This thesis investigates legal and political authority in mid-Tudor England, using the operation of the legal system in Oxfordshire and Berkshire in the period from 1540 to 1570 as a case study through which to give context and content to more abstract forms of contemporary political thought. It seeks to address the broad question: how did people experience the civil—as opposed to the criminal—legal system, and what does this tell us about their understanding of authority? In so doing, it aims to shed light on mid-Tudor attitudes towards legality, limited government and the rule of law. The argument of the thesis is built up piece by piece. First, people in the Thames Valley engaged in a remarkable, and increasing, amount of litigation over the period in question, much of which was based on antecedent commercial transactions. Encountering the law, whether in its litigious or transactional forms, was thus a very common social experience. Second, despite their frequent interaction with the legal system, ordinary people perhaps knew less about the technical law than some historians have suggested. Third, even if technical legal knowledge was not widespread among the population, the complicated map of overlapping jurisdictions and rival legal institutions meant that ordinary people nonetheless cultivated a detailed mental map of their legal world. Boundaries mattered because jurisdiction and legal authority mattered. Fourth, partly because of their own lack of detailed technical knowledge, and partly because of the complicated legal landscape which they had to navigate, people sought out legal advice from professional advisers. Fifth, even if people frequently sought out professional legal advice, many people’s experience of the law (and of lawyers) was far more negative than their desire to seek out such advice might suggest. Seen in this light, the social utility of legal institutions was quite separate from their ability to provide an idealised standard of abstract justice.

Given their potential to negatively impact men's goal of staying in office, can gender quotas be aligned with the preferences of male legislators who adopt the policy? In other words, does the rapid spread of gender quotas worldwide challenge notions of the rationality of legislators as career-driven individuals? These are the main questions that drive this thesis. To answer these questions, I develop a prospect theory-based framework that accounts for how electoral security and political ambition impact legislators' behaviour in influencing the strength of gender quota designs. I argue that, faced with growing pressures to adopt gender quotas, male parliamentarians engage in the risk-taking process of assenting with gender quotas, meanwhile seeking to minimize the potential costs of the policy to their future careers by actively weakening quota designs. To evaluate the plausibility of my theory, I employ a series of multi-method and multi-level analyses presented across five substantive chapters, each of which is respectively based on: 1) a cross-sectional analysis of Latin America countries; 2) an elite survey experiment with Brazilian state legislators; and, in-depth process tracing of the cases of gender quota adoption in 3) Costa Rica; 4) Brazil; and, 5) Chile. The work makes three main contributions. Firstly, although previously identified, the resistance of male legislators towards gender quotas had never been systematically analysed in a comparative manner; focusing on the behaviour of male incumbents is thus a relevant contribution. Secondly, although various authors have provided explanations for the origins of gender quota adoptions, no work had ever comparatively assessed sources of the variation in gender quota designs. Thus, I move the study of gender quotas beyond the binary choice of adoption. Thirdly, I show that the static assumptions of endogenous institutionalism need to be modified by the introduction of risk, which can only be achieved by integrating the insights of prospect theory.

MUNICIPAL AND REGIONAL PROCEDURE RULES Abstract The theme of work are municipal and regional procedure rules according to positive law. An important issue is legal nature and relevance of procedure rules according to positive law. The conclusion of this part of the diploma work is the negative and positive definition of the legal nature of procedure rules. The core of the assessment of the appropriatiness and legality of the specific procedure rules is the analysis of contemporary case law addressing the legal action against unlawful interference with the rights the question of right of a citizen of the county, eventually municipality to comment on individual agenda items discussed by the council. The specific procedure rules of various councils were analysed from the point of possible discrepancies with the law, redundant provisions copying the law or details concerning the implementation of the citizen rights to express their attitudes towards the issues discussed by the council. The conclusion of my work are suggestions de lege ferenda, which can be briefly summarized into three scopes. The first of all is an explicit statutory regulation of the obligation to publish the procedure rules in a manner allowing remote access. The second suggestion de lege ferenda is recommendation to add details on council...

Introduction: Corporate limits becoming more diffuse due to the globalization taking place and requirements for analytical strategies are becoming more fundamental parts of organizations. Business Intelligence systems are hot and not without reason, today's world is spinning faster and with a flow of information that is constantly increasing Business Intelligence promises to introduce a support that will render a better decision-making, something that everyone wants. Problem Discussion: The local government business has today demands from the Swedish School-inspection to analyze and create adequate target images to the school and students meet curriculum goals and guidelines. Therefore, local government activities has increasingly begun to implement Business Intelligence tools, with the purpose to facilitate strategic and operational decisions were the result plays an increasing role in today's society. Purpose: This study evaluates how the analysis tool Qlikview fulfills the function of monitoring and controlling the improved student achievement in public schools. Method: The evaluation has been conducted qualitative interviews with staffs that have leadership positions in each municipality and management and possess a deep knowledge of the analysis tool and its processes. Conclusion: The evaluation has shown positive effects on the monitoring and control of student performance through better control of school operations.

The topic of this thesis is the position and activities of the Czech Medical Chamber. Its aim is to analyze the role and purpose of this professional chamber in the Czech Republic. I have chosen this particular topic because I mean that although the self- government of professional associations, especially the Czech Medical Chamber, belongs to very important institutes of the legal order of the Czech Republic; the literature addresses this issue only marginally. The next reason for my research is the fact, that just the Czech Medical Chamber is very questionable professional chamber. The thesis is composed of five chapters; each of them describes particular aspects of Czech Medical Chamber (CMC). Chapter One is introductory and is trying to explain the notions self-government and public corporation. The last part of this chapter deals the political, economic and sociological aspects of the CMC. Chapter Two consists of two parts. Part One surveys historical development of the CMC from year 1891, when the Habsburg monarchy issued a law on the establishment of medical chambers, to the present. Part Two look at medical chambers in other countries of Central Europe and endeavours to compare these organizations. Chapter three is subdivided into two parts. Part One focuses on functions of the CMS and...

Orientador: Yuzo Iano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T10:41:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VelardeAllazo_EdwarAndres_M.pdf: 3447132 bytes, checksum: 9d8a9e2dcb547707ecc88e6b25fbb79f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Apresentam-se nesta dissertação as tecnologias necessárias para desenvolvimento de aplicações interativas na área m-government de TV digital móvel. Para o desenvolvimento, utiliza-se a parte declarativa de middleware Ginga (Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão Digital) e Lua como linguagem imperativa. Essa linguagem permite realizar processamento matemático, manipulação de dados e principalmente o uso de canal de interatividade. O Ginga NCL é obrigatório em dispositivos portáteis numa plataforma particular nesses dispositivos. A presente proposta visa a seu uso num cenário destinado ao diálogo entre o governo e a população. / Abstract: This work presents the technologies required for the implementation of interactive applications in the m-government area of mobile digital TV. For that development, we use the declarative environment of Ginga middleware of the Brazilian Digital Television System (SBTVD). Besides we use Lua as an imperative language that allows mathematical processing, data handling and, especially, the application of an interactivity channel. In order to provide interaction, the use of Gin-ga-NCL is required for portable devices on a particular platform. The present proposal aims at employing it in a scenario set to the dialogue between government and population. / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Diploma thesis focuses on marketing, specifically on marketing planning applied from its common form into local goverment. Theoretical part pursues basic elements of marketing and marketing implemented into the sphere of local goverment. Practical part analyses enviroment of local goverment, researches based on its citizens and visitors and drafting marketing plan.

Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Public Law / unrestricted

本論文旨在從功利主義哲學的脈絡下來探討詹姆士彌爾的政治思想。 第一章檢閱過去研究彌爾思想的文獻，並提出問題意識，及本研究的焦點。 第二章著重討論彌爾的哲學面向。彌爾從人性論的角度出發，假設人對權力有高度的欲求，反映在政治上就會產生壓制他人的情形。此外，彌爾也假定人性具有可變異的特質，這是由於人具有觀念聯想的能力。他認為透過教育，可以將人性當中想要壓制他人的傾向導向為整體社群謀求利益，這個寄望便放在菁英的身上。唯有透過菁英，才能夠追求最大多數人的最大幸福。 第三章把焦點放在彌爾的政治理論面向。彌爾的政治關懷的起點在於批判已經無法保障人民的英國憲政傳統。彌爾認為保障人民的權利才是政府的目的。在彌爾理想的代議政府當中，人民具備選舉權可以牽制代表的行動。另一方面，由於代表是受過量好教育的菁英，因此必能以公共利益作為政治行動的主要考量。唯有透過代議政府，才能夠使統治者和被統治者的利益一致，進而保障人民的權利。 第四章把彌爾與邊沁及約翰彌爾進行理論上的比較。指出邊沁似乎沒有像彌爾那樣強調菁英在代議政府當中所扮演的關鍵角色。至於約翰彌爾，則比彌爾更強調，透過政治參與的過程來達成教育人民的效果，以提升整體民主的品質。 第五章將指出彌爾的政治思想在當代意義當中的貢獻。

The goal of this paper is to analyze alternative instrument for financing of government debt, the system of selling retail government bonds. These would be intended solely for individuals. In this work I try to characterize and quantify revenues and costs of implementation and operation of the system, also I mention the possible risks, which the system could bring. In conclusion, I appraise the latest variant of the system presented by the Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic and introduce my own proposal of the system, which is based on previous economic analysis.