The phenomenon of Born Globals in particular to the internationalization process has been highlighted by many scholars. The insufficient of the existing researches to the ability of Born Globals going international since their inceptions with limited resources encouraged us to study more in-depth. Resource-based View (RBV) and firm‟s competitive advantage are chosen as the theoretical framework. Three Swedish Born Globals were chosen as case studies, the data was collected by semi-structure and e-mail interviews which within-case and cross-case analysis were applied. The empirical data and analysis draws us to the conclusion that human resource especially entrepreneurs and network are the key firm resources that significantly contribute to Born Globals‟ establishment, internationalization and competitive advantage. However, the finding is highlighted that entrepreneur has a crucial role to both establishment and internationalization stages. Entrepreneur‟s personal network has high contribution when Born Globals is started up while firm‟s network plays more important role at the internationalization stage. By using network, Born Globals gain an easier way to find financial and operating resource. Moreover, entrepreneur‟s capability is the main key resource that creates competitiveness to Born Global firms. Future research suggestions and implications are discussed in the conclusion.

International entrepreneurship is a prominent phenomenon in contemporary research, because of the ease of internationalisation for companies. Start-up hubs in Europe are booming and especially web-based tech companies internationalise quickly. This new type of company, which internationalises almost immediately after foundation, is called born global. Research showed that despite the interest in born global tech start-ups, there is no representative model visualising the process of their internationalisation. Therefore, secondary research is conducted, as well as empirical research in the form of qualitative interviews with three representative, successfully internationalised tech start-ups from Europe. These companies are the music streaming service Spotify, social marketing SaaS Facelift and business management SaaS Ivy. The internationalisation factors resulting from this research can be divided into a preparation phase, possible strategy development and an implementation phase. Within these phases, factors are separated into company- internal and external influences. Based on these findings, a new model on the internationalisation process of web- based tech start-ups is developed. / Internationell entreprenörskap är ett framstående fenomen inom modern forskning eftersom det blir enklare för företag att expandera över nationsgränserna. Startup-hubbar växer fram överallt i Europa och framförallt webbaserade techbolag är snabba med sin internationaliseringsprocess. Det handlar huvudsakligen om en viss typ av företag som kallas för born global, vilket innebär att bolaget börjar sälja sina produkter eller tjänster internationellt direkt efter grundandet. Forskning kring ämnet visar att det finns ett stort intresse för denna typ av företag men inga representativa modeller som visualiserar processen bakom deras internationalisering. Därför genomfördes sekundär forskning samt empirisk forskning i form av tre kvalitativa intervjuer med representanter från framgångsrika och internationella tech startups från Europa. Undersökningen ledde till upptäckten av olika faktorer som påverkar internationaliseringsprocessen. Dessa faktorer kategoriseras som interna eller externa påverkningar på företaget. Internationaliseringsfaktorerna kan delas in i tre faser - förberedelse, möjlig utveckling av strategi och implementering. Baserat på dessa resultat har en modell om internationaliseringsprocessen för born global tech startups utvecklats.

An increasing number of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) expand their businesses into foreign markets. Some SMEs begin to operate abroad soon after their establishment. These so-called born globals demonstrate a more rapid internationalisation compared with other SMEs. This thesis develops a deeper understanding of the internationalisation process of SMEs, by studying how born globals and other SMEs develop foreign market knowledge during the international expansion. The internationalisation process is divided into three phases; the pre-firm internationalisation phase, the initial internationalisation phase and the continued internationalisation phase. Based on a qualitative study of 14 biotech SMEs and a questionnaire survey of 188 SMEs from various industries, new insights on the internationalisation process of SMEs and born globals are presented. By extending the analysis of SMEs’ internationalisation to a phase prior to their establishment and by continuing to follow these firms during their operations in foreign markets, the findings of this thesis show how the knowledge and personal networks of key individuals relate to the firm’s development of foreign market knowledge. The thesis also advances the understanding of how an SME develops foreign market knowledge from its business network relationships. In summary, the result of this thesis shows that a rapid expansion in several foreign markets can hold back an SME’s development of foreign market knowledge and lead to difficulties in developing the firm’s operations in the continued internationalisation phase. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2009. Sammanfattning jämte 6 uppsatser

The subject of internationalization of Born Global small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that start cross-border business operations shortly after the company’s foundation has received growing scholarly attention in the last decades. Although the research of the influence of the market knowledge - information a firm has about a specific foreign market, on internationalization decisions was developing rapidly to account for the challenges of the established internationalization theories, multi-factor comprehensive analysis of the influence of all the interlinked factors of the market knowledge remains overlooked by research. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the impact of foreign market knowledge on the decisions of business-to-business (B2B) Born Global SMEs regarding when, where to, and how to internationalize, and concerning the ways of operating in the foreign market(s). To fulfill the purpose of the paper, the authors carried out a qualitative multiple case study with six Born Global SMEs working in the deep tech industry which has started international operations up to one year after the establishment. Fieldwork consisted of 14 virtual interviews with the Marketing Managers and Founders of the firms. The results of this study show that the process through which the studied B2B Born Global SMEs internationalize is very similar among all companies: it starts between a few weeks up to one year after the inception of the company, and it follows a typical progressive process (first, the firms have one of their employees or external representatives physically going to the foreign market of interest; then establish the partnerships with local companies; later appoint a local representative to the market, and lastly establish a subsidiary company). Next, the research illustrates that the studied Born Global SMEs acquire foreign market knowledge from external parties by the method of grafting. Furthermore, the study also concluded that there are three groups of factors of the foreign market, which are categorized based on the firms’ perception of the factors’ influence on decisions of B2B Born Global SMEs about when, where to, and how to internationalize. These groups are: important (economic opportunities, networks, political context), disregarded (language, culture, and legal regulations) and overlooked (political context, legal regulations, and language) factors. Lastly, such foreign market knowledge factors were found to influence the decisions of B2B Born Global SMEs’ about ways of operations in the foreign market(s): political situation, economic opportunities, and legal regulation impact the companies’ decisions about operations in the foreign market(s).

Submitted by Mia Saetre Bernhardsen (21288@novasbe.pt) on 2016-11-30T12:04:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MPGI Thesis Mia Bernhardsen.pdf: 945739 bytes, checksum: 2dd70ca4ba46c57038cd5d7107f42d03 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2016-11-30T13:53:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MPGI Thesis Mia Bernhardsen.pdf: 945739 bytes, checksum: 2dd70ca4ba46c57038cd5d7107f42d03 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-30T17:27:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MPGI Thesis Mia Bernhardsen.pdf: 945739 bytes, checksum: 2dd70ca4ba46c57038cd5d7107f42d03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-03 / Within the field of international business and entrepreneurship, the following project investigates an underexplored topic, namely the post- establishment performance of maturing Born Globals relative to younger Born Globals in Hispanic America. The scope is delimited to viewing performance as of sales growth in the manufacturing sector. A quantitative approach is applied, where firm- level secondary data from 14 Latin American countries is analyzed using multiple regression with interaction terms. The results illustrate that maturing Born Globals tend to have lower sales growth compared to younger Born Globals, while failing to detect that product innovation affect younger and maturing Born Globals differently. Access to finance as a moderator appear to be insignificant in the full sample, while the findings in the Peruvian context illustrate that the sales growth of maturing Peruvian Born Globals is more negatively affected by difficulties in obtaining finance relative to their younger counterparts. / No âmbito dos campos de conhecimento -negócios internacionais e empreendedorismo- o seguinte projeto visa investigar um tema pouco explorado: o desempenho pós-estabelecimento de Born Globals maduras em relação com o de empresas Born Globals jovens na América hispânica. O escopo é limitado ao crescimento de vendas na indústria manufatureira. Foi utilizada uma abordagem quantitativa com informacão de 14 países latino-americanos ao nivel secundário das empresas, a través de regressao multipla com interação de termos. Os resultados mostram que Born Globals em maturidade tendem a ter um crescimento de vendas menor em comparação com jovens born globals. No entanto, não foi detectado uma evolução diferente no que toca a inovação do produto entre as empresas anteriormente referidas. O acesso a financiamento como um moderador parecem ser insignificantes na amostra total, entretanto os resultados no contexto peruano ilustram que o crescimento das vendas dos Born Globals em maturidade é afetado de forma negativa por dificuldades na obtenção de financiamento em relação às contrapartes jovens.

[ES] La gestión de los recursos hídricos es de vital importancia para la comprensión de las sequias a largo plazo. En la actualidad, se presentan problemas debido a la disponibilidad y manejo del recurso hídrico. Además, el cambio climático afecta de manera negativa las variables climáticas y la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico. El tomar decisiones en base a información confiable y precisa conlleva un arduo trabajo y es necesario contar con diferentes herramientas que permitan llegar a la gestión de los recursos hídricos. La modelización de las variables climáticas es parte fundamental para determinar la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico. Las más importantes son la precipitación y temperatura o precipitación y evapotranspiración. Los modelos estocásticos se encuentran en un proceso de evolución que permiten reducir la escala de análisis. En esta investigación se ha abordado la modelación de variables climáticas con detalle diario. Se ha planteado una metodología para la generación de series sintéticas de precipitación y temperatura mediante modelización estocástica continua multivariada a escala diaria. Esta metodología también incorpora la corrección del sesgo para precipitación y temperatura de los escenarios de cambio climático con detalle diario. Los resultados de la presente tesis indican que los modelos estocásticos multivariados pueden representar las condiciones espaciales y temporales de las diferentes variables climáticas (precipitación y temperatura). Además, se plantea una metodología para la determinación de la evapotranspiración en función de los datos climáticos disponibles. Por otro lado, los modelos estocásticos multivariados permiten la corrección del sesgo con resultados diarios, mensuales y anuales más realistas que otros métodos de corrección de sesgo. Estos modelos climáticos son una herramienta para pronosticar eventos o escenarios futuros que permiten tomar mejores decisiones de manera anticipada. Estos modelos se programaron en el entorno de MatLab con el objetivo de aplicarlos a diferentes zonas de estudio de manera eficiente y automatizada. Los análisis realizados en la presente tesis se realizaron para la cuenca del Júcar con un buen desempeño para las condiciones de la cuenca. / [CA] La gestió dels recursos hídrics és de vital importància per a la comprensió de les sequeres a llarg termini. En l'actualitat, es presenten problemes a causa de la disponibilitat i maneig del recurs hídric. A més, el canvi climàtic afecta de manera negativa les variables climàtiques i la disponibilitat del recurs hídric. El prendre decisions sobre la base informació de confiança i precisa comporta un ardu treball i és necessari comptar amb diferents eines que permeten arribar a la gestió dels recursos hídrics. La modelització de les variables climàtiques és part fonamental per a determinar la disponibilitat del recurs hídric. Les més importants són la precipitació i temperatura o precipitació i evapotranspiració. Els models estocàstics es troben en un procés d'evolució que permet la incorporació de més detalls reduint l'escala d'anàlisi. En aquesta investigació s'ha abordat el modelatge de variables climàtiques amb detall diari. S'ha plantejat una metodologia per a la generació de sèries sintètiques de precipitació i temperatura mitjançant modelització estocàstica contínua multivariada a escala diària. Aquesta metodologia també incorpora la correcció del biaix per a precipitació i temperatura dels escenaris de canvi climàtic amb detall diari. Els resultats de la present tesi indiquen que els models estocàstics multivariats poden representar les condicions espacials i temporals de les diferents variables climàtiques (precipitació i temperatura). A més es planteja una metodologia per a la determinació de l'evapotranspiració en funció de les dades climàtiques disponibles. D'altra banda, els models estocàstics multivariats permeten la correcció del biaix amb resultats diaris, mensuals i anuals més realistes que altres mètodes de correcció de biaix. Aquests models climàtics són una eina per a pronosticar esdeveniments o escenaris futurs que permeten prendre millors decisions de manera anticipada. Aquests models es van programar a l'entorn de Matlab amb l'objectiu d'aplicar-los a diferents zones d'estudi de manera eficient i automatitzada. Les anàlisis realitzades en la present tesi es van realitzar per a la conca del Xúquer amb un bon acompliment per a les condicions de la conca. / [EN] Management of the water resources is important for understanding long-term droughts. Currently, there are problems due to the availability and management of water resources. Furthermore, climate change negatively affecting climate variables and the availability of water resources. Making decisions based on reliable and accurate information involves hard work and it is necessary to have different tools to achieve the management of water resources. The modeling of the climatic variables is a fundamental part to determine the availability of the water resource. The most important are precipitation and temperature or precipitation and evapotranspiration. Stochastic models are in a process of evolution that allows the incorporation of more details by reducing the scale of analysis. In this research, the modeling of climatic variables has been approached in daily detail. A methodology has been proposed for the generation of synthetic series of precipitation and temperature by means of multivariate continuous stochastic modeling on a daily scale. This methodology also incorporates the bias correction for precipitation and temperature of the climate change scenarios with daily detail. The results of this thesis indicate that multivariate stochastic models can represent the spatial and temporal conditions of the different climatic variables (precipitation and temperature). In addition, a methodology is proposed for the determination of evapotranspiration based on the available climatic data. On the other hand, multivariate stochastic models allow bias correction with more realistic daily, monthly and annual results than other bias correction methods. These climate models are a tool to forecast future events or scenarios that allow better decisions to be made in advance. These models were programmed in the MatLab software with the aim of applying them to different study areas in an efficient and automatically. The work in this thesis was carried out for the Júcar basin with a good performance for the conditions of the basin / Hernández Bedolla, J. (2022). Análisis estocástico de datos climáticos como predictor para la gestión anticipada de sequías en recursos hídricos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/182095