Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ShirlleKSN.pdf: 1257251 bytes, checksum: 8e3d9e5d34873e918e7ada174b5ca7e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Petroleum can be associated or not with natural gas, but in both cases water is always present in its formation. The presence of water causes several problems, such as the difficulty of removing the petroleum from the reservoir rock and the formation of waterin-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. The produced water causes environmental problems, which should be solved to reduce the effect of petroleum industry in the environment. The main objective of this work is to remove simultaneously from the produced water the dispersed petroleum and dissolved metals. The process is made possible through the use of anionic surfactants that with its hydrophilic heads interacts with ionized metals and with its lipophilic tails interacts with the oil. The studied metals were: calcium, magnesium, barium, and cadmium. The surfactants used in this research were derived from: soy oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, and a soap obtained from a mixture of 5wt.% coconut oil and 95wt.% animal fat. It was used a sample of produced water from Terminal de S?o Sebasti?o, S?o Paulo. As the concentration of the studied metals in produced water presented values close to 300 mg/L, it was decided to use this concentration as reference for the development of this research. Molecular absorption and atomic absorption spectroscopy were used to determine petroleum and metals concentrations in the water sample, respectively. A constant pressure filtration system was used to promote the separation of solid and liquid phases. To represent the behavior of the studied systems it was developed an equilibrium model and a mathematical one. The obtained results showed that all used surfactants presented similar behavior with relation to metals extraction, being selected the surfactant derived from soy oil for this purpose. The values of the partition coefficients between the solid and liquid phases " D " for the studied metals varied from 0.2 to 1.1, while the coefficients for equilibrium model " K " varied from 0.0002 and 0.0009. The removal percentile for oil with all metals associated was near 100%, showing the efficiency of the process / O petr?leo pode estar associado ou n?o com o g?s natural, mas, em ambos os casos, a ?gua est? presente desde a sua forma??o. A presen?a da ?gua ocasiona diversos problemas, tais como a dificuldade de remover o petr?leo da rocha e a forma??o de emuls?es do tipo ?gua-em-?leo e ?leo-em-?gua. A ?gua de produ??o gera problemas ambientais, que devem ser solucionados para que o efeito da ind?stria do petr?leo no meio ambiente seja minimizado. Este trabalho tem por objetivo remover associadamente o petr?leo disperso e os metais dissolvidos na ?gua de produ??o. O processo ? viabilizado atrav?s da utiliza??o de tensoativos ani?nicos, que com suas partes hidrof?licas interagem com os metais ionizados e com suas partes lipof?licas interagem com o ?leo. Os metais estudados foram: o c?lcio, o magn?sio, o b?rio e o c?dmio. Os tensoativos utilizados na pesquisa foram derivados dos ?leos de soja, girassol, coco e um sab?o oriundo de uma mistura de 5% do ?leo de coco e 95% de gordura animal. Utilizou-se uma amostra de ?gua produzida proveniente do Terminal de S?o Sebasti?o, em S?o Paulo. Como a concentra??o dos metais estudados nesta ?gua apresentavam valores pr?ximos a 300 mg/L, decidiu-se fixar esta concentra??o como refer?ncia para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Para determinar as concentra??es dos metais e do petr?leo na ?gua foram utilizados os espectrofot?metros de absor??o at?mica e de absor??o molecular, respectivamente. Utilizou-se um sistema de filtra??o a press?o constante para promover a separa??o das fases s?lida e l?quida. Para representar o comportamento dos sistemas em estudo desenvolveu-se um modelo de equil?brio e outro matem?tico. Os resultados mostraram que todos os tensoativos desenvolvidos apresentavam comportamento similar com rela??o ? extra??o dos metais, sendo selecionado o tensoativo derivado do ?leo de soja para este prop?sito. Os valores dos coeficientes de parti??o dos metais entre as fases s?lida e l?quida D variaram de 0,2 a 1,1, enquanto que os dos coeficientes do modelo de equil?brio K ficaram entre 0,0002 e 0,0009. O percentual de remo??o conjugada do ?leo com todos os metais foi praticamente igual a 100 %, o que comprovou a efici?ncia do processo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnitaML.pdf: 8838564 bytes, checksum: 65c8b2d71a3bd376ee943cbc1f350499 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-09-02 / Environmental pollution has become a subject of public interest throughout the world. Not only have developed countries been affected by environmental problems but also the developing nations have started to suffer from the serious impacts of pollution. Within this context it is necessary to collect simplified environmental data to assist in the management of water resources by the appropriate authorities. These data are obtained through an environmental index that allows a space-time comparison of points distributed in the same aquatic body, or between different water bodies, for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. The aim of this present study was to determine the environmental status of the Lagoa de Baixo at Guamar?/RN, where a production unit of PETROBRAS RN/CE is located. For this purpose the Water Quality Index (WQI) was used in both an add and multiply form, the Trophic State Index (TSI) and the Environmental Quality Quotient (EQQ), as well as determining the concentrations of metals. The average values obtained for the WQI, in its two forms were 68,67 and 62,76 respectively which were inside the good qualification. According to the TSI the lagoon showed characteristics of a middle trophic state, and an impact level of regular as determined by the EQQ / A polui??o ambiental tornou-se assunto de interesse p?blico em todo o mundo. N?o apenas os pa?ses desenvolvidos v?m sendo afetados pelos problemas ambientais; tamb?m as na??es em desenvolvimento come?am a sofrer os graves impactos da polui??o. Dentro deste contexto ? necess?ria a obten??o de dados simplificados para viabilizar a??es no gerenciamento dos recursos h?dricos pelas autoridades. Esses dados s?o obtidos atrav?s dos ?ndices ambientais, que permitem uma compara??o espa?o-temporal de pontos distribu?dos num mesmo corpo aqu?tico ou entre distintas cole??es h?dricas, nos quais est?o inseridos par?metros f?sico-qu?micos e bacteriol?gicos. O objetivo deste trabalho ? realizar um diagn?stico das condi??es ambientais da Lagoa de Baixo em Guamar?/RN, onde se localiza a unidade de produ??o RN/CE da PETROBRAS, contemplando os ?ndices de Qualidade de ?gua Aditivo e Multiplicativo, ?ndice de Estado Tr?fico e Quociente de Qualidade Ambiental, al?m da avalia??o das concentra??es de metais, com vistas ? caracteriza??o ambiental. Os valores m?dios obtidos para os IQA s, aditivo e multiplicativo foram de 68,67 e 62,76 respectivamente, estando dentro da qualifica??o boa . De acordo IET a lagoa apresentou caracter?sticas variando entre oligotr?fica a mesotr?fica, com n?vel de impacto regular apontado pelo QQA

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaniereDV_DISSERT.pdf: 2210959 bytes, checksum: 50b0d022488541db247d404d8e3dc596 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / The treatment of oil produced water and its implications are continually under investigation and several questions are related to this subject. In the Northeast Region Brazil, the onshore reservoirs are, in its majority, mature oil fields with high production of water. As this oil produced water has high levels of oil, it cannot be directly discarded into the environment because it represents a risk for contamination of soil, water, and groundwater, or even may cause harm to living bodies. Currently, polyelectrolytes that promote the coalescence of the oil droplets are used to remove the dispersed oil phase, enhancing the effectiveness of the flotation process. The non-biodegradability and high cost of polyelectrolytes are limiting factors for its application. On this context, it is necessary to develop studies for the search of more environmentally friendly products to apply in the flotation process. In this work it is proposed the modeling of the flotation process, in a glass column, using surfactants derived from vegetal oils to replace the polyelectrolytes, as well as to obtain a model that represents the experimental data. In addition, it was made a comparative study between the models described in the literature and the one developed in this research. The obtained results showed that the developed model presented high correlation coefficients when fitting the experimental data (R2 > 0.98), thus proving its efficiency in modeling the experimental data. / O tratamento da ?gua produzida (AP) e suas implica??es s?o continuamente estudadas e v?rias perguntas s?o direcionadas a esta ?rea. No Nordeste do Brasil os reservat?rios em terra (ONSHORE) s?o, em sua maioria, po?os maduros, com alta produ??o de ?gua, e como esta ?gua possui altos teores de ?leo, n?o pode ser descartada simplesmente, pois s?o um risco para o ambiente pela contamina??o do solo, ?guas subterr?neas ou mesmo animais e plantas. Atualmente, s?o utilizados polieletr?litos que facilitam a coalesc?ncia das gotas de ?leo dispersas nesta ?gua para assim aumentar a efici?ncia do seu processo de tratamento que ? a flota??o. Estes polieletr?litos al?m de serem de alto custo n?o s?o biodegrad?veis o que limita sua aplica??o. Diante deste contexto, surge a necessidade de estudar produtos menos agressivos ao meio ambiente que viabilizem este tratamento. Este trabalho prop?s a modelagem do processo de flota??o em coluna utilizando tensoativos de origem vegetal em substitui??o aos polieletr?litos, bem como obter uma correla??o que represente os dados experimentais. Al?m disto, foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre modelos apresentados na literatura e o desenvolvido neste trabalho. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo desenvolvido obteve coeficientes de correla??o R2, em rela??o aos dados experimentais, acima de 0,98, comprovando sua efici?ncia na modelagem dos dados experimentais.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EmmanuellePT.pdf: 3267738 bytes, checksum: b73abc3e3cb9af6b3eb62a38dd314419 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-01 / Instituto Federal de Educa??o, Ci?ncia e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte / One of the main impacts to the environment is the water pollution, where the industrial sector is one of the main sources of this problem. In order to search for a solution, the industrial sector is looking forward to new technologies to treat its wastewaters with the goal to reuse the water in the own process. In this mode, the treatment presents a reduction in its costs with the water suply. One of these technologies that are getting more and more applications is the advanced oxidative processes (AOP?s). In this work two industrial wastewaters have been studied, i.e., containing polymers and pharmacus. In the case of the wastewaters with polymers the UV/H2O2 process has been applied with a systematic series of experiments, using irradiation from a mercury lamp and also solar. The following variables of the UV/H2O2 process for the polymers wastewaters have been studied systematically with the lamp reactor: mode of addition of hydrogen peroxide, temperature, time of reaction, hydrogen peroxide concentration and power of the lamp (80, 125, 250 and 400W). The results demonstrated to be satisfactory, obtaining rates of organic charge removal of 100% in 120 minutes of reaction. The studied variables for the experiments with solar irradiation using polymers wastewaters were only the time of reaction, the mode of addition and concentration of the hydrogen peroxide. The results with the solar irradiation demonstrated to be not satisfactory, reaching maximum of 22% of TOC removal in 240 minutes of reaction. This is in accordance with the fact that the solar source has only 5% of low UV irradiation. With respect to the photodegradation of the pharmacus wastewaters, the process UV/H2O2 and photo-Fenton have been applied. As a source of photons, in this case, a mercury UV lamp of 80 W has been used. The studied variables for the experiments with artificial irradiation with the pharmacus wastewaters were: initial concentration of the pollutant, concentration of Fe2+ and time of reaction. The results demonstrated a degree of degradation fairly satisfactory, showing a maximum conversion value of 46% in 120 minutes / Um dos principais impactos causados ao meio ambiente ? o da polui??o das ?guas, sendo o setor industrial um dos maiores causadores deste problema. Para tentar encontrar uma solu??o, este setor est? buscando novas tecnologias para tratar seus efluentes, com o intuito de reutiliz?-los na pr?pria industria, pois, desse modo, al?m do tratamento h? uma diminui??o dos custos com a necessidade de abastecimento de ?gua. Assim, uma das tecnologias para o tratamento de efluentes que vem crescendo a cada dia s?o processos oxidativos avan?ados (POA's). Nesse trabalho, dois efluentes industriais foram estudados, contendo pol?meros e f?rmacos. No caso dos efluentes contendo pol?meros, foi utilizado processo UV/H2O2 com uma s?rie sistem?tica de experimentos usando radia??o artificial e solar. Na degrada??o dos efluentes contendo f?rmacos foram realizados experimentos utilizando radia??o artificial com os processos foto-fenton e UV/H2O2. As seguintes vari?veis do processo UV/H2O2 para os efluentes contendo pol?meros foram estudadas em um reator de pancadas com radia??o artificial: modo de adi??o do per?xido de hidrog?nio, temperatura, tempo de rea??o, concentra??o do per?xido de hidrog?nio e pot?ncia de l?mpada. Os resultados demonstraram ser satisfat?rios, obtendo taxas de remo??o de carga org?nica de 100% em 120 minutos de rea??o. As vari?veis nos experimentos utilizando o processo UV/H2O2 com radia??o solar e efluentes contendo pol?meros, foram mais restritas, pois somente variaram o modo de adi??o e a concentra??o do per?xido de hidrog?nio e o tempo de rea??o. Os resultados com a varia??o solar n?o se mostraram satisfat?rios alcan?ando no m?ximo 22% de remo??o de TOC (Carbono Org?nico Total) em 240 minutos de tempo de rea??o. Este resultado est? de acordo com o fato de que apenas 5% da radia??o solar apresentam baixo comprimento de onda UV. No estudo de degrada??o dos efluentes contendo f?rmacos, os experimentos foram realizados em reator de pancada com radia??o artificial e os processos aplicados foram por UV/H2O2 e o foto-fenton. Neste caso, as vari?veis estudadas foram: a concentra??o inicial dos f?rmacos, concentra??o dos ?ons de ferro (II) e o tempo de rea??o. Os resultados obtidos alcan?aram um grau pouco satisfat?rio, tendo um valor m?ximo de 46% de convers?o em 120 minutos de rea??o.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SyllosSS_TESE.pdf: 2557262 bytes, checksum: 77d0a0faa8e481b116f80dda9a4c8e96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-01 / During production of oil and gas, there is also the production of an aqueous effluent called produced water. This byproduct has in its composition salts, organic compounds, gases and heavy metals. This research aimed to evaluate the integration of processes Induced Air Flotation (IAF) and photo-Fenton for reducing the Total Oils and Greases (TOG) present in produced water. Experiments were performed with synthetic wastewater prepared from the dispersion of crude oil in saline solution. The system was stirred for 25 min at 33,000 rpm and then allowed to stand for 50 min to allow free oil separation. The initial oil concentration in synthetic wastewater was 300 ppm and 35 ppm for the flotation and the photo-Fenton steps, respectively. These values of initial oil concentration were established based on average values of primary processing units in Potiguar Basin. The processes were studied individually and then the integration was performed considering the best experimental conditions found in each individual step. The separation by flotation showed high removal rate of oil with first-order kinetic behavior. The flotation kinetics was dependent on both the concentration and the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of the surfactant. The best result was obtained for the concentration of 4.06.10-3 mM (k = 0.7719 min-1) of surfactant EO 2, which represents 86% of reduction in TOG after 4 min. For series of surfactants evaluated, the separation efficiency was found to be improved by the use of surfactants with low HLB. Regarding the TOG reduction step by photo-Fenton, the largest oil removal reached was 84% after 45 min of reaction, using 0.44 mM and 10 mM of ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. The best experimental conditions encountered in the integrated process was 10 min of flotation followed by 45 min of photo-Fenton with overall TOG reduction of 99%, which represents 5 ppm of TOG in the treated effluent. The integration of processes flotation and photo-Fenton proved to be highly effective in reducing TOG of produced water in oilfields / Durante a produ??o de ?leo e g?s, ocorre tamb?m ? produ??o de uma corrente aquosa denominada ?gua de produ??o de petr?leo. Este subproduto apresenta em sua composi??o sais, compostos org?nicos, gases e metais pesados. Esta pesquisa buscou avaliar a integra??o dos processos de Flota??o por Ar Induzido (FAI) e foto-Fenton para a redu??o do Teor de ?leos e Graxas (TOG) presente em ?guas produzidas, visando recuperar ?leo presente na fase aquosa e mineralizar a carga org?nica remanescente. Os experimentos foram realizados com efluente sint?tico preparado a partir da dispers?o de petr?leo bruto em solu??o salina. O sistema foi agitado por 25 min a 33.000 rpm e depois deixado em repouso por 50 min para permitir a separa??o do ?leo livre. A concentra??o inicial de ?leo (TOG) no efluente sint?tico foi de 300 ppm e 35 ppm para as etapas de flota??o e de foto-Fenton, respectivamente. Estes valores iniciais de concentra??o de ?leo foram estabelecidos tomando com base a TOG m?dio do efluente nas unidades de processamento prim?rio da bacia Potiguar. Os processos foram estudados individualmente e, em seguida, realizada a integra??o considerando as melhores condi??es experimentais encontrada em cada etapa individualmente. A separa??o por flota??o apresentou elevada taxa de remo??o de ?leo com comportamento cin?tico de primeira ordem. A cin?tica de flota??o foi dependente tanto da concentra??o quanto do Balan?o Hidrof?lico-Lipof?lico (BHL) do tensoativo. O melhor resultado foi obtido para a concentra??o de 4,06.10-3 mM (k = 0,7719 min-1) do tensoativo EO 2, o que representa 86 % de redu??o do TOG ap?s 4 min de flota??o. Para a s?rie de tensoativos estudada, a efici?ncia de separa??o mostrou-se melhorada com o uso de tensoativo com menores BHL. Com respeito ? etapa de redu??o do TOG por foto-Fenton, a maior remo??o de ?leo alcan?ada foi de 84% ap?s 45 min de rea??o, utilizando 0,44 mM e 10 mM de ?ons ferrosos e per?xido de hidrog?nio, respectivamente. As melhores condi??es experimentais encontradas para os processos integrados foram 10 min de flota??o seguida de 45 min de foto-Fenton, com redu??o global de TOG de 99%, o que representa 5 ppm de TOG no efluente tratado. A integra??o dos processos flota??o e foto-Fenton mostrou ser altamente eficiente na redu??o de TOG em ?guas produzidas em campos de petr?leo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ShirlleKSN_TESE_PARCIAL.pdf: 1534638 bytes, checksum: ca047a7bd2b85b3f98d9d4d116c8a5d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The petroleum production is associated to the produced water, which has dispersed and dissolved materials that damage not only the environment, but also the petroleum processing units. This study aims at the treatment of produced water focusing mainly on the removal of metals and oil and using this treated water as raw material for the production of sodium carbonate. Initially, it was addressed the removal of the following divalent metals: calcium, magnesium, barium, zinc, copper, iron, and cadmium. For this purpose, surfactants derived from vegetable oils, such as coconut oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil, were used. The investigation showed that there is a stoichiometric relationship between the metals removed from the produced water and the surfactants used in the process of metals removal. It was also developed a model that correlates the hydrolysis constant of saponified coconut oil with the metal distribution between the resulting stages of the proposed process, flocs and aqueous phases, and relating the results with the pH of the medium. The correlation coefficient obtained was 0.963. Next, the process of producing washing soda (prefiro soda ahs ou sodium carbonate) started. The resulting water from the various treatment approaches from petroleum production water was used. During this stage of the research, it was observed that the surfactant assisted in the produced water treatment, by removing some metals and the dispersed oil entirety. The yield of sodium carbonate production was approximately 80%, and its purity was around 95%. It was also assessed, in the production of sodium carbonate, the influence of the type of reactor, using a continuous reactor and a batch reactor. These tests showed that the process with continuous reactor was not as efficient as the batch process. In general, it can be concluded that the production of sodium carbonate from water of oil production is a feasible process, rendering an effluent that causes a great environmental impact a raw material with large scale industrial use / A produ??o do petr?leo ? associada ? ?gua produzida, que apresenta materiais dispersos e dissolvidos que prejudicam n?o s? o meio ambiente, mas tamb?m, as unidades de processamento de petr?leo. Este trabalho objetiva o tratamento da ?gua de produ??o enfocando, principalmente, a remo??o de ?leo e de metais e a utiliza??o desta ?gua tratada como mat?ria-prima para produ??o de barrilha. Inicialmente, verificou-se a remo??o dos seguintes metais bivalentes: c?lcio, magn?sio, b?rio, zinco, cobre, ferro e o c?dmio. Utilizou-se para este fim tensoativos derivados de ?leos vegetais, tais como: ?leo de coco, ?leo de soja e ?leo de girassol. Verificou-se que existe uma rela??o estequiom?trica entre os metais removidos da ?gua de produ??o e os tensoativos utilizados no processo. Tamb?m, desenvolveu-se um modelo que relaciona a constante de hidr?lise do ?leo de coco saponificado com a distribui??o do metal entre as fases resultantes do processo proposto, fases floco e aquosa, relacionando os resultados com o pH do meio. Obteve-se um coeficiente de correla??o na ordem de 0,963. Em seguida, iniciou-se o processo de obten??o da barrilha. Utilizou-se a ?gua resultante das diversas correntes de tratamento da ?gua produzida. Nesta etapa do trabalho, observou-se que o tensoativo auxiliava no tratamento da ?gua de produ??o, removendo parte dos metais e a totalidade do petr?leo disperso. O rendimento da produ??o da barrilha foi da ordem de 80% e sua pureza ficou em torno de 95%. Avaliou-se, ainda, no processo de produ??o da barrilha, a influ?ncia do tipo de reator, utilizando-se um reator cont?nuo e um reator em batelada. Estes ensaios mostraram que o processo cont?nuo n?o foi t?o eficiente quanto o processo em batelada. De forma geral, pode-se concluir que a produ??o de barrilha a partir da ?gua de produ??o de petr?leo ? um processo vi?vel, transformando um efluente que causa grande impacto ambiental em mat?ria-prima de larga utiliza??o industrial / 2020-01-01

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeoneteCAF.pdf: 2381464 bytes, checksum: b8b649d6580da5fa31a3ad86cfc9eb5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The urban drainage is one of the powers of environmental sanitation and its scope is the quantitative and qualitative aspects. In decision making of managers and the engineering aspects of design are almost always taken into account only the quantitative aspects. However, the waters of the runoff have the highest concentrations of pollutants at the beginning of precipitation. Thus, if the plot pollution removed, the remaining portion can be used for other purposes. This work has aimed to present the variation of water quality of two drainage basins in the city of Natal / RN-Brazil to support the implementation of drainage to consider the qualitative aspect, and identify potential for the use of water. The basins (M and C) are analyzed closed-type, are in the urban area, are predominantly residential occupation and its waters are used for detention ponds and infiltration. The samples were divided into three phases, the first two direct to final points in a basin and the third in traps distributed over the surface drainage. The parameters had been analyzed were pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, Color, Turbidity, COD, Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, Sediments solids, total solids, chloride, sulfate, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, Heavy Metals (Chromium, Cadmium, Lead, Zinc and Copper), Eschichia coli and total coliforms. The parameters studied showed high initial pollution load, events and located in different proportions, except nitrite, heavy metals and biological indicators. The size of the surface drainage and topographic its features influence the quality of water. However, the form of sampling is crucial in the qualitative study in the basin. The samplers developed at work, were generated economic and representative results. The urban rainwater presents organic faecal indicators. The runoff of water from both basins shows no risk of salinity and sodicity for use in irrigation, should be noted the content of chloride in the choice of method of irrigation / A drenagem urbana ? uma das compet?ncias do saneamento ambiental e em seu escopo est?o os aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos. Na tomada de decis?o dos gestores e nos aspectos de projeto de engenharia, s?o levados em considera??o quase sempre somente os aspectos quantitativos. No entanto, as ?guas do escoamento superficial possuem as maiores concentra??es de poluentes no in?cio da precipita??o. Desta forma, caso seja removida a parcela poluidora, a parcela restante pode ser aproveitada para outros fins. Este trabalho tem com objetivo apresentar a varia??o da qualidade da ?gua de duas bacias de drenagem na cidade de Natal/RN-Brasil de modo a subsidiar a aplica??o de pr?ticas de drenagem que considerem o aspecto qualitativo, bem como identificar potencial para o uso dessas ?guas. As bacias (M e C) analisadas s?o do tipo fechadas, se encontram na ?rea urbana, possuem ocupa??o predominantemente residencial e suas ?guas s?o destinadas para lagoas de deten??o e infiltra??o. As coletas foram divididas em tr?s fases, as duas primeiras diretas no exut?rio de uma das bacias e a terceira, em coletores distribu?dos ao longo sua superf?cie de drenagem. Foram analisados os par?metros de pH, Condutividade El?trica, Oxig?nio Dissolvido, Cor, Turbidez, DQO, Am?nia, Nitrito, Nitrato, F?sforo Total, Ortofosfato, S?lidos Sediment?veis, S?lidos totais, Cloretos, Sulfatos, Alcalinidade, C?lcio, Magn?sio, S?dio, Pot?ssio, Metais Pesados (Cromo, C?dmio, Chumbo, Zinco e Cobre), Eschichia coli e Coliformes Totais. Os par?metros estudados apresentaram elevada carga poluidora inicial, em eventos localizados e com propor??es diferentes, exceto nitrito, os metais e os indicadores biol?gicos. A dimens?o da superf?cie de drenagem e suas caracter?sticas topogr?ficas influenciam na qualidade da ?gua. Contudo, a forma de amostragem ? decisiva na caracteriza??o qualitativa da bacia em estudo. Os amostradores desenvolvidos durante o trabalho apresentaram-se econ?micos e geraram resultados representativos. As ?guas pluviais urbanas apresentam indicadores biol?gicos fecais. A ?gua do escoamento superficial de ambas as bacias n?o apresenta risco de salinidade e sodicidade para uso em irriga??o, devendo ser observado o teor de cloreto na escolha do m?todo de irriga??o

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DiogenesSS.pdf: 1719000 bytes, checksum: 8997319b45bbf199dededff296b5f583 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The Pitimbu River Basin is concern reason, therefore this is one of the mains freshwater sources for the Natal city supplying. The Pitimbu waters river flow into Jiqui pond, as the main supplier of this, that supplies 16% of Natal population and there is a bigger importance despite the supplying of a parcel of Natal city made joining underground waters with the water proceeding from the Jiqui pond, being used for dilution waters of contaminated wells with nitrate. Even with the importance of the Pitimbu, there is a strong pressure of occupation of its edge according to a critical urban growth, becoming the situation worse and increasing the necessity of management of the use and occupation of the ground and keeping the control of the prompt pollution, as punctual as diffuse. There are many studies about Pitimbu River Basin, however they summarize themselves to some months or even in a few years. This work, that gathers these information, increasing the amplitude and making possible an evaluation of the attitude of the water in a period extended for an evaluation of values of variable quality of water referring to the standards, that usually happens about the variable frequency distribution, central tendency and measures of dispersion, as the coefficient of variation, coefficient of skewness and the coefficient of determination of certain variable on another one. This work to evaluates the quality conditions of the Pitimbu river waters by analyzing thirty five (35) variables Physical, chemical and biological in eight (8) points of water course since 1993 to 2007. Given this situation, all knowledge about the waters quality conditions obtained in this work, is a strong subsidy for management of use and ground occupation, considering the river basin as territorial unit of management, and as the water is public good domain, being a priority human use, It is necessary to guarantee to current and the future generations available water resources in appropriate standards of quality as the established standard and identifying possible reasons of pollution through statistics analysis / A bacia do rio Pitimbu ? motivo de preocupa??o, pois esta ? umas das principais fontes de ?gua doce para o abastecimento da cidade de Natal. As ?guas do rio Pitimbu des?guam na lagoa do Jiqui, sendo a principal alimentadora desta lagoa, que abastece 16% da popula??o da cidade de Natal e existe maior import?ncia ainda que o abastecimento de parcela da cidade de Natal ? feito misturando-se as ?guas subterr?neas com a ?gua proveniente da lagoa do Jiqui, sendo esta usada para a dilui??o as ?guas de po?os contaminados com o nitrato. Ao lado da import?ncia do rio Pitimbu existe uma forte press?o de ocupa??o de suas margens em fun??o do crescimento urbano tornando ainda mais cr?tica a situa??o e aumentando a necessidade do gerenciamento do uso e ocupa??o do solo e controle da polui??o tanto pontual, quanto difuso. Existem diversos estudos a respeito do rio Pitimbu, por?m eles se resumem a alguns meses ou outras vezes em poucos anos, este trabalho, re?ne essas informa??es aumentando a amplitude e possibilitando uma avalia??o do comportamento da ?gua num per?odo mais estendido para a avalia??o das viola??es dos valores das vari?veis de qualidade de ?gua quanto aos padr?es, comportamento geral das vari?veis quanto ? distribui??o de frequ?ncia, de tend?ncia central e medidas de dispers?o, como o coeficiente de varia??o e assimetria e o coeficiente de determina??o de algumas vari?veis sobre outras. Este trabalho avalia as condi??es da qualidade da ?gua do Rio Pitimbu analisando trinta e cinco (35) vari?veis f?sico-qu?micos e biol?gicas em oito (8) pontos do curso d??gua no per?odo de 1993 at? 2007. Diante desse quadro, o conhecimento das condi??es de qualidade de ?gua obtido neste trabalho ? um forte subs?dio para o gerenciamento do uso e ocupa??o do solo considerando a bacia hidrogr?fica como unidade territorial de gerenciamento e como a ?gua ? um bem de dom?nio p?blico sendo o uso humano priorit?rio ? necess?rio garantir ? atual e ?s futuras gera??es recursos h?dricos dispon?veis em padr?es de qualidade adequadas conforme as normas estabelecidas e identificando poss?veis geradores da polui??o atrav?s de an?lise estat?stica

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcosAL_DISSERT.pdf: 1581194 bytes, checksum: d102059d68bb4e5b964f0012273a0656 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This research study deals with the production and distribution of drinking water with quality and safety in order to meet the needs of the Man. Points out the limitations of the methodology for assessing water quality in use today. Approaches the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) for adoption, by the companies responsible for producing and distributing water, of assessment methodologies and risk management (HACCP), in order to ensure the quality and safety of water drinking. Suggests strategies for implementing the plan for water safety plan. Uses the process of water production, composed by Maxaranguape river basin, the water treatment plant and distribution system, which is part of the Plan for Expansion of the Supply System of Natal, as case study. The results, it was possible to devise strategies for implementation of the Water Safety Plan (WSP), which comprises the following steps: a) a preliminary stage. b) assessment system. c) process monitoring. d) management plan and e) validation and verification of the PSA. At each stage are included actions for its implementation. The implementation of the PSA shows a new type of water production, in which the fountain as a whole (watershed and point of capture), the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) and distribution, shall compose the production process, over which to build quality and safety of the final product (drinking water) / A pesquisa trata da an?lise da produ??o e distribui??o de ?gua pot?vel com qualidade e seguran?a de modo a atender as necessidades do Homem. Aborda as recomenda??es da Organiza??o Mundial de Sa?de (OMS) para a ado??o, por parte das empresas respons?veis pela produ??o e distribui??o de ?gua, de metodologias de avalia??o e gest?o de riscos (APPCC), com o objetivo de garantir a qualidade e a inocuidade da ?gua pot?vel. Sugere estrat?gias para implanta??o do plano de seguran?a da ?gua. Utiliza o processo de produ??o de ?gua, composto pela bacia hidrogr?fica do rio Maxaranguape, a esta??o de tratamento de ?gua e o sistema de distribui??o, que faz parte do Plano de Expans?o do Sistema de Abastecimento do munic?pio do Natal - RN, como estudo de caso. Nos resultados obtidos, foi poss?vel tra?ar estrat?gias para implanta??o do Plano de Seguran?a da ?gua (PSA), que compreende as seguintes etapas: a) etapa preliminar. b) avalia??o do sistema. c) monitoramento do processo, d) plano de gest?o e e) Valida??o e verifica??o do PSA. Em cada etapa est?o inseridas a??es para sua implanta??o. A implanta??o do PSA mostra um novo modelo de produ??o de ?gua, no qual, o manancial como um todo (bacia hidrogr?fica e o ponto de capta??o), a Esta??o de Tratamento de ?gua (ETA) e a distribui??o, passa a compor o processo de produ??o, ao longo do qual se constr?i a qualidade e seguran?a do produto final (?gua pot?vel)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:14:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NeymarPC.pdf: 3020681 bytes, checksum: 48c16b28c034f7abb4c4e6b49c509e50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-28 / Water still represents, on its critical properties and phase transitions, a problem of current scientific interest, as a consequence of the countless open questions and of the inadequacy of the existent theoretical models, mainly related to the different solid and liquid phases that this substance possesses. For example, there are 13 known crystalline forms of water, and also amorphous phases. One of them, the amorphous ice of very high density (VHDA), was just recently observed. Other example is the anomalous behavior in the macroscopic density, which presents a maximum at the temperature of 277 K. In order to experimentally investigate the behavior of one of the liquid-solid phase transitions, the anomaly in its density and also the metastability, we used three different cooling techniques and, as comparison systems, we made use of the solvents: acetone and ethyl alcohol. The first studied cooling system employ a Peltier plate, a device recently developed, which makes use of small cubes made up of semiconductors to change heat among two surfaces; the second system is a commercial refrigerator, similar to the residential ones. Finally, the liquid nitrogen technique, which is used to refrigerate the samples in a container, in two ways: a very fast and other one, almost static. In those three systems, three Beckers of aluminum were used (with a volume of 80 ml, each), containing water, alcohol and acetone. They were closed and maintained at atmospheric pressure. Inside of each Becker were installed three thermocouples, disposed along the vertical axis of the Beckers, one close to the inferior surface, other to the medium level and the last one close the superior surface. A system of data acquisition was built via virtual instrumentation using as a central equipment a Data-Acquisition board. The temperature data were collected by the three thermocouples in the three Beckers, simultaneously, in function of freezing time. We will present the behavior of temperature versus freezing time for the three substances. The results show the characterization of the transitions of the liquid / A ?gua ainda representa, em suas propriedades cr?ticas e transi??es de fase,um problema de interesse cient?fico atual, em conseq??ncia das in?meras quest?es em aberto e da insufici?ncia dos modelos te?ricos existentes, principalmente relacionados ?s diferentes fases s?lidas e l?quidas que esta subst?ncia possui. Por exemplo, das 13 formas cristalinas conhecidas, a ?gua exibe diferentes fases amorfas, sendo que uma delas, o gelo amorfo de muito alta densidade (VHDA), foi observada apenas recentemente. Outro exemplo ? o comportamento an?malo na densidade que apresenta um m?ximo a 277K. Para investigar experimentalmente o comportamento de uma das transi??es de fase l?quida s?lida da ?gua, a anomalia na sua densidade e tamb?m a meta estabilidade, usamos tr?s diferentes sistemas de refrigera??o e empregamos como sistemas de compara??o, os solventes: Acetona e ?lcool et?lico. O primeiro sistema de refrigera??o usa uma placa Peltier, um dispositivo relativamente novo, que usa pequenos cubos semicondutores para trocar calor entre duas superf?cies; o segundo foi um refrigerador comum, semelhante aos residenciais, uma geladeira. Finalmente o nitrog?nio l?quido, que ? usado para refrigerar as amostras num container de duas maneiras, uma muito r?pida e outra, quase est?tica. Nesses tr?s sistemas foram utilizados tr?s beckers de alum?nio (com volume de 80ml, cada), contendo ?gua, ?lcool e acetona, fechado se mantidos ? press?o atmosf?rica. Dentro de cada becker foram arranjados tr?s termopares, dispostos ao longo do eixo vertical dos beckers, um pr?ximo a superf?cie inferior, outro ao n?vel m?dio e o ?ltimo pr?ximo a superf?cie superior. Um sistema de aquisi??o de dados foi montado via instrumenta??o virtual usando como equipamento central um Data Acquisitions. Com isso, foram coletados os dados de temperatura pelos tr?s termopares nos tr?s beckers, simultaneamente, em fun??o do tempo de congelamento. Apresentaremos o comportamento de temperatura versus tempo de congelamento para as tr?s subst?ncias. Os resultados mostram a caracteriza??o de transi??es das fases l?quido s?lidas nos tr?s l?quidos, com ocorr?ncia da fase meta est?vel tanto para a ?gua quanto para o ?lcool e acetona, indicando a din?mica da ?gua nos diferentes aparatos de medida