Det blir allt vanligare att använda laminerat glas som ett konstruktionsmaterial. Men glas är ett känsligt och genomskinligt material som kan ge en obehaglig känsla om det spricker. Särskilt om det handlar sig om en glaskonstruktion som ska hålla en stor del av en byggnad. En glaskonstruktion bör upplevas trygg att vistas i. Idag är det svårt att ersätta bärande konstruktionsdelar med glas i Sverige  eftersom det inte finns några särskilda dimensioneringsregler för glas. I det här examensarbetet genomförs en undersökning om hur laminerat glas böjer sig när det utsätts för belastning och varierande temperaturer under en kort tid. Det studeras hur tjockleken på mellanskiktet påverkar spänningen samt skjuvstyvheten i glasen. För att få relevanta jämförelser studeras även beteendet hos en osprucken och en sprucken laminerad balk. Med hjälp av litteraturstudier och teoretiska beräkningar har beteendet hos laminerade glasbalkar med olika förutsättningar undersökts. Resultatet visar att belastningar som verkar på en laminerad balk under en kort tid leder till ett varierande beteende och deformationer beroende på temperatur, skjuvstyvhet och tjocklek hos laminatet. Det upptäcktes ett gränsvärde vid temperaturen 50 °C där en förändring sker i sambandet mellan laminatets tjocklek, temperatur och nedböjningen. Beteendet och deformationen hos en laminerad balk varierar också beroende på om balken är sprucken eller inte. / It is becoming increasingly common to use laminated glass as a construction material. But glass is a sensitive and translucent material that can give an unpleasant feeling if it cracks. Especially if it is a glass structure that will hold a large part of a building. A glass structure should be considered safe to stay in. Today, it is difficult to replace supporting structural parts with glass in Sweden due to the lack of design rules. In this thesis, a study is conducted on how laminated glass bends when exposed to mechanical loads and varying temperatures for a short time. It is studied how the thickness of the middle layer plays a role, how the tension and the shear stiffness vary in the glass. In order to obtain relevant comparisons, the behavior of an unbroken and a cracked laminated beam is also studied. With the help of literature studies and theoretical calculations, the behavior of laminated beams under different conditions was examined. The results show that loads that act on a laminated beam for a short time lead to varying behavior and deformations depending on temperature, shear stiffness and interlayer thickness. A limit value was detected at the temperature of 50 °C where a change in the relation between interlayer thickness, temperature and deformation occurs. The behavior and deformation of a laminated beam also varies whether the laminate is cracked or not cracked.

In the course of this PhD thesis metastable Cu50Zr50-xTix (0≤ x ≤ 10) and (Cu0.5Zr0.5)100-xAlx (5 ≤ x ≤ 8) alloys were prepared and characterised in terms of phase formation, thermal behaviour, crystallisation kinetics and most importantly in terms of mechanical properties. The addition of Al clearly enhances the glass-forming ability although it does not affect the phase formation. This means that the Cu-Zr-Al system follows the characteristics of the binary Cu-Zr phase diagram, at least for Al additions up to 8 at.%. Conversely, the presence of at least 6 at.% Ti changes the crystallisation sequence of Cu50Zr50-xTix metallic glasses and a metastable C15 CuZrTi Laves phase (Fd-3m) precipitates prior to the equilibrium phases, Cu10Zr7 and CuZr2. A structurally related phase, i.e. the “big cube” phase (Cu4(Zr,Ti)2O, Fd-3m), crystallises in a first step when a significant amount of oxygen, on the order of several thousands of mass-ppm (parts per million), is added. Both phases, the C15 Laves as well as the big cube phase, contain pronounced icosahedral coordination and their formation might be related to an icosahedral-like short-range order of the as-cast glass. However, when the metallic glasses obey the phase formation as established in the binary Cu-Zr phase diagram, the short-range order seems to more closely resemble the coordination of the high-temperature equilibrium phase, B2 CuZr. During the tensile deformation of (Cu0.5Zr0.5)100-xAlx bulk metallic glasses where B2 CuZr nanocrystals precipitate polymorphically in the bulk and some of them undergo twinning, which is due to the shape memory effect inherent in B2 CuZr. Qualitatively, this unique deformation process can be understood in the framework of the potential energy landscape (PEL) model. The shear stress, applied by mechanically loading the material, softens the shear modulus, thus biasing structural rearrangements towards the more stable, crystalline state. One major prerequisite in this process is believed to be a B2-like short-range order of the glass in the as-cast state, which could account for the polymorphic precipitation of the B2 nanocrystals at a comparatively small amount of shear. Diffraction experiments using high-energy X-rays suggest that there might be a correlation between the B2 phase and the glass structure on a length-scale less than 4 Å. Additional corroboration for this finding comes from the fact that the interatomic distances of a Cu50Zr47.5Ti2.5 metallic glass are reduced by cold-rolling. Instead of experiencing shear-induced dilation, the atoms become more closely packed, indicating that the metallic glass is driven towards the more densely packed state associated with the more stable, crystalline state. It is noteworthy, that two Cu-Zr intermetallic compounds were identified to be plastically deformable. Cubic B2 CuZr undergoes a deformation-induced martensitic phase transformation to monoclinic B19’and B33 structures, resulting in transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP effect). On the other hand, tetragonal CuZr2 can also be deformed in compression up to a strain of 15%, yet, exhibiting a dislocation-borne deformation mechanism. The shear-induced nanocrystallisation and twinning seem to be competitive phenomena regarding shear band generation and propagation, which is why very few shear offsets, due to shear banding, can be observed at the surface of the bulk metallic glasses tested in quasistatic tension. The average distance between the crystalline precipitates is on the order of the typical shear band thickness (10 - 50 nm) meaning that an efficient interaction between nanocrystals and shear bands becomes feasible. Macroscopically, these microscopic processes reflect as an appreciable plastic strain combined with work hardening. When the same CuZr-based BMGs are tested in tension at room temperature and at high strain rate (10-2 s-1) there seems to be a “strain rate sensitivity”, which could be related to a crossover of the experimental time-scale and the time-scale of the intrinsic deformation processes (nanocrystallisation, twinning, shear band generation and propagation). However, further work is required to investigate the reasons for the varying slope in the elastic regime. As B2 CuZr is the phase, that competes with vitrification, it precipitates in a glassy matrix if the cooling rate is not sufficient to freeze the structure of the liquid completely. The pronounced work hardening and the plasticity of the B2 phase, which are a result of the deformation-induced martensitic transformation, leave their footprints in the stress-strain curves of these bulk metallic glass matrix composites. The behaviour of the yield strength as a function of the crystalline volume fraction can be captured by the rule of mixtures at low crystalline volume fractions and by the load bearing model at high crystalline volume fractions. In between both of these regions there is a transition caused by percolation (impingement) of the B2 crystals. Furthermore, the fracture strain can be modelled as a function of the crystalline volume fraction by a three-microstructural-element body and the results imply that the interface between B2 crystals and glassy matrix determines the plastic strain of the composites. The combination of shape memory crystals and a glassy matrix leads to a material with a markedly high yield strength and an enhanced plastic strain. In the CuZr-based metastable alloys investigated, there is an intimate relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical properties. The insights gained here should prove useful regarding the optimisation of the mechanical properties of bulk metallic glasses and bulk metallic glass composites.:Abstract/Kurzfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Aims and objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii 1 Metallic glasses and bulk metallic glasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Structure of metallic glasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Glass formation and transformation kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1 Crystallisation kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.2 Glass-forming ability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.3 Fragility concept of metallic glasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3 Mechanical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.3.1 The potential energy landscape concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.3.2 Role of the shear modulus upon flow of a glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.3.3 Factors affecting plastic deformation of BMGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.4 Metastable Cu-Zr-based alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1.4.1 Binary Cu-Zr glasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1.4.2 Minor additions of Al and Ti to glassy Cu-Zr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2 Synthesis and characterisation methods . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.1 Sample preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.1.1 Melt spinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.1.2 Cu-mould suction casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.2 X-ray diffraction/in-situ experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.3 Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.3.1 Optical microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.3.2 Scanning electron microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.3.3 Transmission electron microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.4 Calorimetry/ Dilatometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.5 Ultrasound velocity measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.6 Mechanical testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3 Effect of oxygen on Cu-Zr-(Ti) alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.1 Influence of casting parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.2 Phase formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4 Effect of Ti and Al on Cu-Zr glasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.1 Phase formation and thermal stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.2 Crystallisation kinetics and fragility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.2.1 Isothermal calorimetric measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.2.2 Isochronal calorimetric measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.3 Structure of Cu-Zr-(Al/Ti) glasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5 Glassy Cu-Zr-(Al/Ti) alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.1 Deformation behaviour of glassy ribbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.2 Deformation behaviour of bulk metallic glasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.2.1 Compression tests of Cu50Zr50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.2.2 Tensile tests of (Cu0.5Zr0.5)100-xAlx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.2.3 Fractography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.2.4 High-strain rate tensile tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 6 Cu-Zr intermetallic compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 6.1 Deformation behaviour of Cu10Zr7 and CuZr2 . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 111 6.2 Deformation behaviour of B2 CuZr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 6.3 Relation between intermetallics and BMGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 7 Cu-Zr-(Al/Ti) BMG matrix composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 7.1 Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 7.2 Deformation behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 9 Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 10 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 10.1 Isochronal transformation kinetics (Kissinger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 10.2 Isothermal crystallisation kinetics (Johnson-Mehl-Avrami) . . . . . . . 144 10.3 The fragility concept of metallic glasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 10.4 Flow of liquids in the PEL picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 10.5 The interstitialcy theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

<p>Predmet doktorske disertacije je utvrđivanje stanja glasa budućih eltinih vokalnih profesionalaca (studenata glume), upoređivanje sa stanjem glasa studenata nevokalnih<br />zanimanja, utvrđivanje metodičkih postupaka za razvoj glasa, kao i utvrđivanje uticaja glasovnih vežbi primenom &quot;WIC&quot; tehnike na stanje glasa kod ispitanika kojima je potvrđen vokalni poremećaj.</p> / <p>This PhD thesis aims to establish the state of voice in future elite vocal professionals (drama students), to compare it with the state of voice in students of non-vocal professions, to determine the methodic procedures for the voice development, as well as to ascertain the effects of vocal exercises by application of &ldquo;WIC&rdquo; technique on the state of voice in respondents who were found to suffer from the vocal disorder.</p>

Syftet med denna uppsats är att på ett vetenskapligt sätt redogöra för min designprocess under mitt examensarbete. I mitt examensarbete har jag arbetat för Hamnkrogen med att ta fram en tallrik i glas till deras servis. Flera krav ställdes från deras sida då tallriken var tvungen att fungera rent praktiskt i restaurangen. Bland annat var tallrikarna tvungna att klara av maskindisk och hålla vissa mått samt fungera väl ihop med maten som serveras. De ville också att deras marina tema skulle stärkas med hjälp av tallrikarnas estetik. Under arbetet har jag använt mig av vissa utvalda designmetoder och designteorier, t.ex. ur Klaus Krippendorffs the semantic turn. Bland annat har hans teorier om ”stakeholders” och deras inverkan och relation till en produkt tagits upp, detta för att stärka den teoretiska grunden i projektet. / Examensarbete - Tallriksservis OCEAN

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<p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att på ett vetenskapligt sätt redogöra för min designprocess under mitt examensarbete. I mitt examensarbete har jag arbetat för Hamnkrogen med att ta fram en tallrik i glas till deras servis. Flera krav ställdes från deras sida då tallriken var tvungen att fungera rent praktiskt i restaurangen. Bland annat var tallrikarna tvungna att klara av maskindisk och hålla vissa mått samt fungera väl ihop med maten som serveras. De ville också att deras marina tema skulle stärkas med hjälp av tallrikarnas estetik. Under arbetet har jag använt mig av vissa utvalda designmetoder och designteorier, t.ex. ur Klaus Krippendorffs the semantic turn. Bland annat har hans teorier om ”stakeholders” och deras inverkan och relation till en produkt tagits upp, detta för att stärka den teoretiska grunden i projektet.</p> / Examensarbete - Tallriksservis OCEAN

To use others specific competence in a boathouse Interior architects and specialists that cooperate, find more possible choices than the prevailing standardised solutions, and are able to break the norms that dominate their respective fields. Both of us use our specific tools and learn from one another when we meet. This leads to architecture that is more multifaceted as well as a greater understanding of our respective skills. The investigation regarding the power of collaboration will be conducted in the context of a houseboat: a specific building, with specific functions. It is logical to come into contact with scents, lights, sounds, details and functions in that specific building. We will create parts that could be situated in that kind of building. / Att använd andras specifika kunskaper i ett båthus Inredningsarkitekter och specialister som samarbetar hittar fler möjliga val än gängse standardiserade lösningar och får möjlighet att bryta de normer som råder inom respektive fält. Båda använder sina specifika verktyg och i mötet lär vi av varandra. Det leder till en mer mångfacetterad arkitektur och ökad förståelse för våra respektive kompetenser. Undersökningen av samarbetets kraft sker inom ramen av ett båthus. En specifik byggnad, med specifika funktioner. Det finns en logik i att du möter de dofter, ljus, ljud, detaljer och funktioner just där i den specifika byggnaden.

This thesis revolves around my work Desirable Objects, an installation in glass and other materials, which deals with objectification based on female and animal trophies. The topics included are those that have been crucial to my working process; craft, post-colonial studies and European hierarchical dualism, where woman and nature are seen as connected, but inferior. My motivation has been to get a better understanding of underlying power structures, and put this knowledge in relation to my own work. This process has led me to make a full body casting of my own body as a method of self-exploitation, in an attempt to expose myself to a similar power perspective. By making the dualistic connection between woman and nature, I am commenting a phenomenon that in my view has resulted in a similar exploitation of both. / Åtråvärda objekt

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om doktor Glas i Hjalmar Söderbergs roman med samma namn är en opålitlig berättare. Detta görs genom att undersöka varför, hur och vad han skriver. Metoden är att först definiera dagboksromanen, och sedan analysera pålitlighet genom användandet av främst James Phelans narratologi, i samband med Vera Nünning och Uri Margolin. Analysen visar att Glas rapporterar händelser korrekt och gör det han säger att han ska göra, men han är oärlig om sina tankar, känslor och motivationer. Glas opålitlighet som berättare visar sig främst i att hans tolkningar och utvärderingar av situationer och personer inte alltid är riktiga eller rimliga.

The design approach is currently very diverse for glass. It differs greatly between European countries and there is not one definite method for the design of glass components. Research in this field has a potential for better design optimization and industry professionals express a limitation of tools and knowledge about glass structure design.The purpose of this study is to analyze glass balustrades with point-fixings and to test a structural verification approach using a Finite Element (FE) software. The theory provides insight of glass as a structural material, different interlayers used for laminated glass, joints and connections, as well as design standards, concepts and regulations. Different models of varying configurations and geometries are created from the evaluation of balustrades with point-fixings available on the Swedish market and the theory. The models represent a glass balustrade with 4- or 6-point-fixings and is regarded as a fully toughened laminated glass component with different stiff and standard interlayers. The structural analysis of point-fixed glass balustrades on the Swedish market indicated a lower stress and deflection resistance capacity than the pre-normative Eurocode criterion. Based on the FE calculations, some guidelines for fulfilling the criterion are proposed.To make glass more generally applicable as a load-bearing material, the limitations of the FE-software, and how the parameters affect the calculation results needs to be taken into consideration. In order to evaluate the interlayers used for the model, a parametric study using FE-analysiswas carried out, in which the maximum stresses and deflections for several variations were calculated. A sensitivity analysis of the balustrade was conducted to evaluate various geometric and material parameters and how they affect the FE software-based model. Comparisons of guidelines and national codes for simplified hand-calculation and the FE-approach were made to obtain some understanding of calculation methods used in the glass industry and to evaluate the results of the structural analysis. The study suggests that the FE approach is an effective method for a relatively quick and easy verification of glass balustrades.