Un tiers des enfants de moins de 18 ans ne vivent pas avec leurs deux parents biologiques à Madagascar. En effet, les « ruptures familiales » entrainent souvent des situations de monoparentalité (liées à un divorce, une séparation des parents ou un veuvage), de recomposition familiale et de confiage d’enfants. Il s’agit ici de se pencher sur la dynamique familiale autour de ces discontinuités, en analysant les différents schémas de prise en charge intra-familiale des enfants. Cette perspective permet ainsi de comprendre les processus qui ont mené à ces ruptures mais surtout de rendre compte de la complexité des décisions de prise en charge des enfants selon les formes de ruptures vécues. En s’appuyant sur une analyse des Enquêtes Démographiques et de Santé (EDS), des entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés dans deux régions distinctes de Madagascar (Toliara et Antananarivo) où la proportion d’enfants ne vivant pas avec les deux parents est très différente l’une de l’autre. Une analyse des histoires familiales souligne les différents déterminants de la prise en charge des enfants pour chaque type de ruptures et montre qu’il existe des modèles-types de prise en charge et des spécificités socio-culturelles dans les deux régions. Nous examinons le maintien des solidarités familiales face à la crise économique grandissante dans laquelle vivent les ménages. En outre, nous mettons en lumière la place de la grand-parentalité dans l’éducation et le confiage d’enfants. / One third of children under 18 years are not living with their two biological parents in Madagascar. Indeed, "family breakdowns" often lead to single parenthood (related to a divorce, parental separation or widowhood), to stepfamilies and to child fostering. This thesis addresses the family dynamics around these discontinuities, analyzing different patterns of care of children within the family. This perspective allows us to understand the processes that led to these failures but also to account for the complexity of decisions about support children according to the form of disruption experienced. Based on a previous analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data, semi-structured interviews were conducted in two regions of Madagascar (Antananarivo and Toliara) where the proportions of children not living with both parents are very different. An analysis of family histories highlights the various determinants of child care for each type of failure.and will show if there are standard models of care and socio-cultural specificities for the two regions. We also examine whether family solidarities remain in a context ofa growing economic crisis. In addition, we will highlight the role of grand-parenting in education and child fostering.

We have studied precipitate growth and coarsening in ternary alloys using two different phase held models. The first one is a ternary extension of the classical Cahn-Hilliard (C-H) model in which both the phases are characterized using conserved held variables i.e. composition (cB; cC ); mobility matrix and gradient energy efficient are the other input parameters in this model. In the second model, each phase is treated as separate, and phase identify cation is through a (non-conserved) phase held variable ; we have used a grand potential-based (GP) formulation, due to Plapp [1], Choudhury and Nestler [2], where interfacial energy and interface width, as well as free energy and diffusivity matrix for the relevant phases are the input parameters. The first model i.e. the Cahn-Hilliard (C-H) type model is conceptually simple. The model for ternary is a straight forward extension of the binary. The grand potential (GP) formulation has the advantage of being able to incorporate thermodynamic database like Thermocalc in it. We present below a summary of the findings of our research on (a) precipitate growth, precipitate coarsening, and (c) a critical comparison between results from phase held simulations and those from experiments on an Ni-Al-Mo alloy Precipitate growth In our study of precipitate growth in ternary alloys, we end that when both the solute elements have the same diffusivity, precipitate growth behaviour in ternary alloys is identical to that binary alloys; specifically, we recover the temporal power law r2 = kgt relating the particle radius to time, and the growth kg depends only on supersaturation (i.e., equilibrium volume fraction of the precipitate phase), and is independent of the slope of the tie line. However, when one solute element, (say, C) di uses slower than the other (i.e. (DCC =DBB) < 1,(where DBB, DCC are intertie suavities’ in the lab frame of reference), the ux of C at the interface is smaller than that of species B, causing the precipitate to become depleted in C and enriched in B; this process continues until the growth phase enters a scaling regime where we recover the temporal law for growth: r2 = kgt. In this regime, the tie line selected by the precipitate and matrix interfacial compositions is different from the thermodynamic tie line containing the alloy, a result first reported by Coates [3]. After validating our phase held model quantitatively through a critical comparison with Coates' theory of tie line selection, we have characterized the growth behaviour: specifically, we end that growth kg drops with decreasing value of DCC ; the magnitude of this drop is stronger for alloys which (a) are on higher-C tie lines (i.e., the slope of the tie line is higher), and (b) have smaller precipitate volume fractions. Precipitate coarsening In our simulations, we end that precipitate coarsening does indeed enter a scaling regime where the temporal power law r3 = kt (which relates the average precipitate radius r to (b) time t) is valid; the coarsening rate k depends, as expected, not only on precipitate volume fraction, but also on the slope of the tie line and diffusivity ratio (DCC =DBB). (c) (d) When the solutes have equal diffusivity (i.e., (DCC =DBB) = 1), the coarsening behaviour is essentially the same as that in a binary alloy. However, when solute C (say) is the slower di using species, the coarsening rate k drops, with a deeper drop in alloys on higher-C tie lines. Both these conclusions are similar to those from our study of precipitate growth. (e) (f) However, there is a crucial difference between precipitate growth and coarsening in ternary alloys: The suppression in coarsening rate (for DCC < DBB) in ternary alloys is accompanied by another e ect: larger (and growing) precipitates are richer in the faster di using species B, while the smaller and shrinking precipitates are richer in the slower di using C. In other words, during coarsening in ternary alloys, the tie line selected by precipitate and matrix interfacial components depends on precipitate size; during growth, however, the scaling regime is characterized by the same tie line, independent of precipitate size. (g) (h) (i) Critical comparison between theory and experiment (j) (k) (l) We have used the grand potential based phase held model [1] [2] to study coarsening in Ni-Al-Mo alloys. This model has the advantage of ease with which we can incorporate the thermodynamic and kinetic data on real alloys. (m) (n) A comparison of coarsening rate from our 3D simulations with the experimentally observed rate reveals that diffusivity of the faster di using species (which, in Ni-Al-Mo alloys, is aluminium) from our simulations is within an order of magnitude from the experimental value. However the dominant term in the (@ =@c) matrix is underestimated by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude (compared to its value computed from CALPHAD-based thermodynamic data).

This Master Thesis describes the Expérience Grand-Guignol project, consisting on the one hand of research of the texts preserved in the Parisian Theatre Grand-Guignol (1897 – 1963) and on the other hand of a graduation performance in Theatre DISK which staged four plays from the repertory of this famous theatre of horrors. The Expérience Grand-Guignol project explored in practice various approaches to the historical material of Grand-Guignol placed in a contemporary context. It examined limits of the genre and methods of staging favorable to the Grand-Guignol experience today. The thesis is structured in three parts. The first part presents the Grand-Guignol theatre phenomenon, its history and theory compiled from accessible literature. The second part is dedicated to a detailed preparation and realization of the project. It presents four performed shows, including the overall set design and storyline, which provides the frame for the cycle. The last part presents a short reflection on fear as an effect of a theatre performance, a summary of observations from the practical examination, and an evaluation of project.

Recent scholarship has examined the lived experience of unmarried women in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Britain, both in cities and in the countryside. Typically, scholarship in this field has focussed on women's social identity whether spinster, widow or lesbian and addressed how these types of women were variously used in fiction and the press to contest or uphold the gendered status quo. This thesis problematises the distinct characterisation of these social identities by examining works which seek to unify female social identity at the fin de siècle through a common modern experience: the conflict between individual and collective life. All of the female subjects examined in this thesis whether author, artist, or fictional character, and whether married, separated, unmarried, widowed, homosexual, or not easily identifiable either way are solitary figures. Their movement within and interaction with their environments reveal the uneasy combination of separation and exposure experienced by working women of all classes at the fin de siècle. This thesis examines the solitary female figure in works of British fiction produced between 1880 and 1922. It considers the pressures and implications of separation and exposure in relation to female celebrity and creative practices at the fin de siècle. My methodology involves examining the biography and auto/biographical works of Amy Levy (1861-1889), George Egerton (pseud. of Mary Chavelita Dunne Bright; 1859-1945), Sarah Grand (pseud. of Frances Elizabeth Bellenden McFall; 1854-1943) and Charlotte Mew (1869-1923), and drawing out aspects that speak to the desires for privacy and, conversely, publicity and/or companionship. I identify how their lived experience of this conflict broadly, between society and solitude affected the depiction of modern female consciousness in their literary works by examining their female characters subjective interaction with three environments: the foreign landscape, the home, and the city. My aim is to identify how Levy, Egerton, Grand and Mew used their literary works to acknowledge and retaliate against the restrictions which continued to limit urban women's physical, social and psychological autonomy.

Les convertisseurs à base de Si atteignent leurs limites. Face à ces besoins, le GaN, avec sa vitesse de saturation des électrons et le champ électrique de claquage élevés est candidat idéal pour réaliser des redresseurs, surtout s’il est épitaxié sur substrat à bas cout. Ce travail est dédié au développement des diodes Schottky sur AlGaN/GaN. Une couche de SiNx en faible traction a été obtenue. Un contact ohmique de Ti/Al avec une gravure partiel a donné une Rc de 2.8 Ω.mm avec une résistance Rsh de 480 Ω/□. Des diodes Schottky avec les étapes issues de ces études ont été fabriqué. La diode recuite à 400 °C avec 30 nm de profondeur de gravure a montré une hauteur de barrière de 0,82 eV et un facteur d'idéalité de 1,49. La diode a présenté une très faible densité de courant de fuite de 8.45x10-8 A.mm-1 à -400 V avec une tension de claquage entre 480 V et 750 V. / Si-based devices for power conversion applications are reaching their limits. Wide band gap GaN is particularly interesting due to the high electron saturation velocity and high breakdown electric field, especially when epitaxied on low cost substrates such as Si. This work was dedicated to the development and fabrication of the Schottky diode on AlGaN/GaN on Si. SiNx passivation in very low tensile strain is used. Ti (70 nm)/Al (180 nm) partially recessed ohmic contacts annealed at 800 ºC exhibited a 2.8 Ω.mm Rc with a sheet resistance of 480 Ω/sq. Schottky diodes with the previously cited passivation and ohmic contact were fabricated with a fully recessed Schottky contact annealed at 400 ºC. A Schottky barrier height of 0.82 eV and an ideality factor of 1.49 were obtained. These diodes also exhibited a very low leakage current density (up to -400 V) of 8.45x10-8 A.mm-1. The breakdown voltage varied between 480 V and 750 V.

Il est classiquement avancé que le droit à l'enfant n'existe pas. Cette affirmation est beaucoup trop péremptoire en ce qu'elle semble acquise pour tous sans souffrir d'aucune réplique possible. Elle devrait alors être mesurée ou nuancée. D'une part, certains mécanismes de droit positif, qui peuvent se rapporter au contenu du droit à l'enfant, peuvent constituer des prémices de celui-ci. D'autre part, lorsque la mise en oeuvre de ces mécanismes aboutit effectivement à l'accueil d'un enfant, il peut être possible d'affirmer l'existence d'indices favorables à la reconnaissance de ce droit. Néanmoins, dans ces derniers cas, jamais une dénomination en un droit à ... n'est possible. Par ailleurs, parce que le droit est en perpétuelle mutation, il convient d'apprécier si le droit à l'enfant pourrait être institué ou alors s'ilconvient plutôt de faire évoluer les éléments de sa structure. Si la première alternative semble irréaliste, la seconde est plus intéressante. Mais, il faut combattre toutes les évolutions législatives incohérentes et, à l'inverse, encourager ou proposer des modifications avec une connexion étroite entre les mécanismes qui peuvent se rapporter au droit à l'enfant. / It is commonly put forward that there is no such thing as a right to a child. Such a statement is however too peremptory in so far as it seems to be universally acknowledged without allowing any response whatsoever. It should thus be toned down or attenuated. On the one hand, some mechanisms of positive law, that may relate to the contents of the right to a child, may lay the foundations for it. On the other hand, when the implementation of such mechanisms does eventually lead to the taking in of a child, it can thus be possible to assert the existence of evidence supporting the need for this right to be recognised. However, in suchcases, it is never possible to reach a "right to..." label. Moreover, because Law is in a state of constant change, one should consider whether the right to a child could be asserted or whether one should rather improve its structural elements. Whereas the first hypothesis clearly appears unrealistic, the second one seems more achievable. But one should then fight all the incoherent legislative evolutions and conversely back or suggest any changes closely connected with the mechanisms potentially related to the right to a child.

The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of how women experience midlife. Social constructionism, which fits within the postmodern tradition, was the epistemological framework informing this study. Participants were asked to provide their life stories in text form. Texts were interpreted using the hermeneutic method of analysis. The researcher attempted to understand the midlife experience from the perspective of each participant whose meaning, attitudes and ideas have developed within a social context, keeping in mind that the researcher's own social context, ideas and values affected the interpretation of the texts. The research results add a new perspective to the `grand narrative' of midlife as a `crisis'. The new `voice' speaks of the possibility of positive development - of overcoming adversity; taking control; re-assessing life; breaking old patterns; discovering peace; putting down roots; confronting reality; gaining independence and finding new meaning. / Psychology / MA (Clinical Psychology)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:21:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luana Martins Golin.pdf: 924884 bytes, checksum: d7a38f2abd677d7777009c4f7696c701 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Dostoevsky presents a criticism to materialism, power, and authority as constraint in The Grand Inquisitor . It is not possible to neglect that in this work he warns us of any kind of regime that suppresses freedom and hides suffering on behalf of human justice and happiness in order to turn human being into manipulable objects. Dostoevsky was influenced by Eastern Orthodox Mysticism and according to him freedom is the mark of God in human being. Freedom denying, as well as proposed in inquisitor antichrist kingdom, implicates a divine detachment which leads to nihilism. Thereby, the way proposed by Dostoevsky is of facing and accepting this tragic freedom, which is only fully experienced in Christ and at love practicing. / Em O Grande Inquisidor , Dostoiévski apresenta uma crítica ao materialismo, ao poder e à autoridade como constrangimento. Nesta obra, não se pode ignorar o alerta deixado por ele a qualquer tipo de regime que em nome da justiça e da felicidade humana suprime a liberdade e oculta o sofrimento de modo a transformar os seres humanos em objetos manipuláveis. Para Dostoiévski, influenciado pela mística ortodoxa oriental, a liberdade é a marca de Deus no ser humano. A negação da liberdade, como é proposta no reino do anticristo inquisidor, implica num distanciamento com o divino que levará ao niilismo. Neste sentido, o caminho proposto por Dostoiévski é o enfrentamento e a aceitação desta liberdade trágica, que só é vivida plenamente em Cristo e na prática do amor.

Malgré la grande postérité de ses idées, Évhémère de Messène reste très peu étudié en France ; il n’existe actuellement aucune édition traduite des fragments et témoignages portant sur cet auteur. Notre travail consiste donc d’abord à proposer un classement personnel accompagné d’une traduction française des différents fragments. Nous procédons ensuite à une évaluation minutieuse et systématique des principaux fragments – Diodore, Bibliothèque historique, V, 41-46 ; Eusèbe, Préparation évangélique, II, 2, 52-62 ; Lactance, Institutions divines, I, 11, 13, 14, 17 et 22 – afin de déterminer jusqu’à quel point ces différentes sources peuvent être considérées comme des reflets fidèles de l’Ἱερὰ Ἀναγραφή d’Évhémère. Cette étude philologique est suivie d'un commentaire d'ensemble de l'ouvrage d'Evhémère.. / Despite the large renown of his ideas, Euhemerus of Messene remains very little studied in France. There is currently no translated edition of the fragments and testimonies on this author. Our first task is therefore to propose a personal classification together with a French translation of the various fragments. We then proceed to a thorough and systematic assessment of key fragments – Diodorus, Historical Library, V, 41-46 ; Eusebius, Evangelical Preparation, II, 2, 52- 62 ; Lactantius, Divine Institutions, I, 11, 13, 14, 17 and 22 – to determine to what extent these different sources can be regarded as faithful reflections of Euhemerus’ Ἱερὰ Ἀναγραφή. Philological commentary is followed by a global analysis on Euhemerus'work

The core of this work is research and analysis of documents, correspondence, memoir, and secondary reflection of relations among Czech and French surrealists, primarily from the area of literature. Attention is paid both, the Le grand jeu group and the group around Andre Breton. Based on comparisons and analysis that have been carried out, formation of mutual discursive dominant is described, together with way of their period interpretation.