No description available.

Toute langue parlée dans le monde évolue selon des mécanismes internes et externes qui lui sont propres. Notre travail s’intéresse aux facteurs de ces mécanismes, en particulier aux effets du contact des langues entre elles. Des chercheurs ont mis en évidence les effets de ces interactions et ont montré que toutes sortes d’éléments linguistiques pouvaient être transférées d’une langue à une autre. La famille des langues altaïques est représentée en Chine par des langues des trois principales branches (toungouso-mandchoue, mongole, turque), qui ont été en contact à divers degrés avec le chinois. Dans ce travail, nous étudierons le khortchin (qorcin, ch. keerqin), dialecte mongol oriental qui a été en contact avec le chinois de façon importante dans le temps et l’espace. Des linguistes de Mongolie-Intérieure ont souligné des phénomènes de « mixité linguistique » dans le khortchin, révélant un nombre considérable de mots d'emprunt chinois. Ce travail tente de montrer, à travers une description phonologique, morphologique et syntaxique, les caractéristiques linguistiques propres à ce dialecte. Pour comprendre les mécanismes à l’œuvre et identifier les facteurs internes et/ou externes, cette description est étayée par une comparaison entre le khortchin et d’autres dialectes mongols, notamment l’oïrate. Cette recherche s’est inscrite dans la problématique du projet ANR dirigé par M. R. Djamouri «Contacts de langues et changements linguistiques : le cas du chinois et des langues altaïques », et celui dirigé par Mme Dan Xu, « Do languages and genes correlate? A case study in Northwestern China ». / Any language in the world evolves according to internal and external mechanisms which are specific to each language. Our work focuses on these factors, and particularly on the effects of contact between different languages. Researchers have highlighted these linguistic interactions and showed that all kinds of linguistic elements can be transferred from one language to another. The Altaic language family in China includes languages of the three main branches (Tungus-Manchu, Mongolian, and Turk), which have been more or less in contact with Chinese. In this work, we study Khorchin (qorcin, ch. keerqin), an Eastern Mongolian dialect that has been in contact with Chinese significantly in time and space. Linguists from Inner Mongolia have noted the phenomena of " language mixing" in Khorchin, revealing a considerable amount of loan words from Chinese. This work attempts to show, through a phonological, morphological and syntactic description, some linguistic phenomena that are specific to this dialect. To understand the mechanisms involved and identify internal and / or external factors, this description relies on a comparison between the Khorchin and other Mongolian dialects, and in particular Oirat. This research is related to the NRA projects led by R. Djamouri "Language contact and language change: the case of Chinese and Altaic languages", and by Ms. Dan Xu, "Do languages and genes correlate? - A case study in Northwestern China ".

The present thesis examines the influence of Czech nouns frequency features on their acquisition by non-native speakers. The first theoretical part summarizes the ongoing discussion regarding the importance of frequency for the entrenchment of grammatical categories in one's mind as outlined by cognitive and psycho-linguists abroad. The second introduces the research methodology, collection method and annotation of 20 lemmas obtained from non-native Czech speaker corpus CzeSL-SGT. Subsequently, an analysis of selected nouns is carried out with regard to their grammatical profiles (comprising two or three most frequent case forms as found in SYN2015). Based on its results, the production of non-native speakers shows a tendency to follow grammatical profiles as demonstrated by high correspondence of frequency features of nouns on the one hand and by low error rate in morphology of most frequent forms on the other. Additionally, cases where lower rate does not correspond to the above mentioned model can be explained using type frequency, i.e. the productivity of particular declension models having simultaneously more far-reaching effect, and higher relevance of nominative as the default form for non-native speakers.

The overarching goal of the dissertation is to illustrate the relevance of learner corpus research to the field of second language acquisition (SLA). The possibility that learner corpora can be useful in mainstream SLA research has a significant implication given that they have not been systematically explored in relation to SLA theories. The thesis contributes to building a methodological framework to utilize learner corpora beneficially to SLA and argues that learner corpus research contributes to other disciplines. This is achieved by a series of case studies that quantitatively analyze individual variation and the role of native language (L1) in second language (L2) development of English grammatical morphemes and explain the findings with existing SLA theories. The dissertation investigates the L2 development of morphemes based on two largescale learner corpora. It first reviews the literature and points out that the L2 acquisition order of English grammatical morphemes that has been believed universal in SLA research may, in fact, vary across the learners with different L1 backgrounds and that individual differences in morpheme studies have been relatively neglected in previous literature. The present research, thus, provides empirical evidence testing the universality of the order and the extent of individual differences. In the first study, the thesis investigates L1 influence on the L2 acquisition order of six English grammatical morphemes across seven L1 groups and five proficiency levels. Data drawn from approximately 12,000 essays from the Cambridge Learner Corpus establish clear L1 influence on this issue. The study also reveals that learners without the equivalent morpheme in L1 tend to achieve an accuracy level of below 90% with respect to the morpheme even at the highest proficiency level, and that morphemes requiring learners to learn to pay attention to the relevant distinctions in their acquisition show a stronger effect of L1 than those which only require new form-meaning mappings. The findings are interpreted under the framework of thinking-for-speaking proposed by Dan Slobin. Following the first study, the dissertation exploits EF-Cambridge Open Language Database (EFCamDat) and analyzes the developmental patterns of morphemes, L1 influence on the patterns, and the extent to which individual variation is observed in the development. Based on approximately 140,000 essays written by 46,700 learners of 10 L1 groups across a wide range of proficiency levels, the study found that (i) certain developmental patterns of accuracy are observed irrespective of target morphemes, (ii) inverted U-shaped development is rare irrespective of morphemes, (iii) proficiency influences the within-learner developmental patterns of morphemes, (iv) the developmental patterns at least slightly vary depending on morphemes, and (v) significant individual variation is observed in absolute accuracy, the accuracy difference between morphemes, and the rate of development. The findings are interpreted with dynamic systems theory (DST), a theory of development that has recently been applied to SLA research. The thesis further examines whether any systematic relationship is observed between the developmental patterns of morphemes. Although DST expects that their development is interlinked, the study did not find any strong relationships between the developmental patterns. However, it revealed a weak supportive relationship in the developmental pattern between articles and plural -s. That is, within individual learners, when the accuracy of articles increases, the accuracy of plural -s tends to increase as well, and vice versa.

Dans ce mémoire, nous avons étudié la féminisation de neuf noms de métiers dans un corpus délimité du Monde en France et du Devoir au Québec pour les trois périodes de 2001, 2010, et 2019, et les facteurs qui la conditionnent. Nous avons examiné les approches différentes dans les deux entités francophones, et ce que dit la grammaire française sur le genre grammatical et la forme féminine. Notre but a été de déterminer les obstacles au développement de la forme féminine, et, en suivant la méthode de la linguiste Itsuko Fujimura, d’essayer de comprendre les facteurs linguistiques qui jouent un rôle dans le progrès parfois lent de cette féminisation.

The object of my thesis is the realization of grammatical evolution in the Java programming language for solving problems of approximation of functions and synthesis of logical circuits. The application is practical used for testing and gathering data in context of using different purpose function and parallel grammatical evolution. The data are analyzed and evaluated.

Universal class implements grammatical evolution. Tested on approximate functions and settings PSD controller for the chaotic system Henon maps.

À la différence de "Philosophie, mythologie et pseudo-science. Wittgenstein lecteur de Freud", l'influent essai de Jacques Bouveresse (1991), cette étude vise à établir qu'aussi critique qu'il se soit effectivement montré à l'égard de la psychanalyse, Wittgenstein n'en a pas moins beaucoup appris et retenu de Freud. Au plan de sa conception de l'élucidation philosophique, principalement. Composée de trois parties, ladite étude consiste d'abord à mettre en évidence les fragilités de l'argumentation présentée au premier chapitre de J'ouvrage classique de Jacques Bouveresse ; puis à rendre compte de la place centrale du motif psychologico-clinique dans la définition et la mise en œuvre de la méthode grammaticale de Wittgenstein ; pour mieux isoler ensuite les six aspects plus proprement freudiens de la clinique philosophique wittgensteinienne. La conclusion de ce travail étant finalement réservée à l'interprétation des résultats acquis au cours de cet itinéraire. / Unlike « Philosophie, mythologie et pseudo-science. Wittgenstein lecteur de Freud”, the influential essay of Jacques Bouveresse (1991), this study aims to establish that even though he was critical towards psychoanalysis, Wittgenstein also leamed a lot from Freud. Mainly on the plan of his conception of philosophical elucidation. This study is divided in three parts : the first highlights the weaknesses of the argumentation introduced in the first chapter of the classical work of Jacques Bouveresse; then the second one reflects the core of the psychologic-clinical pattern in the definition and the implementation of the grammatical method of Wittgenstein; finally, to better isolate the six aspects of the wittgensteinian philosophicaI clinic that are the most strictly freudian. The conclusion of this work is, in the end, dedicated to the interpretation of the results acquired in the course of this path.

Internationally English is increasingly being used as a language of instruction in education. This is also true within the South African context, a country with eleven official languages. Many non-native English speaking (NNES) students, for whom English might be their second, third or even fourth language, are studying through the medium of English. Previous studies on this topic acknowledge that the level of English proficiency which NNES students have, affects their academic performance. The problem under investigation in this case study was the relationship between students’ academic performance in particular modules and how their written responses in examinations contributed to them failing a module. The purpose was to establish to which extent limited English proficiency contributed to the poor academic performance of NNES preservice teachers studying through distance education. This study is underpinned by Cummins’ theory of Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (1984). It is supported by related literature which emphasises the challenges NNES students experience in understanding academic content and responding to written assessment tasks in a language other than their home language. A quantitative approach was used which focused on the written responses to examination papers of thirty undergraduate B Ed students who had failed a particular module, at a private higher education institution. The contribution of inadequate or incoherent English, as the reason why marks were not allocated to answers, was calculated and analysed. Results indicated that students’ English grammatical proficiency does have an influence on their academic performance, though it is not the main contributing factor to students failing their modules. For this case study it was determined that the pre-service teachers’ inadequate English written proficiency contributed almost a third (25,6%) of the reasons for their poor academic performance. This finding suggests the need to develop new teaching strategies to accommodate and offer language support to NNES students in higher education institutions that offer qualifications using English as the medium of instruction. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Humanities Education / MEd / Unrestricted

In the last few decades, there has been increased interest in the incorporation of data from bi- and multilingual individuals in linguistic theory: from second language acquisition and language attrition to heritage varieties and code-switching. This dissertation discusses a range of ways in which code-switching data can provide insight into the mechanisms that underlie linguistic structures. The data will be analysed within the framework of Minimalist Generative syntax and Distributed Morphology.The first part investigates grammatical gender assignment in code- switching between English, a language without grammatical gender, and two languages with grammatical gender: French and Belgian Dutch. These languages have comparable, but different gender systems. French has two genders: masculine and feminine, whereas Belgian Dutch adds a third: neuter. The study in this part of the dissertation compares gen- der assignment strategies in bilinguals with different profiles. In addition, the code-switching data provide evidence against the default status of neuter in Belgian Dutch.The second part focuses on word order and includes two studies: one on verb-second word order in Dutch-English code-switching and one on adverb placement in English-French and Dutch-English code- switching. The verb-second chapter identifies a lacuna in the traditional Generative analysis for verb second and uses the CS data to address this. The chapter on adverb position looks at placement of the adverb between the verb and its direct object, which is allowed in Dutch and French, but not in English. For all domains investigated, it is found that the finite verb predicts word order.Taken together, these studies demonstrate that bilingual data can shine a light on elements of the theory of grammar which remain in the shadows when only monolingual data is used. / Les dernières décennies ont vu croître l’intérêt pour l’intégration à la réflexion en linguistique théorique des données produites par des locuteurs/trices bilingues ou multilingues, que celles-ci concernent l’acquisition d’une langue seconde, l’attrition, les langues d’héritage ou l’alternance codique. Le présent travail développe plusieurs exemples où les données issues de l’alternance codique éclairent les mécanismes qui sous-tendent les structures linguistiques. Les données recueillies sont interprétées dans le cadre de la syntaxe générative minimaliste et de la morphologie distribuée (« distributed morphology »).Dans un premier temps, nous analysons l’attribution du genre grammatical dans l’alternance entre l’anglais, d’une part, et le français et le néerlandais de Belgique, de l’autre. Alors qu’il n’y a pas en anglais de genre grammatical, le français et le néerlandais de Belgique marquent ce genre, mais de façon différente :si le français distingue deux genres, masculin et féminin, le néerlandais de Belgique y adjoint un troisième, le neutre. Dans cette partie de la thèse, nous dressons le profil des stratégies d’attribution du genre auprès de deux types distincts de bilingues et nous établissons également que le neutre n’est pas le genre par défaut en néerlandais de Belgique.Dans un second temps, nous nous penchons sur l’ordre des constituants. Dans une première étude, nous examinons l’ordre des mots avec « verbe second » (V2) dans l’alternance anglais-néerlandais. Nous abordons ensuite le placement de l’adverbe dans l’alternance anglais- français et anglais-néerlandais. Le chapitre consacré à V2 identifie une lacune dans la littérature générative et tire profit des données de l’al- ternance pour y proposer une solution. Le chapitre consacré à l’adverbe s’intéresse au placement de celui-ci entre le verbe et son objet, position licite en français et néerlandais mais pas en anglais. Dans ces deux études, il apparaît que c’est la langue du verbe à la forme finie qui prédit l’ordre des constituants.L’ensemble des recherches ici réunies démontre que les données bilingues mettent en lumière des aspects de la théorie grammaticale qui restent dans l’ombre lorsque le chercheur se limite à des données monolingues. / Doctorat en Langues, lettres et traductologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished