Generation Z är den nya generationen som träder in på arbetsmarknaden och bryter det traditionella livsmönstret. Teorier om generationer och generationsskillnader har studerats under lång tid. Generationer indikerar en grupp människor med vanligare drag än bara de åren dem är födda. Det är individernas attityder och egenskaper som formas av miljön eller specifika händelser som har ägt rum i samhället. När det sker en generationsförändring i samhället är det viktigt för företag att se över sin verksamhet för att hitta strategier och instrument som den nya generationen också reagerar positivt på. Tidigare studier har i allmänhet undersökt preferenser för Gen Z på arbetsmarknaden men för närvarande saknas djupgående information och forskning där de undersöker både Gen Z-perspektivet och arbetsmarknaden för att se hur väl deras förväntningar stämmer överens med vad som faktiskt erbjuds på marknaden. Denna studie syftar till att få en djupare förståelse för GenZs förväntningar på sin framtida arbetsgivare och beskriva samt analysera hur väl de studerade företagen överensstämmer med Gen Zs förväntningar. Detta för att se hur företag kan anpassa sin styrning till de nya generationernas behov. Studien använder både en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ metod med en blandning av tvärsnittsdesign och multipel fallstudie. Studien har också ett abduktivt synsätt. De empiriska uppgifterna innehåller 43 ekonomistudenter som svarar från Gen z från en undersökning och en genomgång av tre utvalda företag, Spotify, Handelsbanken och Nordea med sekundärdata. All data samlades in i syfte att göra en jämförelse av hur väl Gen Z: s förväntningar matchar de studerade företagens kontrollmedel. Studiens resultat visar att respondenterna tillhörande ekonomistuderande Generation Z förväntar sig frihet, personlig utveckling, autonomi och autencitet. De visar även att de inte är rädda att gå sin egna väg om företag inte skulle möta dessa förväntningar. Studien resulterar i att det finns en betydelse i att arbetsmarknaden bör ta hänsyn och förstå Gen Zs preferenser och förväntningar på sin arbetsgivare. Karriärer har även blivit allt mer obegränsade, både i tankesätt och fysisk rörlighet mellan organisationer och yrken (Sullivan och Arthur, 2006), vilket ger upphov till att deras behov kan uppfyllas. / Generation Z is the new generation entering the labourmarket and they are breaking the traditional life patterns. Theories of generations and generational differences have been studied for a long time. Generations indicate a group of people with more common traits than just the years they were born. It is individuals' attitudes and characteristics shaped by the environment or specific events that have taken place in the society. When there is a generational change in society, it is essential for companies to review their operations to find strategies and instruments to which the new generation responds positively too. Previous studieshave generally examined the preferences of Gen Z in the labormarket but at present moment there is a lack of in-depth information and research where they examine both the Gen Z perspective but also the labor market to see how well their expectations match what is offered. This study aims to gain deeper understanding of generation Z expectations on their future employer and describe and analyze how well the studied companies correspond with Gen Z’s expectations. This to see how companies can adapt their steering to the new generation’s needs. The study uses both a quantitative and a qualitative approach with a mix of a cross sectional design and multiple case study. The study also has an abductive approach. The empirical data contains 43 economics students that are Gen z respondents from a survey and a review of three selected companies that are Spotify, Handelsbanken and Nordea using secondary data. All data was collected with the purpose to do a comparisonon how well Gen Z's expectations match the studied companies' control means. The results of the study show that the respondents belonging to economics student Generation Z expect freedom, personal development, autonomy and authenticity. They also show that they are not afraid to go their own way if companies do not meet these expectations. The study sums up that there is an importance in that the labor market should considerand understand Gen Z, preferences,and expectations of its employer. This is also reinforced as careers have become increasingly unlimited, both in mindset and physical mobility between organizations and professions (Sullivan and Arthur, 2006), where it became up to its needs can be followed.

One of the great challenges to increasing the use of wind generation is the need to ensure generation adequacy. In this dissertation, we address that need by investigating and assessing the planning and operational generation adequacy of power systems with significant wind generation. At the onset of this dissertation, key metrics are presented for determining a power system’s generation adequacy assessment based on loss-of-load analytical methods. With these key metrics understood, a detailed methodology is put forward on how to integrate wind plants in the assessment’s framework. Then, through the examination of a case study, we demonstrate that wind generation does contribute capacity to the system generation adequacy. Indeed, results indicates that at wind penetration levels of less than 5%, a wind plant’s reliability impact is comparable to an energy equivalent conventional unit. We then show how to quantify a wind plant’s capacity contribution by using the effective load carrying capability metric (ELCC), providing a detailed description of how to implement this metric in the context of wind generation. However, as certain computational setbacks are inherent to the metric, a novel noniterative approximation is proposed and applied to various case studies. The accuracy of the proposed approximation is evaluated in a comparative study by contrasting the resulting estimates to conventionally-computed ELCC values and the wind plant’s capacity factor. The non-iterative method is shown to yield accurate ELCC estimates with relative errors averaging around 2%. Case study findings also suggest the importance of period-specific ELCC calculations to better evaluate the variable capacity contribution of wind plants. Even when considering a well-planned system in which wind generation has been appropriately integrated in the adequacy assessment, wind plants do create significant challenges in maintaining generation adequacy on an operational level. To address these challenges, a novel operational reliability assessment tool is proposed to quantitatively evaluate the system’s operational generation adequacy given potential generator forced outages, load and wind power forecasts, and forecasting deviations. / text

The focus of this master?s thesis is on determining whether Judith Hermann?s book of collected short stories, <em>Nichts als Gespenster</em> (2003) can be assigned to the so-called category <em>Popliteratur</em> which had its climax in the 1990?s, or whether it advances this genre by focusing on new perspectives. To show this, Hermann?s short stories are compared with Christian Kracht?s <em>Faserland</em> (1995), which is a prime example of a pop-novel at the end of the last century. Thomas Jung?s criteria for <em>Popliteratur</em> serve as a methodology for the textual analysis. <br /><br /> In the first part of this thesis <em>Popliteratur</em> as literary phenomenon is introduced. In addition to a definition and its history from the 1960?s till nowadays, the focus is on <em>Popliteratur</em> of the 1990?s and its authors who do not just write but stage themselves in the media and in public. Furthermore from this, the existence of <em>Popliteratur</em> in the 21st century is discussed and categories of how it appears in new literary forms, e. g. ?Generation Golf? and ?Zweite Generation Pop?. This is followed by a consideration of how Popliteratur is assessed in literary studies and literary criticism. <br ><br /> In the second part of this thesis, Christian Kracht and Judith Hermann are introduced, followed by a comparison of <em>Faserland</em> and <em>Nichts als Gespenster</em> from the point of view of Jung?s criteria for <em>Popliteratur</em>, namely its topics, its language, narrative technique, construction of identity and its target group of readers. After the textual analysis, the question whether Judith Hermann?s work can be assigned to <em>Popliteratur</em> or whether she transforms this genre will be answered. <br ><br /> My conclusions are that Hermann advances <em>Popliteratur</em> in the 21st century by focusing on melancholia and self-reflexion more than on the provocation that was more typical of earlier <em>Popliteratur</em>.

Since the early days of software testing, automatic test generation has been suggested as a way of allowing tests to be created at a lower cost. However, industrially useful and applicable tools for automatic test generation are still scarce. As a consequence, the evidence regarding the applicability or feasibility of automatic test generation in industrial practice is limited. This is especially problematic if we consider the use of automatic test generation for industrial safety-critical control systems, such as are found in power plants, airplanes, or trains. In this thesis, we improve the current state of automatic test generation by developing a technique based on model-checking that works with IEC 61131-3 industrial control software. We show how automatic test generation for IEC 61131-3 programs, containing both functional and timing information, can be solved as a model checking problem for both code and mutation coverage criteria.  The developed technique has been implemented in the CompleteTest tool. To evaluate the potential application of our technique, we present several studies where the tool is applied to industrial control software. Results show that CompleteTest is viable for use in industrial practice; it is efficient in terms of the time required to generate tests that satisfy both code and mutation coverage and scales well for most of the industrial programs considered. However, our results also show that there are still challenges associated with the use of automatic test generation. In particular, we found that while automatically generated tests, based on code coverage, can exercise the logic of the software as well as tests written manually, and can do so in a fraction of the time, they do not show better fault detection compared to manually created tests. Specifically, it seems that manually created tests are able to detect more faults of certain types (i.e, logical replacement, negation insertion and timer replacement) than automatically generated tests. To tackle this issue, we propose an approach for improving fault detection by using mutation coverage as a test criterion. We implemented this approach in the CompleteTest tool and used it to evaluate automatic test generation based on mutation testing. While the resulting tests were more effective than automatic tests generated based on code coverage, in terms of fault detection, they still were not better than manually created tests. In summary, our results highlight the need for improving the goals used by automatic test generation tools. Specifically, fault detection scores could be increased by considering some new mutation operators as well as higher-order mutations. Our thesis suggests that automatically generated test suites are significantly less costly in terms of testing time than manually created test suites. One conclusion, strongly supported by the results of this thesis, is that automatic test generation is efficient but currently not quite as effective as manual testing. This is a significant progress that needs to be further studied; we need to consider the implications and the extent to which automatic test generation can be used in the development of reliable safety-critical systems.

Tidigare forskning har belyst att positiva attityder kan leda till lojalitet hos kunder. Däremot finns ingen enighet i vad för slags faktorer som påverkar attityd till e-handel. Syftet med denna uppsats är att få en ökad förståelse om vilka faktorer som påverkar unga konsumenters attityd till e-handel, samt undersöka om det finns någon skillnad i attityd mellan generationstillhörighet hos unga konsumenter. Genom att ta fram fyra faktorer, Upplevda fördelar, E-kvalitet, eWOM och Förtroende ville författarna se hur unga konsumenter förhåller sig till dessa faktorer samt se om de påverkar attityd till ehandel. En kvantitativ undersökning genomfördes för att undersöka dessa faktorers påverkan, samt huruvida generationstillhörighet har en påverkan hos unga konsumenters attityd till e-handel. Resultatet visar att tre av fyra faktorer, Upplevda fördelar, E-kvalitet samt Förtroende påverkar attityd till e-handel hos unga konsumenter men att eWOM inte har direkt påverkan. Generationstillhörighet visade sig inte ha effekt på attityd till e-handel.

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A project assessing the Rare Book Collection’s holdings of the English-language monographs of Beat Generation poet and author Gregory Corso. Includes an overview of the Beat Generation and Corso’s role in it, a brief history of the Rare Book Collection’s Beat Generation collection, and a discussion of the role and purpose of collection analysis. Includes also an original bibliography of Corso’s monographs, compiled for the purpose of the study.

This study aims to measure the wage gap between the white and Mexican population residing in the United States. It also looks at male and female first- and second-and-higher generations in both white and Mexican populations. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) is used for the years 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010. This study finds that first-generation white males are negatively affected by the wage gap, while second-and-higher-generation Mexican females have continuously benefited from the wage gap over the past thirty years.

The purpose is to outline and discuss how natural cosmetics companies succeed in creating desire for their products by implementing sensory marketing in their outlets in France and how the sensory marketing impacts differently on French women depending on their generation.Theory: The concept of branding and especially sensory branding introduces the strategy based on sensory marketing. A detailed description is given for each human sense about their characteristics, their importance in the buying process and their role to attract customers.Method: Our research consists in the elaboration and the administration of a questionnaire for French women between 15 and 50. After using secondary data and assuming hypotheses, the questionnaire enables to revise or not the theory and was built according to observations that have been made in natural cosmetics shops.Conclusion: Sensory marketing impacts consumers differently whether they belong to the generation X or to the generation Y. The same stimulus leads to different behaviours and different levels of sensitiveness. The generation X is greatly sensitive to touch while the smell impacts significantly the generation Y. Overall, both generations are influenced by a pleasant environment in which they spend more time and which increases their desire to purchase.Some companies can take advantage of these findings to implement efficient sensory practices in their outlet, affecting accurately the target generation.

Under de senaste 100 åren har världens befolkning ökat avsevärt. Sveriges åldersfördelning har sedan 1930-talet påverkats av tre perioder med höga födelsetal som har mynnat ut i tre generationer; Rekordgenerationen (1941-1960), Generation X (1961-1976) och Generation Y (1977-1992). Dessa generationers värderingar relaterade till arbetet skiljer sig på flera punkter vilket ligger till grund för denna uppsats. Syftet med uppsatsen är att jämföra olika generationers värderingar relaterade till arbetet i tre fastighetsbolag och undersöka vilken påverkan generationstillhörighet kan ha på dessa värderingar. Problemformuleringen lyder enligt följande; Hur stor påverkan kan generationstillhörighet ha på värderingar relaterade till arbetet i fastighetsbolag? För att öka förståelsen i ämnet har vi inlett den teoretiska referensramen med att presentera karaktärsdrag för varje generation, därefter har vi redogjort för deras värderingar angående karriär, arbetstillfredsställelse och motivation samt ledarskap. För att tydliggöra kopplingen till både ledarskap och generationsskillnader har vi slutligen ett avsnitt om hur det är att leda flera generationer. Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ studie där den teoretiska referensramen ligger till grund för intervjuguiden och empirin har samlats in genom sex intervjuer i tre fastighetsbolag. Respondenterna består av två representanter från varje generation och intervjuerna har gjorts med tre ledare och tre medarbetare. Resultatet visar att generationstillhörighet har relativt stor påverkan på värderingar relaterade till arbetet. / The population in the world has increased significantly during the last 100 years. Since the 1930’s the age distribution has been influenced by three periods of high birth rates which resulted in three different generations; Baby Boomers (1941-1960), Generation X (1961- 1976) and Generation Y (1977-1992). These generations’ work values differ on several points, which is the basis for our study. The purpose of the study is to compare generational differences in work values within three real estate companies and investigate how generational affinity can affect work values. The problem area is; How big impact may generational affinity have on work values in real estate companies? The theoretical framework begins with a presentation of the characteristics of each generation, followed by work values of each generation concerning career, job satisfaction and motivation and also leadership. In the end of the theoretical framework we have a chapter about how to manage the multigenerational mix to clarify the study’s connection to leadership and generational differences. This is a qualitative study where the questions for the interviews are based on the theoretical framework. To collect the empirical data we have made six interviews in three real estate companies with two respondents from each generation and company. Three of the respondents have a leading position and three of them are employees. The result of the study shows that generational affinity has a rather big impact on work values.