a liberalização completa do comércio promoveria perdas econômicas e ganhos de bem-estar maiores, quando comparados ao cenário de eliminação tarifária, pois a estrutura tarifária entre membros do TPP já é razoavelmente reduzida.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1758104 bytes, checksum: 44e8e7ad979e645b86ada3465c9bf745 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study analyses the effects of an increase in investments to energy production, over the emissions of CO2 and the main macroeconomic variables. The data required for their preparation were obtained from the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the IBGE and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. To meet these goals, the energy inputs were divided into two groups: energy "clean" and "dirty"; based on their coefficients of CO2 emissions in 2006. Then, were simulated scenarios with: increases in investment equivalent to 1% of GDP in 2006, for each energy group, as well as scenarios involving an environmental tax of R$ 100.00 per ton of CO2; for a time horizon of ten years, using a sequential Computable General Equilibrium Model. The results of these simulations showed that there was a direct relationship between increased investments in energy and: the process of capital accumulation, the real GDP growth, the evolution of welfare, the evolution of CO2 emissions and changes in the intensity of CO2 pollution. Meanwhile, the results for simulations involving the environmental tax shown that it implied, in general, in: slowdown in capital accumulation, GDP growth below the steady state, a strong reduction of welfare and increasing reductions of emissions and intensity of pollution. Especially, the combination of an increase in investments for clean energy production, with the adoption of the environmental tax, was able to generate, simultaneously: accelerated accumulation of capital (2,70%) and real GDP growth (1,08%), increase of the welfare (R$ 33 billion) and reduction of the emissions (-1,21%) and intensity of pollution (-2,26%). / Este estudo trata dos efeitos de um aumento dos investimentos destinados a produção de energia, sobre as emissões de CO2 e as principais variáveis macroeconômicas. Os dados necessários à sua elaboração foram obtidos junto ao Ministério de Minas e Energia, ao IBGE e o Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Para cumprir com esses objetivos, os insumos energéticos foram divididos em dois grupos: energéticos limpos e sujos ; com base nos seus coeficientes de emissões de CO2 em 2006. Em seguida, foram simulados cenários com: aumentos nos investimentos equivalentes a 1% do PIB em 2006, para cada grupo de energético; bem como cenários envolvendo um imposto ambiental de R$ 100,00 por tonelada de CO2; para um horizonte de tempo de dez anos, utilizando um Modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Computável sequencial. Os resultados dessas simulações mostraram que existiu uma relação direta entre o aumento dos investimentos em energia e: o processo de acumulação de capital, o crescimento do PIB real, a evolução do bem-estar, a evolução das emissões de CO2 e a evolução da intensidade de poluição por CO2. Enquanto isso, os resultados para as simulações envolvendo o imposto ambiental mostraram que o mesmo implicou, de maneira geral, em: desaceleração do processo de acumulação de capital, crescimento do PIB abaixo do estado estacionário, forte redução do bem-estar e redução crescente das emissões e da intensidade da poluição. Especialmente, a combinação de um aumento dos investimentos destinados a produção de energia limpa, com a adoção do imposto ambiental, foi capaz de gerar, simultaneamente: aceleração da acumulação de capital (2,70%) e crescimento do PIB real (1,08%); aumento do bem-estar (R$ 33 bilhões); e redução das emissões (-1,21%) e da intensidade da poluição (-2,26%).

Depuis quelques années, investir dans le secteur agricole est devenu un des objectifs prioritaires des politiques économiques de lutte contre la pauvreté en Afrique Subsaharienne. Or, dans la perspective des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement, les pays doivent également faire face à la nécessité croissante d’orienter leurs ressources budgétaires limitées vers le financement de leurs dépenses sociales. Dans ce contexte, en prenant appui sur le cas spécifique de l’Ouganda, l’objectif de cette thèse est de savoir dans quelle mesure il est possible de concilier simultanément ces impératifs sociaux et économiques en exploitant les effets de croissance de certaines dépenses sociales dans la sphère agricole. La santé des ménages agricoles joue alors le rôle de variable stratégique de l’analyse parce qu’elle est à la fois une dimension du bien être dont sont privés les plus pauvres et parce qu’elle détermine également leur niveau de productivité. Dans un premier temps, les facteurs socioéconomiques qui influencent la dépense en santé des Ougandais ont été identifiés. Ils révèlent la complexité de ce processus de dépense, ses relations avec la morbidité et le choix du type de fournisseurs de soins ou les interdépendances entre les différentes catégories de dépenses en soins. Dans un deuxième temps, l’analyse porte une seconde composante essentielle de la santé : la diversité alimentaire. Elle révèle une hétérogénéité inobservée a priori entre les ménages ougandais ainsi que les principaux déterminants socio-économiques de leur demande de diversité alimentaire. Dans un troisième temps, l’accent est mis sur la nature et l’intensité du lien entre les différentes catégories de dépense en santé et la productivité des agriculteurs ougandais. Enfin, une partie de ces résultats micro-économétriques est replacée dans un cadre d’Equilibre Général pour simuler les impacts macroéconomiques et microéconomiques d’une subvention publique du prix des produits de santé non marchands en Ouganda. Les résultats obtenus montrent alors qu’il semble possible de mener dans ce pays des politiques répondant simultanément aux besoins sociaux de court terme de la population et aux impératifs économiques de plus long terme de croissance pro-pauvres, et d’en maximiser les effets à moindre coût en ciblant certains types de ménages et/ou certains types de services de santé. / In recent years, investment in agriculture has become one of the priority objectives of economic policies to fight against poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, from the perspective of Millennium Development Goals, African countries must also deal with the increasing need to focus their scarce budgetary resources towards social spending. In this context, taking the specific case of Uganda, the objective of this thesis is to understand how it is possible to simultaneously achieve these social and economic goals by exploiting the growth effects of some social spending in the agricultural sector. Farmers ‘health plays a critical role of the analysis because it is both a dimension of well-being which are denied to the poor and a determinant of their productivity. At first, socio-economic factors that influence health spending of Ugandans have been identified. They reveal the complexity of this expenditure process, its relationship with morbidity and the choice of healthcare providers, or the interdependencies between the different types of healthcare expenditures. Next, the analysis focuses on a second essential component of health: food diversity. It reveals an a priori unobserved heterogeneity between Ugandan households and the main socio-economic determinants of their demand for food diversity. In a third step, emphasis is placed on the nature and intensity of the link between the different categories of health expenditure and the productivity of Ugandan farmers. Lastly, some of these previous micro-econometric results are replaced in a general equilibrium framework to simulate the macroeconomic and microeconomic impacts of government subsidies on health in Uganda. Results show that it seems possible to design policy in this country which meets simultaneously the short-term social needs of population and the longer-term economic imperatives of pro-poor growth. They also show that it is possible to maximize the effects of these policies at lower cost by targeting certain types of households and / or certain types of health services.