Introdução: Os glicocorticoides (GCs) estão envolvidos na regulação e adaptação da resposta ao estresse, exercendo seus efeitos através de seus receptores. Variações polimórficas no gene do receptor de glicocorticoide (GR) têm sido caracterizadas funcionalmente. O polimorfismo A3669G do gene do GR está relacionado a modificações na sensibilidade aos GCs e mudanças no perfil metabólico. Concentrações fisiológicas de GCs estimulam a ingestão calórica e, na presença de insulina, modificam a preferência alimentar. A variante A3669G do gene do GR parece levar a um menor risco para diabetes, em pacientes com Síndrome de Cushing, e para o tabagismo, quando associado a um polimorfismo do gene do receptor de mineralocorticoide, sugerindo uma modulação na via de recompensa. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a associação de variantes do polimorfismo A3669G do gene do GR com o comportamento alimentar e parâmetros metabólicos em uma amostra de estudantes, correlacionando com dados de neuroimagem funcional. Métodos: A amostra provém de alunos de 6 escolas de Porto Alegre, avaliados em 2008 e em 2013. Em 2008, 131 indivíduos apresentavam o protocolo completo de avaliação e, destes, 74 retornaram em 2013. A avaliação incluiu genotipagem, antropometria, exames laboratoriais, comportamento alimentar e um paradigma avaliando a ativação cerebral em resposta a visualização de imagens de alimentos palatáveis, não palatáveis e de objetos neutros. A análise da associação com os fenótipos foi realizada através do teste t de Student e Chi quadrado; os dados do estudo longitudinal foram analisados por meio de Equações de Estimatição Generalizada. Resultados: A variante G do polimorfismo A3669G do gene do GR foi encontrado em 17,6% em 2008 e em 14,9% da amostra em 2013. Não houve diferença entre os grupos de carreadores do alelo G e não carreadores quanto a diferentes confundidores; a comparação entre as médias dos dois grupos sobre o consumo calórico proveniente de proteínas, carboidratos e gorduras em 2008 não revelou diferenças significativas; nesta etapa, as análises evidenciaram maior consumo de açúcares e de calorias totais no grupo não carreador do alelo G. Em 2013, estes indivíduos não carreadores do alelo G do polimorfismo A3669G apresentaram maior insulinemia e além de aumento no índice de resistência à insulina, sem diferenças no consumo alimentar. Os dados de neuroimagem funcional indicaram que a visualização de imagens de alimentos palatáveis pelo grupo não carreador do alelo G ativou o giro occipital médio, uma região implicada no processamento visual, mostrando menor ativação em giro pré central e nas áreas de Brodmann 4 e 6, relacionadas ao planejamento motor e sensibilidade ao sabor. Conclusão: Os resultados mostram que os indivíduos não carreadores da variante G do polimorfismo A3669G do gene do GR apresentaram menor sensibilidade à insulina, precedidos pela modulação na preferência alimentar. Os achados em neuroimagem funcional indicam maior saliência de incentivo aos alimentos palatáveis e predisposição à impulsividade no grupo não carreador do alelo G. Sugere-se que a redução na sensibilidade em nível celular aos GCs relacionada à presença do alelo G, afete a ingestão alimentar, reduzindo o consumo de alimentos palatáveis, diminuindo o risco para doenças metabólicas. / Introduction: Glucocorticoids are involved in regulation and adaptation of the stress response, exerting effects through its receptors. Variations on the glucocorticoid receptors genes have been characterized functionally. The A3669G polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is related to a change in the tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids and altered metabolic profile. Physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids stimulate food intake and in the presence of insulin affect food preferences. The G variant of the A3669G polymorphism appears to lead to a lower risk for diabetes, in patients with Cushing's syndrome, and smoking, when associated with a polymorphism of the mineralocorticoid receptor gene, suggesting a modulation in reward pathways. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association of A3669G polymorphism variants with feeding behavior and metabolic parameters in a sample of students correlating with functional neuroimaging data. Methods: The sample includes students of 6 schools in Porto Alegre, evaluated at two occasions 2008 and in 2013. In 2008, 131 individuals had complete protocol assessment and, from these, 74 returned in for re- evaluation in 2013. The evaluation included genotyping, anthropometry, laboratory tests, feeding behavior and a functional MRI paradigm to verify brain activation in response to the visualization of palatable, non- palatable foods and neutral items. The association with phenotypes was performed using Student's t test and Chi-square; longitudinal study data were evaluated using Generalized Estimating Equations. Results: The variant of the A3669G polymorphism was found in 17.6% of the students in 2008 and 14.9% of the sample in 2013. There was no difference between groups in the sample composition; the comparison between groups of the mean caloric intake originating from proteins, carbohydrates and fats in 2008 revealed no significant differences; at this time, analysis showed lower consumption of sugars and total calories in the G carrier group. In 2013, these individuals showed a reduction in insulin level and resistance, with no differences in food intake. The fMRI data indicated that viewing a food palatable image by the wild-type allele carrier group activated a region involved in visual processing (middle occipital gyrus) and deactivated an area related to motor planning and sensitivity to taste (pre central gyrus). Conclusion: The results showed that G carriers of the A3669G polymorphism of glucocorticoid receptor gene had lower insulin resistance levels, preceded by modulation of their food preference. The findings in functional neuroimaging showed increased incentive salience on viewing palatable food images and a predisposition for impulsivity in noncarriers. Data suggest that reduction in glucocorticoids sensitivity at a cellular level affects food intake, by reducing consumption of palatable foods, possibly decreasing the risk for metabolic diseases.

A DoenÃa Periodontal (DP) à uma doenÃa inflamatÃria que se relaciona com diversas condiÃÃes sistÃmicas, tais como a osteoporose. A osteoporose induzida por glicocorticÃide (OPIG) à a causa mais importante de osteoporose secundÃria. A Atorvastatina (ATV), fÃrmaco hipolipemiante, apresenta efeitos pleiotrÃpicos, anti-inflamatÃrio e anabÃlico Ãsseo, que podem ser relevantes em prevenir a perda Ãssea em casos de OPIG e DP.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da ATV na reabsorÃÃo Ãssea alveolar em ratas com OPIGsubmetidasà DP. AOPIGfoi induzida pela administraÃÃo de dexametasona 7 mg/kg 1x/semana por 5 semanas (i.m.). DPfoi induzida por ligadura ao redor do segundo molar superior esquerdo de ratas por 11 dias. Vinte e quatro animais foram divididos em 4 grupos de 6 animais cada: DP (SHAM OPIG [Salina 0,9% 0,5 ml â i.m.]+DP + Salina [0,9% 2 ml â v.o]); OPIG (DEXA + SHAM DP+Salina); OPIG+ DP (DEXA + DP + Salina); ATV (DEXA + DP + ATV [27 mg/kg â v.o.]) atà eutanÃsia. Os parÃmetros avaliados foram: perda Ãssea alveolar (anÃlise macroscÃpica e radiogrÃfica); expressÃo de citocinas (TNF-&#945; e IL-1&#946;) no tecido gengival; leucograma; nÃveis sÃricos de transaminases, fosfatase alcalina total (FAT) e Ãssea (FAO). AATV preveniu a perda Ãssea em 37,84% (p<0,05).As anÃlises radiogrÃficas corroboraram os achados macroscÃpicos.ATV reduziu a expressÃo deTNF-&#945; (54,88%) e IL-1&#946; (62,55%)na gengiva (p<0,05) e reverteu a neutrofilia (p<0,05). Nenhuma diferenÃa estatÃstica foi observadaquanto aosnÃveis sÃricos de transaminases.ATV (27 mg/kg) aumentou a concentraÃÃo sÃrica de FAT e FAO, quando comparada aogrupo OPIG+DP.Em suma podemos concluir que aATV previniua perda Ãssea alveolar emanimais submetidos a OPIG+DP, por meio de efeito anti-reabsortivo, anti-inflamatÃrio e anabÃlico Ãsseo. / Periodontal disease (PD) is an inflammatory disease that has relationship with several systemic conditions, such as osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the main cause of secondary osteoporosis. Atorvastatin (ATV), a hypolipemiant drug, presents pleotropic effects, anti-inflammatory and bone anabolism, which may be relevant in order to prevent bone loss in cases of GIOP and PD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ATV on alveolar bone loss in rats with GIOP and subjected to periodontitis. GIOP was induced by administration of desametaxone 1 mg/kg 1x/week for 5 weeks (i.m.). PD was induced by ligature around the second left upper molar of rats for 11 days. Twenty-fouranimals were divided in 4 groups of 6 animals each: PD (SHAM GIOP [0,9% Saline 0.5 ml â i.m.] +PD + Saline [0.9% 2 ml â orally]);GIOP (DEXA+SHAM PD+Saline); GIOP + PD (DEXA+PD+Saline); ATV (DEXA + PD + ATV [27 mg/kg â orally]) until euthanasia. The parameters evaluated were: alveolar bone loss (macroscopic and radiographic analysis); cytokine expression on gingival tissue (TNF-&#945; and IL-1&#946;); serum levels of transminases, total alkaline phosphatase (TALP) and bone-specific alkaline fosfatase (BALP). ATV prevented bone loss by 34.84% (p<0.05). The radiographic analysis corroborated the macroscopic findings. ATV reduced the expression of TNF-&#945; (54.88%) and IL-1&#946; (62.55%) in gingival tissue(p<0,05). No statistical difference was observed on serum levels of transminases. ATV (27 mg/kg) raised serum concentration of TALP and BALP when compared to GIOP+PD. In summary, we can conclude that ATV prevented alveolar bone loss in animals subjected to GIOP+PD, through anti-resoprtive, anti-inflammatory and bone anabolic effects

O enriquecimento ambiental (EA) é um modelo experimental capaz de promover a melhora no aprendizado e na formação de memórias hipocampo-dependentes, bem como a redução de manifestações comportamentais relacionadas ao estresse, incluindo a ansiedade. Embora a relação causal entre estresse e ansiedade ainda não está esclarecida, algumas evidências apontem para a importância da sinalização de hormônios glicocorticoides (via receptores GR e MR) no sistema nervoso central, principalmente na amígdala e no hipocampo, além do fator neurotrófico BDNF e de algumas vias de sinalização intracelular, como proteínas quinases MAPK e o fator de transcrição CREB. No presente trabalho verificamos que o EA previne o surgimento de sintomas do tipo ansioso desencadeado por estresse agudo em ratos, efeito verificado imediatamente após o estresse, e que tal efeito pode estar relacionado à modulação, no complexo amigdalóide basolateral, da sinalização nuclear de GR, da atividade de ERK (pertencente à família das MAPK) e de CREB, bem como à alteração na expressão do receptor de BDNF. / Environmental enrichment (EE) is an experimental model that promotes improvements in learning and memory, as well as reduction in stress-induced behaviors, including anxiety. Although the casual relationship between stress and anxiety remains unclear, some studies show the importance of glucocorticoids hormones signaling (via GR and MR receptors) in the central nervous system, primarily in the amygdala and the hippocampus. In addition, the significance of the neurotrophic factor BDNF and some intracellular signaling pathways, such as protein kinases MAPK and the transcription factor CREB, has been described. In this study we found that EE prevents the emergence of anxiety-related behavior triggered by acute stress in rats, an effect observed just after the stress stimulus. This effect may be related to the modulation, in the basolateral amygdala, of nuclear GR signaling, ERK (a MAPK protein) and CREB activity, as well as to changes in the expression of BDNF receptor.

O estresse provoca alterações significativas no metabolismo dos animais, provocando a liberação de hormônios glicocorticoides. Estas alterações do metabolismo têm efeito anabólico sobre o metabolismo proteico muscular, podendo afetar os processos bioquímicos de transformação do músculo em carne. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral (i) verificar as relações entre variáveis endócrinas e metabólicas associadas ao estresse e características indicadoras de qualidade da carne, em animais castrados e não-castrados; (ii) avaliar a expressão gênica dos receptores mineralocorticoide (MR) e glicocorticoide (GR) em variáveis endócrinas, metabólicas e relacionadas à qualidade da carne de bovinos Nelore castrados e não-castrados. Para tal, 130 animais foram abatidos entre os anos de 2009 e 2011. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes e depois do abate para mensuração das concentrações de ACTH e cortisol. Amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi foram coletadas durante os abates para mensuração do glicogênio e lactato, bem como, para análises de expressão gênica (RT-qPCR). Para as análises de maciez, foram coletadas amostras maturadas por um, sete e 14 dias. Para expressão gênica foram determinados os genótipos dos animais para três marcadores relacionados ao MR (MR1_1, MR1_2 e MR1_3) e dois ao GR (GR2_1 e GR2_2), por meio de PCR em tempo real. Foi verificado que animais castrados apresentam pH 24 horas menores e carnes mais macias ao sétimo e 14º dias de maturação, bem como, concentrações de cortisol (in vivo e post mortem) e lactato significativamente superiores aos animais não-castrados. O marcador MR1_3 apresenta expressão gênica significativamente diferenciada. Os animais com genótipo GA apresentaram 57,27% mais transcritos quando comparados aos animais GG. A expressão gênica do MR e GR foi significativamente relacionada às concentrações de cortisol in vivo e post mortem, porém não influenciou as concentrações de ACTH (in vivo e post mortem), glicogênio e lactato. A expressão gênica do MR e GR não foi relacionada às características indicadoras da qualidade da carne. / The stress causes significant changes in the metabolism of the animals causing the release of glucocorticoid hormones. These metabolic changes have anabolic effect on muscle protein metabolism, affecting the biochemical processes of transformation of muscle on meat. This study aimed to (i) examine relationships between endocrine and metabolic variables associated with stress and meat quality characteristics in castrated and non-castrated animals, (ii) evaluate mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene expression in endocrine and metabolic characteristics and related this to meat quality of Nellore castrated and non-castrated animals. To this end, 130 animals were slaughtered between the years 2009 and 2011. Blood samples were collected before and after slaughter to measure concentrations of ACTH and cortisol. Longissimus dorsi muscle samples were collected during slaughter for measurement of glycogen and lactate, as well for gene expression analyzes (RT-qPCR). For the shear force analyzes, samples were aged for one, seven and 14 days. For gene expression analysis, genotypes of three markers related to MR (MR1_1, MR1_2 and MR1_3), and the two related to GR (GR2_1 and GR2_2) were determined via real-time PCR. It was observed that castrated have lower pH value at 24 hours than non-castrated animals, and tender meat on the seventh and 14th day of aging, such as cortisol (in vivo and post mortem) and lactate concentrations significantly superior to non-castrated animals. Gene expression of MR1_3 was significantly different. Animals with GA genotype had 57.27% more transcripts than GG genotype. The gene expression of MR and GR was significantly related to cortisol concentrations in vivo and post mortem, but did not influence the concentrations of ACTH (in vivo and post mortem), glycogen and lactate. The MR and GR gene expression was not related to the meat quality characteristics.

Durante a gravidez, o pâncreas endócrino materno sofre alterações morfológicas e funcionais que resultam no aumento da massa de células beta e da secreção de insulina. Nos estágios finais da gestação ocorre aumento dos níveis plasmáticos de glicocorticóides que resulta na diminuição da secreção e da proliferação das células beta. Este fenômeno, que ocorre no período compreendido entre o final da gravidez e o inicio da lactação, promove a reversão fisiológica da adaptação funcional que se fez necessária durante a gravidez. Assim, estudamos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na redução de proliferação destas células. As proteínas cinases reguladas por sinais extracelulares (ERK) estão envolvidas no crescimento e sobrevida celular. Os resultados mostram que o glicocorticóide sintético, dexametasona, diminui a proliferação de células beta e, para isto, induz diminuição da fosforilação das ERK-1/2 por meio do aumento da expressão de uma fosfatase de MAPK (MKP-1). Este mecanismo deve estar envolvido no remodelamento pancreático pós-natal induzido pelos glicocorticóides. / During pregnancy, maternal pancreatic islets undergo morphofunctional changes that increase beta cell mass and insulin secretion. At late stages of pregnancy there is an increase in plasma glucocorticoid levels that inhibit beta cell proliferation and beta cell function. This situation, which occurs in a period between late pregnancy and early stages of lactation, counteracts the functional gain established throughout pregnancy. In this work we studied the molecular mechanisms involved in the impaired beta cell proliferation. The extracellular regulated kinases (ERKs) are involved in cellular growth and survival. Our results show that dexametasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, inhibits proliferation by a mechanism that includes up regulation of a dual specificity phosphatase (MKP1). This, by extension, impairs ERK1/2 activation. This mechanism could take part in the induced-glucocorticoid reestablishment of endocrine pancreatic mass after parturition.

Introdução: a proteína mitocondrial codificada pelo gene Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transidrogenase (NNT) regula o processo intramitocondrial de desintoxicação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs). Defeitos na homeostase desse sistema (sistema Redox) podem comprometer a esteroidogênese adrenal. Objetivo: caracterizar o impacto funcional da nova variante missense NNT p.G866D (c.2597G>A) e sua associação com o fenótipo de deficiência familiar de glicocorticoide (DFG). Indivíduos e Métodos: Caso índice: lactente com DFG diagnosticada aos 18 meses, seus pais e irmão assintomáticos e controles saudáveis. O ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) genômico do caso índice foi submetido a sequenciamento exômico que revelou, entre algumas variantes gênicas-candidatas, a variante (c.2597G> A; p.G866D) em homozigose no exon 17 do gene NNT. Avaliou-se a segregação familiar dessa variante com o fenótipo de DFG. A análise funcional in vitro dessa variante foi realizada em cultura transitória de células mononucleares sanguíneas do paciente, heterozigotos e controles em condição basal e após a indução do estresse oxidativo com 100?m de H2O2 por cinco horas. A expressão do RNAm do gene NNT nessas células foi realizada por meio de qPCR. Os parâmetros mitocondriais avaliados foram: a produção intracelular de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROS) detectadas por CMDCFDA, a concentração de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e ATP celular medidos ensaios luminescentes, , além da massa e potencial de membrana mitocondrial avaliados com o probe MitoTracker. Resultados: A análise de segregação familiar confirmou a segregação desta variante em homozigose com o fenótipo de DFG. A expressão do NNT RNAm foi semelhante entre paciente, heterozigotos e controles. Em homozigose a variante p.G866D no gene NNT causa aumento na produção de EROs, diminuição de GSH e diminuição da massa e potencial de membrana mitocondrial, tanto em condições basais, quanto após a indução de estresse oxidativo. Após a indução de estresse oxidativo as concentrações de ATP foram menores no homozigoto NNT p.G866D do que nos controles. Conclusão: este estudo confirma a associação da variante NNT em homozigose com o fenótipo de DFG Tipo quatro. In vitro o mutante homozigoto NNT p.G866D reduz significativamente os mecanismos de defesas antioxidantes, comprometendo o sistema da glutationa redutase, levando ao acúmulo de EROs. / Background: mitochondrial Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transidrogenase (NNT) is essential in the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) detox process. Defects in this system may impair adrenal steroidogenesis by yet not fully understood mechanism. Aim: we sought to characterize the functional impact of the new NNT p.G866D (c.2597G>A) variant and its association with familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD). Subjects and Methods: evaluated subjects included the index case diagnosed with FGD at the age of 18 months, his asymptomatic parents and young brother and healthy controls. The Index case genomic DNA was evaluated by whole exome sequencing, which revealed several potential candidate variants, including the homozygous NNT p.G866D. We then analyzed the family pedigree to confirm the segregation of this variant with FDG phenotype. To prove the genotype-phenotype association, this new variant was comprehensive evaluated in vitro. Transient mononuclear cell cultures from the patient, family members and controls were performed both in basal conditions and after oxidative stress induced by 5-hours treatment with 100?m de H2O2. We analyzed NNT RNAm expression by qPCR and mitochondrial parameters including ROS intracellular production by 20, 70-diacetate dichlorodihydrofluorescein, reduced glutathione (GSH) and cellular ATP levels by luminescence, and mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial membrane potential by Mitotraker Probe system. Results: family pedigree analysis confirmed the segregation of the homozygous NNT p.G866D variant with FGD. In vitro, no differences in RNAm expression was found among patients, heterozygous carriers and healthy controls. Both in basal and under stress conditions, the homozygous p.G866D NNT variant exhibited significantly increased ROS production, decreased GSH levels and decreased mitochondrial parameters. In addition, under H2O2 oxidative stress, the homozygous p.G866D NNT also leaded in decreased ATP intracellular . Conclusion: this study clearly confirms the association of the homozygous NNT p.G866D variant with the phenotype of FGD. In vitro, this variant significantly impairs anti-oxidants mechanisms and affects the glutathione reductase systems resulting in increased ROS accumulation.

Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of antenatal and postnatal corticosteroids in the prevention for mortality and acute and long-term morbidity in preterm infants. Altogether 109 eligible preterm infants participated in a randomized, multi-center, double-blinded controlled trial studying the efficacy of early dexamethasone (DX) treatment. The infants received either four doses of DX or placebo. DX treatment did not have a detectable influence on survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), severe intracranial hemorrhage, or periventricular leukomalacia. In a meta-analysis of 15 trials, we found that early prolonged DX treatment (> 96 h, n = 1594 infants) decreased the risk of BPD (RR 0.72 95% CI 0.61–0.87), whereas early short DX course did not (n = 1069 infants). However, prolonged DX increased the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) complications (RR 1.59 95% CI 1.02–2.46). Fifty-one very preterm infants participated in a randomized placebo-controlled trial studying early hydrocortisone (HC) started before 36 hours of age and continued for 10 days. The basal and stimulated serum cortisol levels were measured before the intervention. The study was interrupted because of GI perforations in the HC group. HC decreased the risk of patent ductus arteriosus. HC-treated infants with serum cortisol concentrations above the median had a high risk of GI perforation. HC increased survival without BPD among infants with low endogenous cortisol levels. Altogether 45 surviving infants were enrolled in the follow-up of the early HC trial at 2 years of age. None of the study patients had died after discharge. There was no difference in the recorded rehospitalization rate, growth characteristics, or neurological development between HC and placebo-treated children. Altogether 249 women pregnant at less than 34.0 gestational weeks participated in a randomized trial studying the efficacy of a single additional dose of betamethasone (BM). All of the 159 infants in the BM group and 167 in the placebo group were born before 36 weeks of gestation. Intact survival was comparable between the BM and placebo groups, whereas the need for surfactant therapy in RDS was increased in the BM group. According to a post hoc analysis of 206 infants delivered within 1–24 hours, the BM booster tended to increase the risk of RDS and to decrease intact survival.

Le diabète de type 2 est aujourd'hui un réel problème de santé publique mondial. Il résulte d'un défaut de masse et/ou de fonction des cellules bêta pancréatiques. L'identification et la compréhension des mécanismes à l'origine de ces défauts permettrait de développer des stratégies pour restaurer la masse fonctionnelle de cellules bêta. Les hormones glucocorticoïdes (GC), hormones de stress et d'adaptation métaboliques, sont capables d'inhiber la sécrétion d'insuline mais leur mode d'action n'est pas encore entièrement compris. Récemment, la sérotonine, neurotransmetteur présent dans les cellules bêta, a été décrite comme étant à l'origine de l'augmentation de la masse bêta lors de la gestation et d'une modulation de la sécrétion d'insuline chez la souris. Dans ce contexte, nous avons voulu définir si les GC pouvaient moduler le système sérotonine des cellules bêta. Nous nous sommes alors intéressés aux enzymes de synthèse de la sérotonine Tph1 et Tph2. Nous avons pu montrer que l'expression des enzymes Tph1 et Tph2 était inhibée par les GC entrainant une diminution de la synthèse de la sérotonine. Ensuite nous avons confirmé que l'expression de Tph1 et 2 était stimulée par la prolactine mais aussi montré pour la première fois que ces enzymes étaient stimulées par l'exenatide-4, un analogue de GLP-1. Dans ces deux situations stimulantes, nous retrouvons un effet contre-régulateur des GC. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle de la sérotonine sur la fonction des cellules bêta. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que la sérotonine est capable d'inhiber la sécrétion d'insuline par altération du flux calcique dans la cellule bêta pancréatique. En conclusion, nos résultats montrent que, au sein de la cellule bêta, le système sérotonine est une des cibles des GC, suggérant que la réduction de sérotonine puisse être un relais des effets des GC sur les cellules bêta. / Type 2 diabetes is now a real global public health problem. It results from a defect of mass and / or function of pancreatic beta cells. The identification and understanding of the mechanisms underlying these defects would help develop strategies to restore the functional beta cell mass. Glucocorticoid hormones (GC), hormones of stress and metabolic adaptation, can inhibit insulin secretion but their mode of action is not yet fully understood. Recently, the neurotransmitter serotonin present in the beta cells has been described as involved in the increase in beta-cell mass during gestation and a modulation of the insulin secretion in mice. In this context, we wanted to determine whether GC could modulate the serotonin system of beta cells. We focused on the enzymes required for serotonin synthesis Tph1 and 2. We could show that the expression of Tph1 and Tph2 1 and Tph2 enzyme was inhibited by GC causing a decrease in serotonin synthesis. We then confirmed the expression of Tph1 and 2 was stimulated by prolactin but also showed for the first time that these enzymes were stimulated by exenatide-4, a GLP-1. In these two stimulating situations, we found that GC exerts a counter-regulatory effect. Finally, we studied the role of serotonin on beta cell function. We were able to show that serotonin can inhibit the secretion of insulin by altering the calcium flux in the pancreatic beta cell. In conclusion, our results show that, within the beta cell, the serotonin system is one of GC target, suggesting that serotonin reduction can be a relay of the effects of GC on beta cells.

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDC) are exogenous agents that mimic endogenous hormone activity in the body. EDC exposure during the critical period of neonatal development can potentially cause life-long neurological, behavioural and physiological disease. This thesis focuses on the EDC Bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic xenoestrogen widely prevalent in everyday materials that has significant environmental relevance given its ubiquitous presence in humans around the world. The central research question of my thesis is: Does perinatal exposure to BPA affect rat pup development? A rodent model was selected to study the effects of BPA on the adrenal component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) stress pathway, which has not been extensively studied. Rat dams were divided into five groups (vehicle control (VEH), positive control diethylstilbestrol (DES), BPA 5, BPA 50 and BPA 500 μg/kg bw/day) and dosed daily throughout gestation and for four days of lactation. Rat pups were sacrificed at two time-points at the beginning and the end of the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP), at postnatal day (PND) 5 and PND 15. Changes in three morphometric parameters (bodyweight, crown-rump (CR) length and anogenital distance (AGD) were assessed based on the factors of Treatment and Sex. Adrenal gland glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and 18SrRNA expression was determined by qPCR in male pups at PND 5 and PND 15. At PND 5, compared to the VEH group, the BPA 50 pups were significantly heavier (ANOVA, Dunnett’s post-hoc) and the DES and BPA 50 pups had significantly longer CR lengths (ANOVA, Dunnetts’ post-hoc). At PND 15, xenoestrogen treatment significantly influenced CR length (ANOVA). At both time-points, males had significantly longer AGD than females, as physiologically expected (ANOVA). Adrenal gland GR expression in male pups was not significantly affected by treatment, but there was an effect of treatment in18SrRNA gene expression at PND 5 (Kruskal-Wallis). Using the Ct method to determine GR and 18SrRNA fold changes, we cautiously suggest that our experimental doses resulted in a non-monotonic dose response to BPA in the PND 5 animals and a monotonic dose response to BPA exposure in the PND 15 animals. This study highly values the importance of investigating the effects of environmentally relevant, low dose BPA exposure during the critical window of development, given the little that is known about potentially permanent alterations to the stress pathway due to exposure during this delicate period of development.

Le cortisol est reconnu pour être une hormone clé dans le maintien de la balance hydrominérale en eau douce et dans l'adaptation à l'eau de mer, chez de nombreux téléostéens juvéniles. Cependant, son rôle au cours du développement embryonnaire est encore mal connu, notamment son implication dans le développement des cellules spécialisées dans le transport ionique, les ionocytes. L'objectif de ma thèse a été de déterminer l'implication du cortisol lors de la mise en place du lignage des ionocytes de la peau chez l'embryon de médaka (Orysias latipes) puis d'étudier les conséquences d'une élévation du cortisol embryonnaire sur les capacités osmorégulatrices des larves lors d’un transfert dans une eau pauvre en ions ou en eau de mer. Dans un premier temps, une attention particulière a été portée à la dynamique d'apparition des ionocytes de la peau du sac vitellin des embryons. Ces derniers apparaissent en deux vagues successives avec une cinétique propre. Nous avons alors proposé un modèle de développement des ionocytes pour chacune de ces vagues. Grâce à cette première étude, nous avons ensuite montré que du cortisol exogène ne modifie pas le taux de prolifération et/ou de différenciation des ionocytes épidermiques mais accélère leur différenciation. De plus, nous avons identifié un des récepteurs aux glucocorticoïdes (GR2) comme régulateur de l’ontogenèse des ionocytes, très probablement grâce à ces transcrits maternels. Enfin, nous avons montré que les larves de médaka sont capables de réguler très rapidement leurs contenus en ions Na+ et Cl- après de chocs hypo- et hyper-osmotiques. En revanche, la capacité des larves à réguler les contenus en Ca2+ est plus limitée lors d’un choc hypo-osmotique. Un doute important sur l’efficacité du traitement cortisol lors de cette dernière partie ne nous permet pas de mettre en lien le rôle du cortisol dans l’ontogenèse des ionocytes avec la fonction d’osmorégulation de ces derniers à l’éclosion. Ces travaux ont donc permis d’établir les bases de l’ontogenèse des ionocytes embryonnaires ainsi que de l’osmorégulation des larves chez le médaka pour la caractérisation du rôle du cortisol et de ses récepteurs. De façon similaire, ce modèle pourra être utilisé comme support pour l’identification et la caractérisation de nouveaux régulateurs. / Cortisol is a key hormone regulating in teleost fish water and ionic homeostasis in freshwater and seawater and in acclimation during salinity changes. However, its role during embryonic stages is still poorly known, especially its involvement in the development of ionic transport specialized cell, namely the ionocytes. The aim of my thesis was to determine cortisol involvement in epidermal ionocyte lineage establishment in medaka (Orysias latipes) embryos and to study consequences of cortisol elevation in medaka embryos on larval osmoregulatory abilities during transfer from freshwater to ion-poor environment or to seawater transfer. In a first part, we studied the dynamic of ionocyte appearance in yolk-sac epithelium of embryos. Ionocytes appear in two distinct waves with their own kinetic. This allowed us to propose a model of ionocyte development for each wave. In the continuity of this first part, we have showed that exogenous cortisol doesn’t modify the proliferation and/or differentiation rate of epidermal ionocytes but rather accelerate their differentiation. In addition, we have identified GR2, one of glucocorticoid receptors, as the main regulator of ionocyte ontogenesis, most likely through its maternal transcripts. Finally, we have showed that medaka larvae are able to quickly regulate their Na+ and Cl- ion contents after hypo- or hyper-osmotic challenges. In contrast, larvae ability to regulate Ca2+ ion contents is more limited during hypo-osmotic challenge. A doubt on the effectiveness of the cortisol treatment, in this last part, prevent us to understand the relationship between cortisol role in ionocyte ontogenesis and its osmoregulatory functions after hatching. These studies have established in medaka the basis of embryonic ionocyte ontogenesis and larval osmoregulation in order to clarify the role of cortisol and its receptors. Similarly, this fish model could be used as a support for identification and characterization of new regulators of the osmoregulation function.