Uma das principais externalidades dos transportes na dimensão urbana é a emissão de poluentes locais e a geração de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). O estudo tem por finalidade quantificar as emissões da frota de ônibus urbano de uma cidade brasileira e propor um mecanismo de mitigação de GEE. Para atingir o objetivo, o estudo apresenta os combustíveis e tecnologias disponíveis no Brasil, e através de uma meta-análise identifica as combinações de combustível e tecnologia que proporcionam a maior redução das emissões de CO, HC, NOx, MP e CO2e. Os resultados da análise mostram que algumas das opções de combustível e tecnologia que apresentam melhor desempenho são: B100 associado ao DPF e SCR, GNV associado ao 3WC, B20 associado ao DPF e SCR, e D15 associado ao DPF e SCR. A seguir, as contribuições dos mecanismos de mitigação de GEE para o setor de transportes são analisadas. O impacto do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) no setor é limitado, e não há muitas perspectivas de atuação. As Ações de Mitigação Nacionalmente Apropriadas (NAMAs), têm potencial para atuar na redução de GEE, e devem proporcionar apoio financeiro oriundo dos fundos climáticos para as ações implantadas nos países em desenvolvimento. Um estudo de caso foi desenvolvido para avaliar a possibilidade de elaboração de uma NAMA para a renovação da frota de ônibus urbano de uma cidade. Os resultados obtidos na meta-análise foram aplicados para avaliar o combustível e tecnologia que proporcionam maior redução das emissões. Os resultados mostram que a renovação da frota tem potencial de desenvolvimento de uma NAMA, visto que reduz emissões de GEE e proporciona co-benefícios; contudo, deve-se estabelecer um sistema de MRV (Monitorar, Reportar, Verificar) capaz de quantificar as emissões na mitigação. / One of the main externalities from urban transportation is the emission of local pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHG). The study aims to quantify the emissions from the urban bus fleet of a Brazilian city and propose a GHG mitigation mechanism. First, the study presents the fuels and technologies available in Brazil, and through a meta-analysis identifies combinations of fuel and technology that provide the greatest reduction in emissions of CO, HC, NOx, PM and CO2e. Results show the fuel and technology that perform best are: B100 associated with DPF and SCR, CNG associated with 3WC, B20 associated with DPF and SCR, and D15 associated with DPF and SCR. The contribution of GHG mitigation mechanisms for the transport sector was analyzed. The impact of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in the sector is limited, and there are not many perspectives for the future. The Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions, named NAMAs, have the potential to act in reducing GHG in transport sector, and should provide financial cooperation through climate funds for implementation of actions in developing countries. A case study was developed to evaluate the possibility of developing a NAMA for the renewal of the fleet of urban buses in a Brazilian city. The results obtained in the meta-analysis were applied to evaluate which fuel and technology provide greater reductions in emission. The results show that the renewal of the fleet has the potential for developing a NAMA, since it reduces greenhouse gas emissions and provide co-benefits; however it requires a serious MRV (Monitor, Report, Verify) capable of quantifying the mitigation of emissions.

Orientador: Isaias de Carvalho Macedo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T15:17:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Seabra_JoaquimEugenioAbel_D.pdf: 2147529 bytes, checksum: e9ebd63f7d029f2346cd2c026285a2cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar, no cenário prospectivo, as opções tecnológicas que deverão permitir o melhor aproveitamento da biomassa da cana e suas possíveis implicações no contexto das usinas. Além das possibilidades envolvendo o uso mais diversificado da sacarose, este estudo investigou o aproveitamento do bagaço e palha da cana considerando quatro tecnologias: geração de. energia elétrica através da cogeração com ciclos a vapor (opção atualmente comercial); produção de etanol através da hidrólise (opções para curto, médio e longo prazo); geração de energia elétrica a partir da gasificação da biomassa integrada a ciclos combinados (BIG/GT -C C) (opções para médio-longo prazo); e a produção de combustíveis de síntese a partir da gasificação da biomassa (opções para médio-longo prazo). Para cada uma destas opções, foram discutidos os aspectos tecnológicos mais importantes e estimados os rendimentos e custos de sistemas integradps a uma usina de cana, além de terem sido avaliados seus efeitos nos balanços de energia e emissões de GEE. Neste trabalho ficou evidenciado o grande benefício econômico que pode representar o uso diversificado dos açúcares da cana para a produção de produtos de maior valor agregado, como aminoácidos, por exemplo. No caso da fibra da cana, foi avaliado que opções atualmente comerciais já propiciariam a geração de excedentes de energia elétrica superiores a 140 kWh/tc, com custos em tomo de 100 R$/MWh, para os casos de cogeração com alta pressão e uso de alguma palha em conjunto com o bagaço. Para o futuro, sistemas de cogeração com ciclos combinados deverão permitir que os níveis de excedentes ultrapassem os 200 kWh/tc, mas com custos também superiores (> 140 R$/MWh). Pensando na produção de combustíveis, as opções de curto prazo para a conversão bioquímica do bagaço possibilitariam um aumento na produção de etanol de cerca de 20 L/tc (a um custo de ~680 R$/m / Abstract: The objective of the present work was to investigate, in the prospective scenario, the technology options that might lead to a better use of sugar cane biomass and their possible implications in the mills' context. Besides the possibilities involving the diversified use of cane's sugars, this study evaluated the use of bagasse and cane trash considering four technologies: power generation with c~nventional steam cycles (current options); ethanol production through biomass hydrolysis (options for short, middle and long term); power generation through biomass gasification integrated to combined cycles (BIG/GT -CC) (options for middle-Iong term); and the production of synthetic fuels through biomass gasification (options for middle-Iong term). For each one of these options, were discussed the main technological aspects and estimated the yields and costs for systems integrated to cane mills; their effects over energy and GHG emission balances were assessed as well. In this work was evidenced the great economical benefit which would represent the díversífied use of cane's sugars for the production of higher value products, such as amino acids, for example. For the fiber fraction, it was concluded that current commercial options could already lead to electricity surpluses as high as 140 kWh/tc, with costs around 100 R$/MWh, for those configurations with high pressure boilers and using some amount of trash in addition to bagasse. For the future, combined cycles systems might lead to electricity surpluses higher than 200 kWh/tc, but also with higher costs (> 140 R$/MWh). Regarding fuels production, the short term options for biochemical conversion would allow 20 L/tc ethanol production increasing (produced at ~680 R$/m3), while the long term yields could reach 40 L/tc, with costs at 270 R$/m3. For thermochemical conversion, in the middle-Iong term, Fischer- Tropsch liquids, for instance, could be produced with yields closed to 490 MJ/tc, at costs around 30 R$/GJ. As for energy and GHG emission balances, for the current situation the energy ratio of ethanol production was evaluated as 9.4, with a life cycle net avoided emission of 1.8 t C02eq/m3 anhydrous. But for 2020, considering the expectations about the evolution on cane production and the availability of advanced technologies for biomass use, the energy ratio might rise to 14.2, while net avoided emissions would reach 2.9 t C02eq/m3 anhydrous, based on the adoption ofBIG/GT-CC systems for biomass use. Bearing all these aspects in mind, a broader comparison of the effects of these technology options utilization on the overall mill performance is presented in the end of the study, pointing out their implications for the establishment of the future sugar cane bio-refineries / Doutorado / Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Com o crescente debate a respeito da contribuição do homem nas emissões de gases causadores do efeito estufa, além da pressão da sociedade por um comprometimento maior das lideranças mundiais com políticas de mitigação dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas, faz-se necessário estudar os efeitos que a adoção de políticas climáticas pelos países do chamado Anexo I (desenvolvidos) e pelos que pertencem ao Não-Anexo I (em desenvolvimento) podem ter sobre a economia brasileira. Também é importante analisar como se daria este impacto em um contexto onde o Brasil adotaria políticas de mitigação dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas, principalmente pelo fato do país ser responsável por uma parcela considerável de gases causadores do efeito estufa, devido às atividades relacionadas às mudanças no uso da terra, agricultura e pecuária, bem como pela crescente pressão para um compromisso mundial de esforço de redução de emissões. O presente trabalho buscou estimar cenários para o Brasil, levando-se em consideração políticas ambientais domésticas e internacionais já discutidas ou em aplicação pelos países desenvolvidos, e assim, verificar quais os impactos sobre as economias em termos de bem-estar e produto. / With the growing debate about the contribution of human emissions of greenhouse gases, along with pressure from society for a greater commitment of world leaders with policies to mitigate the effects of climate change, it is necessary to study the effects that adoption of climate policies by the countries of the so-called Annex I (developed) and those who belong to non-Annex I (developing) may have on the Brazilian economy. It is also important to analyze how this impact would occur in a context where Brazil would adopt policies to mitigate the effects of climate change, mainly because the country is responsible for a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions due to activities related to changes in land use, agriculture and livestock, as well as the increasing pressure for a global commitment to emissions reduction effort. The present study sought to estimate scenarios for Brazil, taking into account domestic and international environmental policies already discussed or implemented by developed countries, and thus determine the impacts on the economies in terms of welfare and product.

La question de la réduction des émissions de CO2 est aujourd’hui clairement posée dans le monde entier et la COP21 a mis en évidence les nouvelles exigences internationales auxquelles les pays pourraient ou devraient être confrontées à court terme. L’objectif fondamental de la thèse consiste à contribuer à l’identification des solutions possibles dans le domaine de la production croissante d’électricité dans un pays en développement, le Vietnam, en tenant compte de la nécessaire réduction des sources d’énergie carbonées. Dans ce but, plusieurs scénarios concernant le développement du secteur électrique au Vietnam sont construits en vue de mesurer les effets des choix relatifs à la production d’électricité sur les émissions de CO2.Après avoir présenté un panorama de la situation énergétique du Vietnam et mis en évidence l’augmentation rapide de la consommation d’électricité du fait de la pression démographique et de l’expression de nouveaux besoins, la question des importations de charbon et de gaz et celle de la production de nouvelles forme d’énergie sont posées, au regard des contraintes économiques, mais aussi environnementales. Les réflexions théoriques, l’étude de la construction des plans directeurs d’électricité, l’analyse des outils économiques disponibles et l’application des modèles de la prévision de la demande d’énergie permettent de comprendre la complexité du « pari électrique » auquel est confronté le Vietnam. Après une présentation des instruments quantitatifs potentiels de simulation, ELECsim a été choisi pour la modélisation du secteur électrique au Vietnam. Les scénarios se basent sur plusieurs hypothèses concernant l’évolution de la croissance économique et de la démographie, le prix de l’énergie, le développement des technologies de production d’électricité, la valeur déclarée du carbone, les taux d’actualisation et les taux de change. Le Vietnam peut d’abord maîtriser la croissance de la demande par une action forte sur l’efficacité énergétique, tout en réduisant parallèlement à la fois les coûts de production de l’électricité et les émissions de CO2. Plusieurs scenarios sont alors proposés, mettant en évidence à la fois la nécessité de la recherche d’une plus grande efficacité énergétique et la promotion des énergies en bas carbone, dans le cadre d’une réorientation rapide des choix politiques face aux nécessités d’un développement économique accéléré, mais aussi durable. Six scenarios ont été construits, sur la base d’un scenario de référence, insistant successivement sur l’efficacité énergétique, le nucléaire, la technologie CCS, les énergies renouvelables et un mix électrique plus équilibré. La contrainte environnementale globale (réduction des émissions de CO2) est prioritaire dans le processus de construction des scénarios. Cette approche multicritères est très nouvelle au Vietnam, pays plutôt préoccupé, aujourd’hui, par la contrainte des coûts d’approvisionnement. Les scénarios analysés dans la thèse prennent en compte la réduction de l’intensité carbone du secteur électrique du Vietnam. Il est alors proposé, comme seuil du critère de référence, le niveau d’émission de 50 à 80 g/kWh (choisi à partir des seuils étudiés par deux économies asiatiques voisines du Vietnam telles qu’Indonésie et Inde). Les différents mix de production électrique proposés semblent offrir des solutions pertinentes. Elles permettent de relever les défis économiques et environnementaux lié à l’expansion du secteur électrique du Vietnam. L’analyse prend en compte notamment la pression croissante de la demande, la sécurité de l’approvisionnement des combustibles avec des choix alternatifs, la réduction des coûts totaux d’une production électrique élevée, le contrôle de la facture extérieure, la prise en compte de l’impact social (notamment sur la santé des citoyens) et de l’occupation des sols et, enfin, le respect des normes relatives à la protection de l’environnement régional, national et mondial. / Reduction of CO2 emissions issue is clearly a world challenge today and COP21 highlighted the international requirements for countries to address related issues in the short and long term. The fundamental objective of the thesis is to contribute to the identification of possible climate policy solutions related to growing electricity production in a developing country, namely Vietnam, taking into account the need to reduce carbon energy sources. For this purpose several scenarios for electricity sector development are constructed in order to measure effects of choices related to the electricity production on CO2 emissions.The thesis presents an overview of the energy situation in Vietnam and highlights the rapid increase in electricity consumption due to population pressure and new needs. It also considers major issues of coal and gas imports, new energy sources, in light of economic constraints but also environmental challenges. The theoretical and analytical chapter reviews the analyses of electricity master plans construction, major available economic tools for energy demand forecast models. This forms the framework to understanding the complexity of the "electric bet" which Vietnam faces. After a presentation of potential quantitative simulation instruments, ELECsim was chosen for modeling the electricity sector in Vietnam. This leads to a comprehensive scenario approach; Scenarios are based on several assumptions about the evolution of economic growth and demographics, energy prices, the power generation technology development, the declared carbon value, discount rates and change rate. As a first step in energy and climate policy Vietnam can control the demand growth by strong action on energy efficiency, while reducing parallel to both the electricity production costs and CO2 emissions. Several scenarios are then proposed, highlighting both the need to search for higher energy efficiency and the promotion of low-carbon energies. Research envisages a rapid shift in policy choices to face the needs of an accelerated but sustainable economic development. Six scenarios were constructed on the basis of a reference scenario, focusing successively on energy efficiency, nuclear, CCS, renewables and a more balanced electricity mix. Environmental constraints (CO2 emissions reduction) have priority in the scenario building process. This multi-criteria approach is very new in Vietnam, a country more familiar with supply cost-based approach. Scenarios analyzed here take into account the carbon intensity reduction of Vietnam's power sector. It is proposed as the benchmark threshold, the emission level of 50-80 g/kWh (similar to reference level studied in two of Vietnam’s neighboring Asian economies such as Indonesia and India). In our research, the different mix of electricity generation offer relevant solutions. They allow meeting the economic and environmental challenges related to the expansion of the Vietnam’s electricity sector. The analysis takes into account several dimensions such as the increasing demand pressure, fuels supply security with alternative choices, reduced high electrical production total costs, control of external bill, considered social impact (especially on health of citizens) and land use and, finally, compliance with standards related to the regional, national and global environment/climate protection.

Uma das principais externalidades dos transportes na dimensão urbana é a emissão de poluentes locais e a geração de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). O estudo tem por finalidade quantificar as emissões da frota de ônibus urbano de uma cidade brasileira e propor um mecanismo de mitigação de GEE. Para atingir o objetivo, o estudo apresenta os combustíveis e tecnologias disponíveis no Brasil, e através de uma meta-análise identifica as combinações de combustível e tecnologia que proporcionam a maior redução das emissões de CO, HC, NOx, MP e CO2e. Os resultados da análise mostram que algumas das opções de combustível e tecnologia que apresentam melhor desempenho são: B100 associado ao DPF e SCR, GNV associado ao 3WC, B20 associado ao DPF e SCR, e D15 associado ao DPF e SCR. A seguir, as contribuições dos mecanismos de mitigação de GEE para o setor de transportes são analisadas. O impacto do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) no setor é limitado, e não há muitas perspectivas de atuação. As Ações de Mitigação Nacionalmente Apropriadas (NAMAs), têm potencial para atuar na redução de GEE, e devem proporcionar apoio financeiro oriundo dos fundos climáticos para as ações implantadas nos países em desenvolvimento. Um estudo de caso foi desenvolvido para avaliar a possibilidade de elaboração de uma NAMA para a renovação da frota de ônibus urbano de uma cidade. Os resultados obtidos na meta-análise foram aplicados para avaliar o combustível e tecnologia que proporcionam maior redução das emissões. Os resultados mostram que a renovação da frota tem potencial de desenvolvimento de uma NAMA, visto que reduz emissões de GEE e proporciona co-benefícios; contudo, deve-se estabelecer um sistema de MRV (Monitorar, Reportar, Verificar) capaz de quantificar as emissões na mitigação. / One of the main externalities from urban transportation is the emission of local pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHG). The study aims to quantify the emissions from the urban bus fleet of a Brazilian city and propose a GHG mitigation mechanism. First, the study presents the fuels and technologies available in Brazil, and through a meta-analysis identifies combinations of fuel and technology that provide the greatest reduction in emissions of CO, HC, NOx, PM and CO2e. Results show the fuel and technology that perform best are: B100 associated with DPF and SCR, CNG associated with 3WC, B20 associated with DPF and SCR, and D15 associated with DPF and SCR. The contribution of GHG mitigation mechanisms for the transport sector was analyzed. The impact of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in the sector is limited, and there are not many perspectives for the future. The Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions, named NAMAs, have the potential to act in reducing GHG in transport sector, and should provide financial cooperation through climate funds for implementation of actions in developing countries. A case study was developed to evaluate the possibility of developing a NAMA for the renewal of the fleet of urban buses in a Brazilian city. The results obtained in the meta-analysis were applied to evaluate which fuel and technology provide greater reductions in emission. The results show that the renewal of the fleet has the potential for developing a NAMA, since it reduces greenhouse gas emissions and provide co-benefits; however it requires a serious MRV (Monitor, Report, Verify) capable of quantifying the mitigation of emissions.

Diversos países têm direcionado esforços para redução de emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEEs), acompanhados de medidas de adaptação aos cenários de mudanças climáticas e mitigação de seus efeitos. Ao mesmo tempo, o padrão de crescimento urbano atual tem sido apontado como fator de aumento da ineficiência dos fluxos de matéria e energia nas cidades. Mais especificamente, são encontradas relações entre padrões de uso do solo urbano, o comportamento de viagens da população e a necessidade de utilização de energia para seu deslocamento diário. Deste modo, o presente trabalho volta-se para a avaliação dos efeitos do crescimento urbano disperso na eficiência energética das cidades, especificamente no que tange à eficiência dos deslocamentos intra-urbanos para a realização das principais atividades diárias da população. Deste modo, a presente pesquisa propôs a elaboração de cenários de emissões de GEEs para a cidade de São Carlos (SP) como indicadores de eficiência dos deslocamentos. Foi elaborado um cenário inicial para o ano de 2010 e nove cenários prospectivos (um tendencial e oito alternativos) para 2050, permitindo a comparação entre alternativas de desenvolvimento urbano. As alternativas variaram em relação aos fatores de dispersão e compactação da área urbana; concentração e homogeneização da distribuição espacial das atividades (atratores de deslocamento) e dos locais de moradia da população (geradores de deslocamento); e alterações nas escolhas entre os modos de transporte pela população. O cenário representativo das tendências de dispersão observadas atualmente apresentou um aumento de 135,6% das emissões em relação a 2010. Como mais eficiente, o cenário com distribuição mais compacta das moradia, distribuição mais homogênea dos locais de realização das atividades, a população opta por residir em locais mais próximos aos locais de trabalho e estudo e o transporte coletivo é mais utilizado que o individual, apresentou uma quantidade de emissões 74,89% menores que o cenário tendencial e 40,9% menores que o cenário para 2010. Os níveis de emissões calculados para a cidade de São Carlos, ainda que relativamente baixos quando considerados de modo isolado, demonstram a relevância de se levar em conta a eficiência energética no planejamento da rede urbana de transportes e, mais ainda, no planejamento das formas e arranjos espaciais da cidade. / Many countries have spent efforts to reduce Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) emissions, together with strategies of adaptation to new scenarios of climate changes and mitigation of its effects. At the same time, the pattern of growth of the cities, known as urban sprawl, has been reported as associated to the increase of inefficiency of flows of matter and energy in the cities. More specifically, relationships between patterns of urban land use, travel behavior of the population and the need to use energy for your daily commute are found, specifically with respect to the efficiency of intra-urban displacement to perform the daily activities of the population. Therefore, this research proposed the elaboration of scenarios of GHG emissions for the city of São Carlos (SP) as indicators of efficiency of displacement. An initial scenario for the year 2010 and nine prospective scenarios (one trend and eight alternative) to the horizon of 2050 were prepared, allowing the comparison of alternative urban development. Alternatives varied according to the scatter and compacting factors of the urban area; concentration and homogenization of the spatial distribution of activities (displacement attractors) and dwelling places of the population (displacement generators); and changes in choices between modes of transport by population. The scenario representative of the dispersion trends currently observed increased by 135.6% emissions compared to 2010 As the most efficient, the scenario with more compact distribution of housing, more homogeneous distribution of the local of activities, the population chooses to reside in closer to places of work and study and the local public transportation is more used than the individual, presented an amount of 74.89% lower emissions than the trends scenario and 40.9% lower than the scenario for 2010. Although the emissions levels calculated to the city of São Carlos are considered low when compared with other cities, the study shows the relevance of considering the energy efficiency in the urban transport system planning and, moreover, in the planning of urban arrangements.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Actualmente, la sostenibilidad del sector porcino depende de su capacidad para responder a la elevada demanda de productos ganaderos derivada del crecimiento de la población, adaptándose a los cambios en los contextos económico y político, y mejorando su rendimiento medioambiental mediante la mitigación de su impacto ambiental. En este contexto, el uso de subproductos agroindustriales ofrece materias primas alternativas en producción animal, con una menor carga ambiental asociada, en forma de piensos para el ganado, fuente de compuestos bioactivos o materias primas útiles en la producción de bioenergía. Esta tesis doctoral pretende evaluar el uso de subproductos agroindustriales mediterráneos como ingredientes en piensos para el ganado porcino o como co-substratos para la producción de biogás. Con este objetivo, se diseñaron y realizaron cuatro ensayos para evaluar el uso de subproductos de la industria del aceite de oliva y del zumo de naranja en alimentación porcina, evaluando su valor nutricional y las consecuencias de su inclusión sobre el rendimiento y la salud de los animales, la calidad del producto final y las emisiones de gases de los purines. Además, se realizó un ensayo para evaluar el efecto de cuatro sustratos agrícolas sobre el potencial bioquímico de metano (BMP) en co-digestión anaerobia con purines. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de los ensayos de valor nutricional indican que las tortas de aceituna y las pulpas de naranja ensayadas pueden ser incluidas en la dieta con cambios asociados en la excreción de nutrientes que conducen a modificaciones en las emisiones potenciales de amoníaco y BMP de los purines. En cuanto a los subproductos de la torta de aceituna, el ensayo de valor nutricional con tortas de aceituna crudas (COC) y parcialmente desgrasadas (PDOC) mostró que ambas tortas son fuentes apreciables de fibra insoluble, pero tienen un valor energético limitado (11.2 y 7.4 MJ/kg MS para COC y PDOC respectivamente) y un bajo valor como fuente de proteínas. En cambio, las pulpas de naranja deshidratadas (DOP) y ensilada secada al sol (ESDOP) ensayadas son una fuente de energía relevante (14.2 y 13.2 MJ/kg MS para DOP y ESDOP respectivamente) con valor añadido debido a su contenido en fibra soluble. En los ensayos de emisiones in vitro, los subproductos ensayados generaron una disminución en la excreción de N en la orina y, en el caso de la pulpa de aceituna, un aumento de la excreción de materia seca en heces. La emisión de amoniaco por kg de purín disminuyó con la inclusión de torta de aceituna y pulpa de naranja, mientras que el BMP por animal y día se vio negativamente afectado por la inclusión de torta de aceituna obteniendo un mayor BMP con estos subproductos. En cuanto a los ensayos de rendimientos productivos, la PDOC y la DOP pueden incluirse en la dieta hasta 120 y 240 g/kg respectivamente, sin efectos negativos en el caso de la PDOC y efectos menores para la DOP sobre los rendimientos productivos, la composición corporal y la calidad de la canal. La inclusión de PDOC y DOP no afectó a los recuentos microbianos ni al volumen, la composición y la emisión global de gases de los purines. Además, se observaron efectos beneficiosos sobre la grasa subcutánea con la inclusión de PDOC, mejorando su concentración en ácido oleico. La co-digestión anaerobia de subproductos agrícolas y purines mejora el BMP de la mezcla de sustratos en comparación con la digestión única de purines. Se obtuvieron mayores valores de BMP con la adición de los sustratos agrícolas, lo que confirma el mejor rendimiento de los sistemas en co-digestión a niveles de inclusión adecuados. Las combinaciones con tomate, pimiento y melocotón al nivel de inclusión 3 (50% de SV) alcanzaron el mayor BMP. Esto supuso un incremento del BMP del 41% con tomate, 44% con pimiento, 28% con melocotón y 12% con caqui. Los sustratos vegetales mostraron un mayor contenido en lípidos, prote / [CAT Actualment, la sostenibilitat del sector porcí depèn de la seua capacitat per a respondre a l'elevada demanda de productes ramaders derivada del creixement de la població, adaptant-se als canvis en els contextos econòmic i polític, i millorant el seu rendiment mediambiental mitjançant la mitigació del seu impacte ambiental. En aquest context, l'ús de subproductes agroindustrials ofereix matèries primeres alternatives en producció animal, amb una menor càrrega ambiental associada, en forma de pinsos per al bestiar, font de compostos bioactius o matèries primeres útils en la producció de bioenergia. Aquesta tesi doctoral pretén avaluar l'ús de subproductes agroindustrials mediterranis com a ingredients en pinsos per al bestiar porcí o com co-substrats per a la producció de biogàs. Amb aquest objectiu, es van dissenyar i realitzar quatre assajos per a avaluar l'ús de subproductes de la indústria de l'oli d'oliva i del suc de taronja en alimentació porcina, avaluant el seu valor nutricional i les conseqüències de la seua inclusió sobre el rendiment i la salut dels animals, la qualitat del producte final i les emissions de gasos dels purins. A més, es va realitzar un assaig per a avaluar l'efecte de quatre substrats agrícoles sobre el potencial bioquímic de metà (BMP) en co-digestió anaeròbia amb purins. Els resultats obtinguts a partir dels assajos de valor nutricional indiquen que les trotes d'oliva i les polpes de taronja assajades poden ser incloses en la dieta amb canvis associats en l'excreció de nutrients que condueixen a modificacions en les emissions potencials d'amoníac i BMP dels purins. Quant als subproductes de la torta d'oliva, l'assaig de valor nutricional amb tortes d'oliva crues (COC) i parcialment desengreixades (PDOC) va mostrar que totes dues coques són fonts apreciables de fibra insoluble, però tenen un valor energètic limitat (11.2 i 7.4 MJ/kg MS per a COC i PDOC respectivament) i un baix valor com a font de proteïnes. En canvi, les polpes de taronja deshidratades (DOP) i ensitjada assecada al sol (ESDOP) assajades són una font d'energia rellevant (14.2 i 13.2 MJ/kg MS per a DOP i ESDOP respectivament) amb valor afegit a causa del seu contingut en fibra soluble. Pel que fa als assajos d'emissions in vitro, els subproductes assajats van generar una disminució en l'excreció de N en l'orina i, en el cas de la polpa d'oliva, un augment de l'excreció de matèria seca en femtes. L'emissió d'amoníac per kg de purí va disminuir amb la inclusió de torta d'oliva i polpa de taronja, mentre que el BMP per animal i dia es va veure negativament afectat per la inclusió de torta d'oliva obtenint un major BMP amb aquests subproductes. Quant als assajos de rendiments productius, la PDOC i la DOP poden incloure's en la dieta fins a 120 i 240 g/kg respectivament, sense efectes negatius en el cas de la PDOC i efectes menors per a la DOP sobre els rendiments productius, la composició corporal i la qualitat de la canal. La inclusió de PDOC i DOP no va afectar els recomptes microbians ni al volum, la composició i l'emissió global de gasos dels purins. A més, es van observar efectes beneficiosos sobre el greix subcutani amb la inclusió de PDOC, millorant la seua concentració en àcid oleic. La co-digestió anaeròbia de subproductes agrícoles i purins millora el BMP de la mescla de substrats en comparació amb la digestió única de purins. Es van obtenir majors valors de BMP amb l'addició dels substrats agrícoles, la qual cosa confirma el millor rendiment dels sistemes en co-digestió a nivells d'inclusió adequats. Les combinacions amb tomaca, pimentó i bresquilla al nivell d'inclusió 3 (50% de SV) van aconseguir el major BMP. Això va suposar un increment del BMP del 41% amb tomaca, 44% amb pimentó, 28% amb bresquilla i 12% amb caqui. Els substrats vegetals van mostrar un major contingut en lípids, proteïnes, lignina i cel·lulosa que els substrats de fruita. / [EN] Nowadays the sustainability of the pig sector relies on its capability to respond to the increasing demands for livestock products that are arising from population growth, adapting to changes in the economic and policy contexts, and improving its environmental performance through the mitigation of its impact on climate. In this framework, the use of the agro-industrial by-products offers potential alternative raw materials for animal production with a lower associated environmental burden in the form of feedstuffs for livestock, source of bioactive compounds or raw materials useful in bioenergy production. This PhD thesis aims to evaluate the use of Mediterranean agro-industrial by-products as feed ingredients for pigs or co-substrates for biogas production. To fulfil these objectives, four trials were designed and conducted to evaluate the use of olive oil and orange juice industry by-products in swine nutrition, assessing its nutritional value and the consequences of its inclusion in the diet on animals' performance and health, final product quality traits and gas emissions associated to the pig slurry. Additionally, one more trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of four agricultural substrates (tomato, pepper, peach and kaki) on the biochemical methane potential (BMP) in anaerobic co-digestion with pig slurry, focusing on the type of substrate and its inclusion level on the final substrate's mixture. The results presented in this PhD Thesis from the nutritional value assays indicate that the olive cakes and orange pulps tested can be potentially included in pig diets with associated changes in urine and faeces nutrients excretion that leads to modifications in the potential ammonia and BMP emissions from slurries. Concerning olive cake by-products, the nutritional value assay designed to test the crude (COC) and partially defatted (PDOC) olive cakes showed that they are appreciable sources of insoluble fibre but have limited energy value (11.2 and 7.4 MJ/kg DM for COC and PDOC respectively) and a low value as protein source. On the contrary, the dehydrated (DOP) and ensiled sun-dried (ESDOP) orange pulps tested are a relevant energy source (14.2 and 13.2 MJ/kg DM for DOP and ESDOP respectively) with added value in terms of SF concentration. With respect to the in vitro potential ammonia and BMP emissions assays, the by-products tested led to a decreased N excretion in urine and, in the case of the OC, increased DM excretion in faeces. The ammonia emission per kg of slurry decreased with the inclusion of olive cake and orange pulp, whereas the BMP per animal and per day was negatively affected by the inclusion of olive cake obtaining higher BMP with these by-products. Regarding the performance assays, the PDOC and the DOP may be included in balanced pig diets at rates of up to 120 and 240 g/kg respectively, without negative effects in the case of PDOC and minor effects for DOC on growth performance, body composition and carcass quality traits. Contrary to what was expected, the inclusion of PDOC and DOP did not affect microbial counts nor excreta volume, composition and global gas emission from the slurry. Additionally, beneficial effects on subcutaneous fat were observed with the inclusion of PDOC, improving its oleic acid concentration. The anaerobic co-digestion of agricultural by-products and pig slurry improves the BMP from the mixture compared to only pig slurry anaerobic digestion. Higher BMP values were obtained with increasing addition of agricultural substrate, confirming the better performance of co-digestion systems at adequate inclusion levels. In fact, combinations with tomato, pepper and peach at inclusion level 3 (50% of VS) achieved the highest BMP. This resulted in an increase in BMP of 41% with tomato, 44% with pepper, 28% with peach and 12% with kaki. Vegetable substrates (pepper and tomato) showed higher lipid, protein, lignin and cellulose content than fruit substrates (kaki and peach). / Ferrer Riera, P. (2021). Valorisation of Mediterranean agroindustrial by-products in pig production as feed and anaerobic co-digestion of slurry [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171747 / TESIS / Compendio

The Well-To-Wheels (WTW) methodology is widely used for policy making in the transportation sector. In this paper updated WTW calculations are provided, relying on 2013 statistic data, for the carbon intensity (CI) of the European electricity mix; detail is provided for electricity consumed in each EU Member State (MS). An interesting aspect presented is the calculation of the GHG content of electricity traded between Countries, affecting the carbon intensity of the electricity consumed at national level. The amount and CI of imported electricity is a key aspect: a Country importing electricity from another Country with a lower CI of electricity will lower, after the trade, its electricity CI, while importing electricity from a Country with a higher CI will raise the CI of the importing Country. In average, the CI of electricity used in EU at low voltage in 2013 was 447 gCO2eq/kWh, which is the 17% less compared to 2009. Then, some examples of calculation of GHG emissions from the use of electric vehicles (EVs) compared to internal combustion engine vehicles are provided. The use of EVs instead of gasoline vehicles can save (about 60% of) GHG in all or in most of the EU MSs, depending on the estimated consumption of EVs. Compared with diesel, EVs show average GHG savings of around 50% and not savings at all in some EU MS.

Gas Emissions from Contaminated Fibrous Sediments in Sweden The discharge of untreated wastewater from pulp and paper mills have resulted in the accumulation offibrous sediments on the bottom of many nearby aquatic recipients. Some accumulations are multiplemeters thick and consist almost entirely of cellulose fibre or wood chips; these are called fiberbanks.The often hypoxic conditions and high organic content in fiberbanks makes them favourable for methaneproducing microorganisms, and gas release by ebullition has been observed. CH4 has high globalwarming potential and this study therefore aims to investigate GHG emissions from Swedish fiberbanks.Since methanogenesis is influenced by temperature and organic content, the gas ebullition is expectedto vary with season and between fiberbanks. As such it was necessary to examine differences inebullition rate, bubble volume and bubble quantity between different fiberbanks and to test the influenceof temperature on ebullition. To achieve this, the gas ebullition from two fiberbanks with very differentcomposition (Väja and Sandviken), were investigated using optical ebullition sensors measuring thequantity and volume of released gas bubbles. The ebullition measurements were performed in laboratoryat room temperature (20oC) and with sediments in incubation (4 – 15oC). The results indicate differencesin both ebullition rate and mean bubble volume between these two fiberbanks, with only minordifferences in the quantity of bubbles released. In a period of stable ebullition over five consecutivedays, sediment from Väja released 83 – 90% larger volumes of gas per day, and also produced bubblesthat were on average 67 – 89 % larger in volume when compared to Sandviken. The incubationexperiments show that ebullition from both fiberbanks increases exponentially with temperature, at ratessimilar to those found in natural sediments (Väja Q10 3.9, Sandviken Q10 4.9). The rate of accelerationin ebullition from both sediments is very strong >10oC, which is also similar to what has been observedin natural sediments. If estimating the combined GHG emissions from Swedish fiberbanks based on theresults from this study, it shows that fiberbanks could emit as much as 550 000 – 900 000 tonnes of CO2equivalents annually. That would correspond to 1.1 – 1.7% of the combined annual Swedish GHGemissions in 2018, and with fiberbank ebullition showing such a strong temperature dependence, thatestimate would grow rapidly when water temperatures increase with a warming climate / Utsläpp av orenat processvatten från svensk pappersindustri har resulterat i ansamlingar av fiberhaltigasediment på botten av närliggande vattendrag. På vissa platser bildar de fiberhaltiga sedimenten flerameter tjocka fiberbankar som består nästan uteslutande av cellulosafibrer eller träflis. Det högaorganiska innehållet i fiberbankarna resulterar ofta i syrefria förhållanden vilket gör dem gynnsammaför metanproducerande mikroorganismer, och frisläppning av gasbubblor har observerats. Metangasbidrar starkt till växthuseffekten och det här projektet utformades därför med huvudmålet att uppskattaväxthusgasutsläppen via ebullition från svenska fiberbankar. Eftersom metangasproduktionenförväntades variera beroende på temperatur och fiberbankskomposition, undersöktes skillnader igasutsläpp från två olika fiberbankar, gällande koncentrationen på utsläppt gas, mängd utsläppt gas,volym på bubblor, antal bubblor, samt hur gasutsläppen från fiberbankarna påverkades av temperatur.Undersökningen inkluderade sediment från två fiberbankar med väldigt olika sammansättning (Väja ochSandviken) och gasutsläppen studerades med hjälp av optiska sensorer i rumstemperatur och underinkubation vid temperaturer från 4 – 15oC. Data från undersökningarna användas sedan till att uppskattade årliga växthusgasutsläppen från svenska fiberbankar. Resultaten indikerar att det är stora skillnader imängden utsläppt gas och volymen på frisläppta bubblor mellan dessa två fiberbanksediment, menendast små skillnader i antalet frisläppta bubblor. Fiberbankssediment från Väja släppte ut en 83 - 90%större gasvolym per dag och producerade också i genomsnitt 67 - 89% större bubblor jämfört medsediment från Sandviken. Inkubationsexperimenten visar att gasutsläppen från de bådafiberbanksedimenten ökar exponentiellt med temperatur, och tilltar i liknande hastighet som hosnaturliga sediment (Väja Q10 3.9, Sandviken Q10 4.9). Ökningen i gasutsläpp vid temperaturer över 10oCär mycket stark hos båda sedimenten, vilket också liknar observationer från naturliga sediment. Närresultaten används för att uppskatta växthusgasutsläppen från den totala mängden fiberbanksedimentsom kan finnas i Sverige, visar de att fiberbankar kan släppa ut så mycket som 550 000 - 900 000 tonCO2-ekvivalenter årligen. Det skulle innebära 1.1 – 1.7% av de sammanlagda årliga svenskaväxthusgasutsläppen.

This thesis presents the potential of biogas production using food waste collected from the region of Kartamantul in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biogas can be used for cooking and generating electricity. The study compares two different end uses or markets for utilizing the biogas in the region. The daily food waste collected in the region of Kartamantul is 120 tonnes. This corresponds to a daily biogas production of 13 087 m3. Electricity generated from biogas can replace fossil-based coal electricity while cooking biogas can substitute the common fossil fuel liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). The price for selling one kWh of electricity to the state owned enterprise PLN is 16.5 USD cents. The price for selling one m3 of biogas for cooking is 38.5 USD cents, which is equivalent to the available price of LPG. The study finds that the avoided emission due to the substitution of fossil-based coal electricity and cooking LPG-gas is around 64 GgCO2-eq per year. Considering the economical results for a life span of 20 years in the first utilization option Biogas for Electricity gives a net present value (NPV) of 2 MUSD while for the utilization option Biogas for Cooking gives a net present value (NPV) of 5.82 MUSD. The breakeven for Biogas for Electricity is 13.8 USD cents per kWhe while for Biogas for Cooking is 25.5 USD cents per m3-biogas. The study concludes that it is feasible to invest in AD plant in the region of Kartamantul where both markets are profitable and environmentally friendly. / Denna avhandling visar potentialen för biogasproduktion med hjälp av matavfall som samlats från regionen Kartamantul i Yogyakarta, Indonesien. Biogas kan användas för matlagning och elproduktion. Studien jämför två olika slutanvändningar eller marknader för att utnyttja biogasen i regionen. Det dagliga matavfallet som samlas i regionen Kartamantul är 120 ton. Detta motsvarar en daglig biogasproduktion på 13 087 m3. Elektricitet som genereras från biogas kan ersätta fossilbaserad koldioxid, medan tillagning av biogas kan ersätta det gemensamma fossila bränslet flytande petroleumgas (LPG). Priset för att sälja en kWh el till det statligt ägda företaget PLN är 16,5 USD cent. Priset för att sälja en m3 biogas för matlagning är 38,5 USD cent, vilket motsvarar det tillgängliga priset på LPG. Studien konstaterar att den undvikna utsläppet på grund av substitutionen av fossilbaserad kolkraft och matlagning av gasol är cirka 64 GgCO2-ekv per år. Med tanke på de ekonomiska resultaten för en livslängd på 20 år i det första utnyttjandegradet ger Biogas for Electricity ett nettopåverkande värde (NPV) på 2 MUSD medan för utnyttjandegraden Biogas for Cooking ger ett nettoförskott (NPV) på 5,82 MUSD. Breakeven för biogas för el är 13,8 USD cent per kWhe medan för Biogas for Cooking är 25,5 USD cent per m3-biogas. Studien drar slutsatsen att det är möjligt att investera i AD-anläggningar i regionen Kartamantul där båda marknaderna är lönsamma och miljövänliga.