No description available.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the hard copy. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A case study in miombo woodlands was carried out in Pindanganga and MOFLOR forest concession, Gondola and Dondo Districts respectively, in the centre of Mozambique, to analyse the impact of alternative forest management regimes and sectoral and extra sectoral policies on the well being of stakeholders and conservation of the woodlands. A system dynamics model, MIOMBOSIM, based on game theory and implemented in POWERSIM was developed. The analysis is based on a simulation model of the fluctuation over time of the human population, forest dynamics, harvesting costs of the private sector, household consumption, commercial outputs and prices (timber, charcoal, non timber forest products and domestic animals), using data from field surveys and the literature. It also simulated the effects over time of changes in charcoal production efficiency, sales amount and marketing prices of NTFPs, agricultural output prices, off-miombo greater employment availability and a combination between the changes (simultaneous increase in marketing prices ofNTFPs and agricultural output prices, simultaneous increase in charcoal production efficiency and agricultural output prices, and simultaneous increase in off-miombo greater employment availability and agricultural output prices). The modelling approach chosen allows to evaluate management regimes taking into account the different stakeholder interests, which are often conflicting. This study shows that improvement in the well being of stakeholders and resource conservation can be achieved with sound forest management practices. There is no management regime capable of fully satisfying the goals of the stakeholders. The cooperative management option is potentially beneficial to local communities if properly implemented and can improve the rural livelihoods and the woodland resources condition. It also shows that regulated forest management regimes incorporating social concerns or incorporating social and environmental concerns are potentially more beneficial to the household sector than the open access regime. Results found in the study show that an increase by 10% and 30% on charcoal production efficiency can lead to an increase in the per capita benefits of the household sector by 3.0 to more than 100%, but can not reach the poverty line (one dollar per day per person). An increase by 100% in the sales amount or 100% increase in market selling prices of NTFPs can lead to an increase in the per capita benefits of the household sector. An increase in agricultural output selling prices by 25% without any other incentive leads to agricultural expansion. An increase by 100% in off-miembo employment opportunities in the study areas has an insignificant impact on resource use and conservation for the local communities due to the very low employment opportunities currently in place (0.008% in Pindanganga and 0.005% in MOFLOR area). A combination of these two policies instruments under ceteris paribus condition can improve the well being of the rural communities depending on the management regime option, but can not reach the poverty line (one dollar per day per person). The ranking of the management regime can change depending on the policy instrument applied. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Gevalle-studie is in Miombo boomveld in Pindanganga en MOFLOR, onderskeidelik in die Gondola en Dondo Distrikte in die sentrale deel van Mosambiek, uitgevoer om die impak van alternatiewe bosbestuursisteme en sektorale en ekstra-sektorale beleide op die welstand van belanghebbendes (stakeholders) en bewaring van die boomveld te ontleed. 'n Sisteem-dinamika model, MIOMBOSIM, gebaseer op spel teorie (game theory) en ge-implementeer in POWERSIM, was ontwikkel. Die analise is gebaseer op 'n simulasie-model van die fluktuasie oor tyd van die plaaslike bevolking, bosdinamika, oestingskostes van die private sektor, huishoudelike verbruik, kommersiële uitsette en pryse (hout, houtskool, nie-hout produkte en huishoudelike diere), deur data van veldopnames en uit die literatuur te gebruik. Die invloede oor tyd in veranderinge in effektiwiteit van houtskoolproduksie, verkoopsvlakke en markpryse van nie-hout produkte, landbou uitsetpryse, beskikbare indiensneming buite die Miombo boomveldgebiede, en 'n kombinasie tussen die veranderinge, is ook gesimuleer. Die gekose modelleringsbenadering het dit moontlik gemaak om die bosbestuursisteme te evalueer met inagneming van die verskillende en dikwels teenstrydige behoeftes van die belanghebbendes. Die studie het getoon dat verbetering In die welstand van die belanghebbendes en hulpbronbewaring bereik kan word met gesonde bosbestuurspraktyke. Geeneen van die bosbestuursisteme kan die doelwitte van die belanghebbendes ten volle bevredig nie. Die kooperatiewe bestuursopsie is potensieel voordelig vir die plaaslike gemeeskappe indien behoorlik ge-implementeer, en kan die landelike lewensbestaan sowel as die toestand van die boomveld as hulpbron verbeter. Gereguleerde bosbestuursisteme wat sosiale belange of sosialeomgewingsbelange insluit, is potensieel meer voordelig vir die huishoudelike sektor as die vrye toegangsisteem (open access regime). Resultate van die studie het getoon dat 'n toename van onderskeidelik 10% and 30% in effektiwiteit van houtskoolproduksie kan lei tot 'n toename in per kapita voordele van die huishoudelike sektor van 3.0% tot meer as 100%, maar kan nie lei tot 'n vebetering bokant die armoedevlak nie (een VSA doller per dag per persoon). 'n Toename van 100% in die hoeveelheid verkope of 'n 100% toename in die markverkoopsprys van nie-hout produkte kan lei tot 'n toename in die per kapita voordele van die huishoudelike sektor. 'n Toename in die landbou uitsetverkoopspryse met 25% sonder enige ander insentiewe lei tot landbou-uitbreiding. 'n 100% Toename in indiensnemingsgeleenthede buite die Miombo boomveldgebiede in die studiegebiede het onbeduidende impakte op hulpbrongebruik en bewaring vir die plaaslike gemeenskappe as gevolg van baie lae huidige indiensnemingsgeleenthede (0.008% in Pindanganga en 0.005% in MOFLOR). 'n Kombinasie van die twee beleidsinstrumente onder toestande van ceteris paribus kan die welstand van die landelike gemeenskappe verbeter afhangende van die bestuursisteemopsie, maar kan nie die armoedsvlak oorskry nie (een VSA doller per dag per persoon). Die rangorde van die bestuursisteem kan verander afhangende van watter beleidsinstrument toegepas word.

This diploma thesis deals with the flow analysis around the landing gear nacelle of L 410 and with its following aerodynamical optimalization. In the first part the calibration is performed on the known geometry which was tested in wind tunnel. The following parts contain own design of the optimal geometry, design of the computional mesh with its numerical solution and results evaluation.

No description available.

貓空纜車為台灣首座具有觀光及大眾運輸性質之纜車系統，由政府投資十三億，希冀藉由纜車的設置改善貓空地區假日交通擁擠問題，同時提升本地的觀光吸引力，帶動觀光發展活絡地方產業。貓空纜車營運首年搭乘人數突破五百萬人次，遠超越原先的預期，纜車特殊的觀光吸引力為地方觀光帶來人氣，但是否也能有效帶動地方產業發展值得探討。本研究的主要目的為評估纜車所引發的經濟效益，檢視貓空纜車的設置經驗，供政府未來投資經營觀光地區之參考。本研究經由四百位旅客之問卷調查及店家訪談，瞭解纜車通車後貓空地區觀光產業發展的變遷，並藉由投入產出模型評估貓空纜車設置之觀光經濟效益，釐清觀光發展所面臨的課題，進而提出貓空地區觀光發展策略。 研究結果發現，貓空纜車開通使貓空自地方休憩景點升格為國民旅遊景點，台北縣市以外的旅客比例明顯上升，並增加團體旅客的到訪，纜車體驗勝過登山健行與泡茶品茗，成為旅客前來貓空旅遊最主要的遊憩活動。然而，旅客數量的增加並不等同於觀光產業發展的蓬勃，由旅客問卷調查結果發現，旅客在當地的旅遊消費並不熱絡，旅客在貓空地區停留時間偏低，近五成旅客停留不到一小時。經濟影響分析結果顯示，觀光纜車業的產出乘數為1.007，顯示貓空纜車所引發之外溢效果有限，未能發揮帶動周邊產業的功效。究其原因，貓空地區觀光發展存在有纜車體驗與地方特色未做適當連結、貓空茶文化的消逝，以及地方觀光供給系統品質未能同等提升等問題。 因此，在傳統產業轉型觀光的歷程中，政府除需積極進行觀光投資建設之外，為求有效提升觀光經濟效益，本研究提出下列觀光發展的策略建議，以供政府未來經營觀光地區之參考：一、加強地方傳統產業之經濟鏈結，避免經濟遺漏，有效提高經濟效益；二、以地方特色為核心，發展多元觀光，刺激旅客在當地的旅遊消費；三、提升觀光供給系統之整體品質，延長旅客在觀光地區的停留時間，連帶提升旅客的旅遊滿意度；四、進行遊程規劃，有效串連景點，擴大經濟影響範圍，有效帶動周邊產業發展。經由相關配套措施的施行，加強觀光建設與地方觀光系統的連結，提供更優質的旅遊環境，輔助政府藉由觀光投資建設以提振地方產業經濟之目標的達成。 / Taipei Maokong Gondola, the city's first cable-car system, was inaugurated at July 4, 2007, and has attracted more than 5.12 million passengers on the first year of operation. As the Maokong Gondola was built to improve traffic conditions and to further boost the tourism in the tea-growing area around Maokong in the rural Wenshan District, the primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the economic impacts of Maokong Gondola. The study sampled 400 tourists to estimate the change in the number and types of tourists visiting the Maokong area, and futher applies the change in the expenditures of tourists to a regional input-output model to determine the economic impacts. The study result indicats that the operation of Maokong Gondola contributed an increasing proportion of tourists from other cities to Maokong, making the area a national traveling spot. However, the expenditures of the tourists in the Maokong area did not raise at the same time. The economic impact analysis shows that the sales multiplier of cable car tour is only 1.007, indicating a limited economic benefit. Based on the result of the economic impact analysis, this thesis provides four suggestions for boosting the tourism in the tea-growing area around Maokong: (1) Strengthen the economy chain knot between the traditional industries and the service industries to avoid the economical leakages. (2) Take the local characteristics as the core while developing various activities. (3) Improve the quality of the whole tourism supplying system. (4) Connect the scenery spots around Maokong to expand the boundary of the economy influence.

Urban gondola lift systems are becoming a regular sight rather than a rarity throughout the globe. Authors attribute their increasing popularity to factors such as environmental sustainability, operational reliability and cost efficiency compared to other right-of-way transit solutions. Replacing conventional modes of transit with urban gondolas cannot however be achieved without tackling several operational challenges. As potential new operators often lack the human resources and knowledge base required to successfully man, operate and maintain systems, they turn to manufacturers for increased after-sale support. Companies of the Doppelmayr Garaventa Group, the world’s largest manufacturer of gondola lifts, responded to these demand patterns by offering complete operations & maintenance contracts which, among other services, include the delivery and installation of reserve components. Calculating the total cost of such components for the life cycle of a system however still proves to be demanding and requires new computational models to increase its efficiency. The applicative purpose of this paper was thus set to formulate a model that is capable of performing life cycle cost calculations for components of urban gondola lift systems, according to a set of criterion defined by industrial entities. Its research aim is accordingly to answer questions about how concurrent instruments are set up, what models does contemporary research regard as efficient in similar industries and whether these models are able to enhance life cycle cost calculation capability within the urban gondola lift market. These aims were achieved through an analysis of current company practices, followed by the formulation of two new model alternatives based on a review of contemporary scientific literature, and concluded by an iterative process wherein the two alternatives were compared to each other in terms of performance and then merged to combine the best performing features of each version. Through a second iteration, the merged model was then compared to current instruments and established as the superior choice, using industry criteria. The paper concludes by resolving the research questions it set out to answer and making further recommendations for the direction of future research and studies.

<p>Unexplained signals emanating from the pervasive Venusian clouds have intrigued scien- tists for more than half a century. Efforts to account for a myriad of perplexing measurements have motivated the development of new atmospheric missions to Venus. Fulfillment of science objectives in the inhospitable Venusian environment necessitates a range of mission archi- tectures, each of which poses significant design challenges which guide the development of new technologies. Missions of greater scope require increasingly intricate sample collection and measurement techniques, leading inevitably to the demand for long-duration science operations within the clouds. Sustained flight in the Venusian atmosphere may be afforded by high-altitude balloons. As such platforms have been studied extensively for terrestrial applications, it is prudent to consider which designs are most suitable for a given set of science goals. We present four balloon design options to accommodate Venus atmospheric science missions. We discuss system masses, envelope volumes, material characteristics, and mechanisms for altitude control as determined by the science objectives and cloud condi- tions. We consider three variations of a baseline mission architecture and corresponding gondola designs accommodating their distinct science instrument suites. The scientific value of long-duration in situ atmospheric sampling is surpassed only by the return of Venusian cloud material to Earth for investigation in a laboratory setting. Sample capture, orbit ac- quisition, and subsequent return to Earth may be accommodated by a high-altitude balloon, rocket, and rendezvous vehicle. Precise understanding of the balloon-rocket dynamics inside the clouds is required for launch attitude acquisition and may inform sample capture strat- egy. We present a generalized dynamical model for a balloon-gondola system. We model the system as a triple-spherical-floating-compound pendulum (TSFCP). Dynamical analyses of pendular motion frequently rely on the use of Eulerian angles as generalized coordinates, in- evitably resulting in the residence of trigonometric functions in the denominator. We present nonsingular equations of motion in terms of Euler parameters. We characterize a notional Venus sample return platform and simulate its motion in the Venusian atmosphere. We discuss the behavior of the system in response to wind gusts and initial perturbation. We consider limitations of the model as well as opportunities for its extension into future work.</p>

Linbana som kollektivt transportmedel i tätbebyggt område är i Sverige ett nytt fenomen. Med hänsyn till samhällets urbanisering och ambition att tillgodose bostadsbehovet genom förtätning, framstår linbana som ett lämpligt komplement till att förstärka befintlig infrastruktur. Framförallt på grund av det marginella "fotavtryck" anläggningen utgör på miljön. Linbanor är energieffektiva och miljövänliga transportalternativ som även ger framkomlighet i miljöer där andra transportsätt är för svåra eller för dyra att anlägga. I studien har frågor kring ersättning av markintrång och störningar som en linbana kan medföra granskats. Studien redogör för de generella ersättnings- och värderingsprinciper som berör detta område, samt hur dessa kan appliceras på linbanor i tätbebyggt område. Studien har genomförts med en juridisk metod, som innebär en fördjupning i lagtext, förarbeten och doktrin. För att kunna bedöma inverkan av störningarna har även vägledande rättsfall och praxis använts. Intervjuer har gjorts med en förrättningslantmätare samt ett tekniskt råd på avdelning 6, Svea hovrätt (mark- och miljööverdomstolen) för att vidga studiens referensramar av de tolkningar som gjorts. Av studien framgår att regler för intrångsersättning i expropriationslagen ska tillämpas, oavsett vilket lagrum som används för markåtkomsten. Avgörande där är den marknadsvärdeförändring intrånget medför. Effekten på marknadsvärdet av markintrång som utgörs av enbart vajer mellan stationer och pelarstöd, är svårare att bedöma än det intrång som görs för stationer och pelarstöd. Svårigheten ligger i bedömningen av hur marknadsvärdet förändras när fastigheten "urholkas" för linbanan. En linbana kan anläggas på höga höjder, vilket innebär att fastighetens möjlighet att nyttja utrymmet under vajern i de fallen inte begränsas i någon större utsträckning. Bedömning måste dock göras i det enskilda fallet. Gällande störningar framkommer problem kring hur olika störningar kan uppfattas samt hur dess sammantagna effekt ska bedömas. Då linbana som kollektivt transportmedel i tätbebyggt område är nytt inom Sverige har ännu inga rättsfall kring markintrång eller störningar prövats. För att kunna göra en bedömning av störningar har en rättsfallsanalys gjorts av rättsfall med verksamheter vars störning liknar de som kan uppkomma från linbanor. Resultatet visar att ämnet är svårbedömt. Att pröva linbanan i detaljplan kan därför vara en nödvändig åtgärd. Linbanan blir då prövad i sin helhet, och inom ramen för detaljplan främjas en bra dialog med berörda sakägare och medborgare i allmänhet. / A gondola lift as a means of public transportation system is a new phenomenon in Sweden. In view of the urbanization and society’s ambition to accommodate the urgent need of housing through a concentration of the city, a gondola lift stands out as a suitable compliment for the existing infrastructure. Above all because of the small "footprint" the structure makes on the environment. As a transportation system, gondola lifts are energy efficient, environmentally friendly and provides accessibility where other transportation systems are too difficult or too expensive to build. The study has looked at questions of compensation for the property encroachments and environmental disturbances a gondola lift might cause. The study gives further details about the general principles of compensation and valuation regarding this area, and also how these principles can be applied to gondola lifts in urban areas. The study has been done using a legal methodology, which involves a deeper understanding of the law, government bills and doctrine. Guiding- and precedent court cases has been analyzed in order to make an assessment about the influence of the environmental disturbances. Interviews has been done with a cadastral surveyor at the Gothenburg municipality office and with a technical adviser at the environmental court of appeal, in order to broaden the perspectives of the interpretations made in the study. The study infers that the compensation rules of encroachment in the law of expropriation should be applied, no matter which law is used to expropriate for the gondola lift. Decisive when determining the compensation is the change in market value caused by the encroachment. It´s harder to estimate the effect on market value caused by encroachment of the cable only, than for encroachment of the station buildings and pillars. The difficulty lies in the estimation of the change in market value when the expropriated property is "hollowed" in favor of the gondola cable. A gondola lift can be built very high, which means that a property in those cases aren´t restricted in any large extent regarding the use of the property directly below the cable. Although, assessments must be done for each individual case. Regarding the different disturbances, problems occur around the way they are perceived and how the overall effect of different disturbances should be assessed. Because gondola lifts as a public transportation is so new, there hasn´t been any legal cases tried about its encroachment or disturbances. In order to make an assessment about disturbances, a court case analysis has been done using cases about activities which disturbances are comparably similar to the once caused by a gondola lift. The result of the study shows that this assessment is hard to do. A necessary proceeding might be to try out the gondola lift in a detailed zoning plan. The gondola lift is then tested as a whole, including the effects of disturbances and encroachment. The framework of a detailed zoning plan also promotes the dialog with the parties concerned as well as with the other citizens.

This diploma thesis is focused on CFD analysis of M-601 turboprop engine nacelle mounted on L-410 commuter aircraft. Calibrating exercise is performed at the beginning of the thesis in order to be more familiar with CFD problems. Next parts of the thesis are chronologically divided with respect to project progress, namely suitable geometrical model creation, mesh creation in order to obtain computational model, calculation using CFD methods, results evaluation and proposal of possible construction transformation at the conclusion.

全台第一座都會型纜車「貓空纜車」於2007年7月4日正式營運，並在一年三個月創下617萬搭乘人次，成果輝煌；然而在2008年9月，因遭逢辛樂克與薔蜜颱風接連肆虐下，發生纜車T16塔柱邊坡崩塌事件進而停駛。當各界重新檢討這座興建順利的纜車背後隱藏了多少問題之際，本研究運用政策網絡分析，檢視貓空纜車政策形成過程，分別就參與者性質、行動者策略、權力關係與網絡整合性四大面向，就問題形成、政策規劃、政策合法化三個階段，逐段建構政策網絡、確立利害關係人，並探討興建過程中產生的問題。 研究發現，貓空纜車成案的關鍵並非專業評估使然，乃是為了實現馬英九市府的競選承諾。貓空纜車因為規劃過程中受到動物園的影響，導致纜車路線變更，鄰近棲霞山莊，並衍生後續噪音污染等爭議。貓空纜車在木柵觀光茶園社區發展協會及指南宮等民間團體的支持下，削弱了反對聲音；而主要的政策反對者棲霞山莊，則在當時問題意識不明確、預算順利通過等因素下，錯失反對時機。 / The first urban-type cable car in Taiwan “Maokong Gondola” had been inaugurated since 4th of July in 2007. It has successfully achieved 6.17 million hits in one year and three months. However, during September 2008, typhoon Sinlaku and Jangmi struck one after another and incurred serious mudslide erosion underneath pillar T16. The disaster had crippled the whole cable car system and had urged the public to re-examine the whole construction. This study utilizes policy network analysis to evaluate policy formation process regarding the construction of Maokong gondola in terms of four major factors: character of participants, actions’ strategies, power relationship and network integration. Demarcating the policy network while identifying the policy stakeholders and exploring issues arising from the construction process has been carried out in all three stages of the event: problem formation, policy formulation and policy legitimation. This study shows that the key to the approval of Maokong gondola program was not due to professional evaluation, but instead, it was for the political motivation of Ma’s administration to attain victory in campaign. Being affected by the location of Taipei city zoo in the stage of program formulating, the cable car system has been rerouted closer to Chi-shia village, causing noise pollution and other harassment. By strong support from Muzha tea park community development association and Zhinan temple, the opponent’s opinions were gradually suppressed. Due to uncertainty of problem-knowing and easy approval of budget, the main opponent Chi-shia village had finally missed the opportunity in stopping the program.