Actinidin, the 23.6 kDa cysteine proteinase of Chinese gooseberry (Actinidia chinensis), is present at high concentration in fruits. A fruit-specific cDNA library was established and screened by differential hybridisation and using a synthetic oligonucleotide. Two of ten actinidin clones identified were characterised by sequence analysis. The two very similar cDNAs code for proteins with approximately 90% sequence homology to the published amino acid sequence of actinidin, as well as an additional 25 amino acids following the mature carboxyl terminus. The larger clone in addition has coding potential for 57 residues of an amino-terminal extension with considerable homology to amino-terminal sequences of other cysteine proteinases. From size determinations of both mRNA (1.4 kb) and immunoprecipitated in vitro translation product (39 kDa) it was estimated that actinidin is synthesised as a precursor approximately 15 kDa larger than the mature protein. Features of the prosegment primary sequence are considered with regard to a possible mechanism of inactivation of the proteinase, by analogy with other proteolytic zymogens. The presence of three potential glycosylation sites, one within the carboxy-terminal and two in the amino-terminal extension are consistent with subcellular location of the enzyme within membrane-bound organelles. Results from a Southern blot show that actinidin is encoded by a multigene family of up to ten members. Actinidin gene expression, both at the level of mRNA and protein, is largely restricted to the fruit of A. chinensis, where the level of actinidin mRNA accumulates early during development.

This thesis deals with the assessment of aroma active compounds in gooseberry and sensory analysis of it focusing on flavour. The theoretical part describes general characteristics, biological marks and properties of selected varieties, healing abilities, the active substances contained in gooseberry fruits and their use. The aim of the experimental part was to determine aroma-active substances contained in fruits of nineteen selected cultivars of gooseberry using SPME-GC-FID method. In total 45 volatile compounds were identified, among them 17 alcohols, 11 aldehydes, 6 ketones, 9 esters and 2 acids. For a better identification one sample (Captivátor variety) was also analysed using GC-MS with purge and trap extraction. Pentan-1-ol, hexanal, pentanal, ethylethanoate, ethylbutanoate, methylethanoate, methylbutanoate and ethanol were confirmed using mass spectra. Only several cultivars were selected for the assessment of overall sensory quality and palatability of fruits. Karmen and Remarka varieties were considered as the best samples by assessors.

O cultivo de fisális (Physalis peruviana L.) é uma alternativa promissora para os agricultores que se dedicam à produção de frutíferas exóticas, do segmento de \"pequenas frutas\", em decorrrência da valorização do fruto, que possue diversas qualidades organolépticas e funcionais. Entretanto, ainda são escassas as informações sobre a cultura nas condições edafoclimáticas brasileiras, especialmente em relaçao aos processos de maturação dos frutos e das sementes, de modo que possa ser indicado o momento adequado para a colheita, considerando a qualidade dos frutos e das sementes e, não menos importante, o estudo das condições ideais para o teste de germinação das sementes, uma vez que, este teste, além de ser empregado para auxiliar na identificação da maturidade fisiológica das sementes, seus resultados são parâmetro para comparação da qualidade das sementes dos lotes e para a comercialização das sementes. Portanto, a presente pesquisa foi realizada com os objetivos de avaliar as necessidades de luz, temperatura e substrato para o teste de germinação; estudar a maturação dos frutos e das sementes e, a incidência de fungos nas sementes de Physalis peruviana L., segundo o momento do florescimento da planta e a idade dos frutos. Desta forma, a pesquisa foi conduzida entre fevereiro de 2016 e novembro de 2017, nos Laboratórios Análise de Sementes (LAS), de Análise de Imagens (LAI), de Pós-Colheita de Produtos Hortícolas (LPCPH) e de Patologia de Sementes (LPS), pertencentes aos Departamentos de Produção Vegetal e de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", Universidade de São Paulo (USP, ESALQ), em Piracicaba, São Paulo. Para os estudos do teste de germinação das sementes, primeirameite foram avaliados diferentes suprimentos de luz e temperatura, sendo utilizada uma mesa termogradiente regulada com nove intervalos de temperatura (variação de 15 °C a 35 °C) e duas alternadas 20-30 °C e 15-35 °C, com oito horas de fotoperíodo e na ausência total de luz. Após estabelecidos os requerimentos de luz e temperatura, foram estudados os substratos para germinação das sementes: papel mata-borrão (sobre papel), areia (entre areia) e vermiculita (entre vermiculita). Quanto aos estudos da maturação e análise sanitária, foram distinguidos dois momentos de florescimento das plantas, 55 e 105 dias após o transplante (DAT) e, em cada um destes momentos, as flores foram marcadas por ocasião da antese e os respectivos frutos e sementes avaliados aos 45, 60, 75 e 90 dias após (DAA). A germinação das sementes de Physalis peruviana L. ocorre em intervalo amplo de temperatura (15 a 30,2 °C), sendo ideais as temperaturas 25 °C constante e 20-30 °C alternada, com oito horas de luz. O substrato areia (entre areia) é mais adequado e, como alternativa, podem ser utilizados o papel (sobre papel) e a vermiculita (entre vermiculita). As avaliações do teste de germinação podem ser realizadas no 7º dia (primeira contagem) e no 14º dia (contagem final) após a instalação do teste. O momento do florescimento e o estádio de desenvolvimento do fruto têm influência sobre as características qualitativas deste e sobre a maturação das sementes. A idade (em dias após a antese) e as modificações da cor, da massa, do tamanho e do sabor que ocorrem durante o desenvolvimento são parâmetros indicativos da maturidade fisiológica tanto do fruto quanto das sementes, as quais ocorrem aos 75 DAA (55 DAT) e aos 60 DAA (105 DAT). Além disso, os frutos produzidos em Piracicaba, São Paulo, têm padrão para a comercialização e qualidade similar a dos frutos produzidos em outras regiões de cultivo. Os gêneros fúngicos constatados em sementes de Physalis peruviana L. são Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora e Penicillium, sendo a menor incidência em sementes de 75 DAA. A presença dos fungos não afeta o componente fisiológico das sementes. / The cultivation of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is a promising alternative for the farmers who are dedicated to the production of exotic fruit, the \"small fruits\" segment, due to the valorization of the fruit, which has several organoleptic and functional qualities. However, information about the crop under Brazilian soil and climate conditions is still scarce, especially in relation to the fruit and seed maturation processes, so that the appropriate time for harvest can be indicated, considering the quality of the fruits and seeds and, not least, the study of the ideal conditions for the seed germination test, since this test, besides being used to help in the identification of the physiological maturity of the seeds, yours results are parameter for comparison the seed quality of the lots and for seed marketing. Therefore, the present research was developed out with the objective of evaluating the light, temperature and substrate requirements for the germination test and to study the maturation of fruits and seeds, and the incidence of fungi on seed of Physalis peruviana L., according to the moment of flowering of the plant and fruit age. The research was conducted between february 2016 and november 2017, in the Laboratories of Seeds Analysis (LAS), Analysis of Images (LAI), Post-Harvesting of Horticultural Plants (LPCPH) and Pathology Seeds (LPS), belonging to the Departments of Crop Science and Phytopathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP/ESALQ), in Piracicaba, São Paulo. For the seed germination test, different light and temperature supplies were evaluated first, using a termo-gradient table regulated with nine temperature ranges (ranging from 15 °C to 35 °C) and two alternate 20-30 °C and 15-35 °C, with eight hours of photoperiod and in the total absence of light. After the light and temperature requirements were established, the substrates for seed germination were studied: blotter paper sheets (upon paper), sand (between sand) and vermiculite (between vermiculite). In the maturation and seed health studies, two flowering moments were considered, at 55 and 105 days after transplanting (DAT) of the plants, and in each of these moments, the flowers were marked in the anthesis and the respective fruits and seeds evaluated at 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after anthesis (DAA).The germination of the seeds of Physalis peruviana L. occurs in a wide temperature range (15 to 30,2 °C), with temperatures 25 °C constant and 20-30 °C alternating, with eight hours of light. The sand substrate (between sand) is more suitable and, alternatively, paper and vermiculite may be used. The germination test evaluations can be performed on the 7th day (first count) and on the 14th day (final count) after the test installation. The moment of flowering and the development stage of the fruit influence the qualitative characteristics of the fruit and the maturation of the seeds. The age (in days after anthesis) and changes in color, mass, size and flavor that occur during the development, are indicative parameters of the physiological maturity of both fruit and seeds, which occur at 75 DAA (55 DAT) and at 60 DAA (105 DAT). In addition, fruits produced in Piracicaba, São Paulo, has a commercial pattern and quality similar to the fruits produced in other regions. The fungal genus found in seeds of Physalis peruviana L. are Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora and Penicillium, the lowest incidence occurring in seeds of 75 DAA. The presence of fungi does not affect the physiological component of the seeds.

O cultivo de fisális (Physalis peruviana L.) é uma alternativa promissora para os agricultores que se dedicam à produção de frutíferas exóticas, do segmento de \"pequenas frutas\", em decorrrência da valorização do fruto, que possue diversas qualidades organolépticas e funcionais. Entretanto, ainda são escassas as informações sobre a cultura nas condições edafoclimáticas brasileiras, especialmente em relaçao aos processos de maturação dos frutos e das sementes, de modo que possa ser indicado o momento adequado para a colheita, considerando a qualidade dos frutos e das sementes e, não menos importante, o estudo das condições ideais para o teste de germinação das sementes, uma vez que, este teste, além de ser empregado para auxiliar na identificação da maturidade fisiológica das sementes, seus resultados são parâmetro para comparação da qualidade das sementes dos lotes e para a comercialização das sementes. Portanto, a presente pesquisa foi realizada com os objetivos de avaliar as necessidades de luz, temperatura e substrato para o teste de germinação; estudar a maturação dos frutos e das sementes e, a incidência de fungos nas sementes de Physalis peruviana L., segundo o momento do florescimento da planta e a idade dos frutos. Desta forma, a pesquisa foi conduzida entre fevereiro de 2016 e novembro de 2017, nos Laboratórios Análise de Sementes (LAS), de Análise de Imagens (LAI), de Pós-Colheita de Produtos Hortícolas (LPCPH) e de Patologia de Sementes (LPS), pertencentes aos Departamentos de Produção Vegetal e de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", Universidade de São Paulo (USP, ESALQ), em Piracicaba, São Paulo. Para os estudos do teste de germinação das sementes, primeirameite foram avaliados diferentes suprimentos de luz e temperatura, sendo utilizada uma mesa termogradiente regulada com nove intervalos de temperatura (variação de 15 °C a 35 °C) e duas alternadas 20-30 °C e 15-35 °C, com oito horas de fotoperíodo e na ausência total de luz. Após estabelecidos os requerimentos de luz e temperatura, foram estudados os substratos para germinação das sementes: papel mata-borrão (sobre papel), areia (entre areia) e vermiculita (entre vermiculita). Quanto aos estudos da maturação e análise sanitária, foram distinguidos dois momentos de florescimento das plantas, 55 e 105 dias após o transplante (DAT) e, em cada um destes momentos, as flores foram marcadas por ocasião da antese e os respectivos frutos e sementes avaliados aos 45, 60, 75 e 90 dias após (DAA). A germinação das sementes de Physalis peruviana L. ocorre em intervalo amplo de temperatura (15 a 30,2 °C), sendo ideais as temperaturas 25 °C constante e 20-30 °C alternada, com oito horas de luz. O substrato areia (entre areia) é mais adequado e, como alternativa, podem ser utilizados o papel (sobre papel) e a vermiculita (entre vermiculita). As avaliações do teste de germinação podem ser realizadas no 7º dia (primeira contagem) e no 14º dia (contagem final) após a instalação do teste. O momento do florescimento e o estádio de desenvolvimento do fruto têm influência sobre as características qualitativas deste e sobre a maturação das sementes. A idade (em dias após a antese) e as modificações da cor, da massa, do tamanho e do sabor que ocorrem durante o desenvolvimento são parâmetros indicativos da maturidade fisiológica tanto do fruto quanto das sementes, as quais ocorrem aos 75 DAA (55 DAT) e aos 60 DAA (105 DAT). Além disso, os frutos produzidos em Piracicaba, São Paulo, têm padrão para a comercialização e qualidade similar a dos frutos produzidos em outras regiões de cultivo. Os gêneros fúngicos constatados em sementes de Physalis peruviana L. são Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora e Penicillium, sendo a menor incidência em sementes de 75 DAA. A presença dos fungos não afeta o componente fisiológico das sementes. / The cultivation of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is a promising alternative for the farmers who are dedicated to the production of exotic fruit, the \"small fruits\" segment, due to the valorization of the fruit, which has several organoleptic and functional qualities. However, information about the crop under Brazilian soil and climate conditions is still scarce, especially in relation to the fruit and seed maturation processes, so that the appropriate time for harvest can be indicated, considering the quality of the fruits and seeds and, not least, the study of the ideal conditions for the seed germination test, since this test, besides being used to help in the identification of the physiological maturity of the seeds, yours results are parameter for comparison the seed quality of the lots and for seed marketing. Therefore, the present research was developed out with the objective of evaluating the light, temperature and substrate requirements for the germination test and to study the maturation of fruits and seeds, and the incidence of fungi on seed of Physalis peruviana L., according to the moment of flowering of the plant and fruit age. The research was conducted between february 2016 and november 2017, in the Laboratories of Seeds Analysis (LAS), Analysis of Images (LAI), Post-Harvesting of Horticultural Plants (LPCPH) and Pathology Seeds (LPS), belonging to the Departments of Crop Science and Phytopathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP/ESALQ), in Piracicaba, São Paulo. For the seed germination test, different light and temperature supplies were evaluated first, using a termo-gradient table regulated with nine temperature ranges (ranging from 15 °C to 35 °C) and two alternate 20-30 °C and 15-35 °C, with eight hours of photoperiod and in the total absence of light. After the light and temperature requirements were established, the substrates for seed germination were studied: blotter paper sheets (upon paper), sand (between sand) and vermiculite (between vermiculite). In the maturation and seed health studies, two flowering moments were considered, at 55 and 105 days after transplanting (DAT) of the plants, and in each of these moments, the flowers were marked in the anthesis and the respective fruits and seeds evaluated at 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after anthesis (DAA).The germination of the seeds of Physalis peruviana L. occurs in a wide temperature range (15 to 30,2 °C), with temperatures 25 °C constant and 20-30 °C alternating, with eight hours of light. The sand substrate (between sand) is more suitable and, alternatively, paper and vermiculite may be used. The germination test evaluations can be performed on the 7th day (first count) and on the 14th day (final count) after the test installation. The moment of flowering and the development stage of the fruit influence the qualitative characteristics of the fruit and the maturation of the seeds. The age (in days after anthesis) and changes in color, mass, size and flavor that occur during the development, are indicative parameters of the physiological maturity of both fruit and seeds, which occur at 75 DAA (55 DAT) and at 60 DAA (105 DAT). In addition, fruits produced in Piracicaba, São Paulo, has a commercial pattern and quality similar to the fruits produced in other regions. The fungal genus found in seeds of Physalis peruviana L. are Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora and Penicillium, the lowest incidence occurring in seeds of 75 DAA. The presence of fungi does not affect the physiological component of the seeds.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-08T12:36:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese Débora Oliveira da Silva.pdf: 11845528 bytes, checksum: 2ed9c55ca22d8379a068646ccd7d870a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-08T13:14:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese Débora Oliveira da Silva.pdf: 11845528 bytes, checksum: 2ed9c55ca22d8379a068646ccd7d870a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-08T13:14:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese Débora Oliveira da Silva.pdf: 11845528 bytes, checksum: 2ed9c55ca22d8379a068646ccd7d870a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERGS / A planta Pereskia aculeata é uma hortaliça não convencional que possui grande potencial alimentar devido aos seus elevados teores de minerais, aminoácidos, vitaminas, fibras e antioxidantes. Entretanto, informações sobre características fenológicas, químicas e toxicológicas da planta, especialmente quando cultivada em região subtropical de clima temperado, são limitadas ou inexistentes. Assim, a planta P. aculeata foi cultivada sob clima temperado, em Pelotas, RS, Brasil, e avaliada quanto aos seguintes aspectos: (a) toxicidade aguda, (b) citotoxicidade, (c) características fenológicas e (d) características físico-químicas. A análise da toxicidade aguda foi realizada por meio de ensaio biológico, que utilizou 24 ratas, adultas, da linhagem Wistar. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos, de acordo com as doses administradas de extrato etanólico da planta P. aculeata: 0 mg/kg, 1250 mg/kg, 2500 mg/kg e 5000 mg/kg de massa corporal. O experimento teve duração de 15 dias e após a eutanásia foram realizadas avaliações histopatológicas em 8 órgãos. A citotoxicidade da P. aculeata foi avaliada utilizando-se alface (L. sativa) como modelo experimental. Sementes de alface foram tratadas com diferentes doses de extrato de P. aculeata (0,13 mg/ml; 1,30 mg/ml; 3,25 mg/ml; 6,50 mg/ml; 13,00 mg/ml) e avaliadas quanto ao índice de germinação, crescimento de raiz, crescimento de parte aérea, e índice mitótico. Durante 12 meses a planta foi avaliada periodicamente quanto a características físico-química (teor de umidade, área foliar, proteína, cor, fenóis totais e atividade antioxidante) e fenológicas (mudança foliar, floração e frutificação). Observou-se que P. aculeata não possui efeito tóxico em ratos, na dose de até 5000 mg/kg de massa corporal. A planta apresentou reduzido efeito citotóxico sobre alface, consistindo em alteração no crescimento de raízes e partes aéreas, porém sem comprometimento da germinação e sem efeito genotóxico na semente. No estudo fenológico observou-se boa adaptação da planta ao clima temperado, caracterizado pelo pleno crescimento e desenvolvimento. Entretanto, destacase um período de quiescência durante o inverno, no qual a planta não produziu folhas. Concluiu-se que o cultivo de P. aculeata é viável em clima temperado e que seu consumo alimentar é seguro. / The Pereskia aculeata plant has valuable nutritional properties and could be a supplementary food source, because it contains high amounts of minerals, amino acids, vitamins, fibers and antioxidants. However, we have limited information about toxicity, cytotoxicity, phenological and physicochemical characteristics of this plant, particularly when cultivated in subtropical areas with temperate climate. Thus, we analyzed Pereskia aculeata plants cultivated in Pelotas, RS, Brazil, under temperate climate, for: (a) acute toxicity, (b) cytotoxicity, (c) phenological characteristics and (d) physicochemical properties. The acute toxicity experiment was performed with 24 female Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four groups, according to the single dose of ethanolic plant extract they received: 0 mg/kg, 1250 mg/kg, 2500 mg/kg e 5000 mg/kg of body weight. After a 15 days period of observation the euthanasia was performed and 8 different animal tissues were sampled for histopathological analysis. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using lettuce (L. sativa) as an experimental model. The lettuce seeds were treated with different doses of P. aculeata extract (0.13 mg/ml; 1.30 mg/ml; 3.25 mg/ml; 6.50 mg/ml; 13.00 mg/ml) and analyzed for germination and mitotic indexes, and also for roots and shoots length. During 12 months cultivation period the plant was analyzed for physicochemical properties (humidity, color, leaf area, protein content, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content) and phenological aspects (leaf changes, flowering and fructification). Our results for acute toxicity of Pereskia aculeata show that it has non-toxic effect to rats at concentrations of 5000 mg/kg of body weight. We also found this plant to have minimal deleterious cytotoxicity effects on lettuce, consisting of abnormal growth of roots and shoots, but without affecting germination or causing genotoxic effect on lettuce seeds. Furthermore, Pereskia aculeata showed a good adaptation under temperate climate, with normal growth and development. Though, a quiescent state happened in the winter and the plant did not produce leaves. We conclude that cultivation of Pereskia aculeata under temperate climate is feasible and also, the leaves of these plants are safe for consumption as food.

This diploma thesis deals with the elemental analysis of soft fruit species such as currants and gooseberries. The theoretical part contains botanical description of both species, then description of nutritional properties of the individual analyzed elements and ends with a list of analytical methods suitable for elemental analysis in the food science and with a description of preparation. The experimental part deals with sample preparation and its analysis afterwards with spectroscopic techniques. Samples of different varieties of gooseberries, black, red and white currant from “Výzkumný a šlechtitelský ústav ovocnářský v Holovousích, s.r.o.” have been used for the analysis. Samples were mineralized in concentrated HNO3 and analyzed by ICP-OES technique. Difference in resultant concentrations of the analyzed elements (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Zn) between individual varieties were statistically compared by Tukey’s multiple comparison method and results achieved have been as well compared with the results reported in available literature.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:22:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Claudia_ Simone_ Madruga_ Lima.pdf: 667471 bytes, checksum: 8461b98b9f07b7348d1c20f840c55d67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-31 / The great development of successful non-traditional crops for the production and area planted, shows that Brazil, as a producer is discovered and entering into new and interesting markets. A small fruit with big potential is Physalis peruviana, because its short cycle, possibility of high economic returns, coupled with nutritional properties. However, little is known of their development, growth and management, especially for conditions edafoclimáticas de Pelotas / RS. In this work, the main objective was to the phenological behavior of Physalis peruviana and adapt management techniques for the conditions of the southern edafoclimáticas RS. The study was conducted in Pelotas, Brazil in the period 2007 to 2008. For the first phase of the experiment was performed in three sowing seasons. In the second phase of the experiment were performed transplant seedlings in two to four times associated systems staking of plants, "V" inverted, triangular, with vertical and vertical bamboo with fitilho. For the first phase of the experiment were determined the dates of occurrence, days after emergence and degree-days for the following phenological phases: true leaves, the first branch, floral budding, formation of basal shoots, fruit trees, the leaves start to fall, and harvest. Also identified were the following phenological stages: swollen flowers and open flowers. Fortnightly from the transplant were evaluated for length, diameter and number of leaves of the main stem, number of shoots, number of flowers and fruits. Were also conducted monthly assessments of the quality of the fruit, as the fruit and total mass, skin color of fruit, total soluble solids (SST), titratable acidity (AT), SST / AT. For the second stage variables answers were: increase the length and diameter of the main stem, the section area of stem, fresh weight of shoot and root, estimated productivity, production efficiency, rate of harvest, the fruit weight, color skin of fruit, total soluble solids (SST), titratable acidity (AT), SST / AT and total carotenoids. In the first phase, the most representative results were verified in the first sowing date. For the second phase, it was shown that the first season of transplantation associated with the system of staking "V" and inverted triangular provided agronomic behavior appropriate for the plants and fruits of Physalis. It is the cultivation of Physalis in the region of Pelotas, Brazil. September is the recommended time of sowing, and staking systems "V" and inverted triangles are the most appropriate in the management of Physalis plants. (Support: CAPES) / O grande desenvolvimento de cultivos frutíferos não tradicionais, em relação à produção e superfície plantada, demonstra que o Brasil, como produtor está descobrindo e ingressando em novos e interessantes mercados. Uma pequena fruta com grandes potencialidades é Physalis peruviana, devido seu ciclo curto, possibilidade de alto retorno econômico, associado às propriedades nutracêuticas. Entretanto, pouco se conhece de seu desenvolvimento, crescimento e manejo, principalmente para as condições edafoclimáticas de Pelotas/RS. Neste trabalho, o objetivo principal foi conhecer o comportamento fenológico de Physalis peruviana e adaptar técnicas de manejo em função das condições edafoclimáticas do Sul do RS. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em Pelotas, RS, no período de 2007 a 2008. Para a primeira etapa do experimento foram realizadas semeaduras em três datas. Foram determinadas as datas de ocorrência, dias após a emergência e graus-dia para os seguintes estádios: folhas verdadeiras, primeira ramificação, brotação floral, flores inchadas, flores abertas, formação de brotos basais, frutos caídos, início de queda das folhas, e colheita. Quinzenalmente, a partir do transplante, foram realizadas avaliações de comprimento e diâmetro do ramo principal, número total de folhas do ramo principal, número de brotos, número de flores e frutos. Também foram realizadas mensalmente, a partir dos 120 dias após o transplante, avaliações de qualidade dos frutos, como: massa do fruto e massa total, coloração da epiderme do fruto, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (AT), relação SST/AT. Na segunda etapa do experimento foram realizados transplantes de mudas em duas datas associados a quatro sistemas de tutoramento de plantas, V invertido, triangular, vertical com bambu e vertical com fitilho. Foram avaliados incremento do comprimento e da área da seção do ramo principal, área da seção da ramo principal, massa fresca da parte aérea e da raiz, produtividade, eficiência produtiva, percentual de colheita, massa e diâmetro do fruto, coloração da epiderme do fruto, SST, AT, relação SST/AT e carotenóides totais. Na primeira etapa os resultados mais relevantes foram verificados na primeira data de semeadura. Para a segunda etapa, foi evidenciado que a primeira data de transplante associada aos sistemas de tutoramento V invertido e triangular proporcionam melhor desempenho agronômico das plantas e frutos de physalis. Recomenda-se o cultivo de physalis na região de Pelotas, RS. Setembro é a época de semeadura recomendada e novembro é a época de transplante mais adequada. Os sistemas de tutoramento V invertido e triangular são os mais adequados no manejo de plantas de physalis. (Apoio: CAPES)

This diploma´s thesis deals with the determination of total antioxidant activity of red and white gooseberries and red, white and black currants. There are available information about small fruits, an overview of natural and synthetic antioxidants and a summary of the methods to determine the total antioxidant activity in the theoretical part. Frozen fruit samples were provided by Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd. in the project QI111A141 – Research of new technologies in the cultivation of gooseberries and currants with a focus on quality and use of fetuses (Ministry of Agriculture). The total antioxidant activity of red and white gooseberries and currants was measured by spectrophotometric methods using free radicals ABTS•+ and DPPH and was expressed as a Trolox equivalent. The total antioxidant activity of black currants was measured by electron paramagnetic resonance using free radicals ABTS•+ and DPPH and expressed as a TEACABTS and a TEACDPPH. There were measured 8 species of red gooseberries, 6 species of white gooseberries, 12 species of red currants, 6 species of white currants and 8 species of black currants in this thesis. The highest values of total antioxidant activity showed species of red and white gooseberries Alan, Karmen, Pax and Invicta and species of red and white currants Rovada, Orion and Olin. Among black currants, species Ometa and Ruben had the highest values of total antioxidant activity.

En el presente plan de negocio se explica y sustenta la viabilidad de una empresa productora y comercializadora de empaques de 250 gramos de pulpa congelada de aguaymanto a consumidores en Lima Metropolitana. La razón social de la empresa es PULPAS DE FRUTAS CONGELADAS S.A.C. y la marca a desarrollar es MANTOFRUT, dirigida a hombres y mujeres entre 20 y 65 años, del nivel socioeconómico A y B. La cadena productiva del negocio inicia con la compra de la materia prima a proveedores, según los criterios determinados. Los insumos pasan a un proceso de transformación y el producto terminado es comercializado mediante dos canales de distribución: tradicional y digital (e-commerce). El valor de venta es de S/ 6.09 para el canal tradicional y S/ 8.05 para el canal digital. El producto tiene gran oportunidad de desarrollo y éxito debido a la tendencia creciente de personas que buscan nutrirse de manera saludable, sin necesidad de invertir mucho tiempo en la preparación de sus alimentos. El objetivo es posicionar el producto como un aliado confiable para la alimentación durante el día, lo cual permitirá que el consumidor se sienta y vea mejor. Los principales canales de promoción serán redes sociales, activaciones BTL y acciones para ganar notoriedad en el punto de venta. La inversión total es S/ 191,789.06. El Valor Presente Neto es S/ 199,663.65 y la Tasa Interna de Retorno Financiero es 22.3%. El margen operativo y neto es, respectivamente, de 23.38% y 16.40% al final del quinto año. / This business plan explains and demonstrates the viability of an enterprise that produces and commercializes 250-gram packages of frozen golden berry pulp to consumers on the Metropolitan Lima area. The business name of the company is PULPAS DE FRUTAS CONGELADAS S.A.C. and the brand to be developed is MANTOFRUT, targeted towards men and women of 20-65 years old, with middle and upper socioeconomic status. The production process starts with the acquisition of raw material from suppliers, following established criteria. Raw material goes through a transformation process and, afterwards, the product is sold through two distribution channels: traditional and digital (e-commerce). The sale value will be S/ 6.09 for the traditional channel and S/ 8.05 for the digital channel. The product has a great probability of success due to the increasing trend of people that are looking to nurture in a healthy way, without having to invest much time. The objective is to position the product as a trustworthy ally for daily nutrition, which will make the customer feel and see himself/herself better. The most relevant marketing channels will be social media, BTL activations and actions to gain notoriety at the point of sale. Total investment on this project is S/ 191,789.06. The Net Present Value is S/ 199,663.65 and the Financial Internal Rate of Return is 22.3%. The operating and net margin are, respectively, 23.38% and 16.40% at the end of the fifth year. / Trabajo de investigación / Trabajo de investigación

Diploma thesis deals with the new varieties of gooseberries. The theoretical part characterizes gooseberry from a biological point of view, what is the content of healthful nutrients and states food technology aspects. Furthermore, the theoretical part deals with the main parameters examined nutrition: vitamin C, anthokyanům and antioxidant activity. In the experimental part was measured both weight solids content and soluble solids. Vitamin C was measured by HPLC, anthocyanins using a pH differential method and for antioxidant activity determination was selected method by Kanedy known also as DPPH.