Modern-day vehicles consist of numerous electronic computing devices with accompanying software. Since vehicles are generally classified as safety-critical systems, rigorous testing strategies have to be deployed to ensure correct operation of the embedded software. Testing in an active sense is understood to be the main testing method for software in general. The main characteristic of active testing is that test cases have complete control over the system under test, warranting sequential execution of test cases. To complement active testing a method called passive testing is being researched, where the main benefit compared to active testing is that the evaluation of test cases becomes parallelizable. As passive testing opens up for concurrency, the issue of not recognizing faulty behavior arises. This could be the case when simultaneously testing functions which share an output, and the incorrect behavior of a function is being masked by the correct behavior of another function. To avoid vacuous test results, the evaluation of dependent test cases can be separated. Previous work describes the process of extracting dependencies between test cases from requirement specifications. However, this approach is not suitable when test cases are derived from various artifacts. In this thesis we present a syntax-based approach for dependency discovery between test cases. The approach was evaluated through a case study using integration test cases developed for active hardware-in-the-loop testing at Scania CV. Dependencies between 946 test cases have been extracted and the test cases were grouped into three categories, with 286 test cases being identified as independent. The approach shows some potential for evaluating test cases written for active testing, but the results indicate that using test cases written specifically for passive testing may yield better results. The approach also proved to be useful for finding bugs and deviations in scripts. Thus, the method has proven useful for discovering dependencies from syntax, but the results are strongly dependent on the complexity and commonality of the scripts. / Moderna fordon innehåller åtskilliga elektroniska kontrollenheter med medföljande programvara. Eftersom fordon ofta anses vara säkerhetskritiska system krävs robusta teststrategier av den inbyggda mjukvaran för att säkerställa korrekt drift. Aktiv testning är för nuvarande den vanligaste metoden för att testa mjukvara. Den huvudsakliga egenskapen för aktiv testning är att testfall har total kontroll över systemet som är satt under test, vilket medför sekventiell utvärdering av testfall. För att komplettera aktiv testning undersöks en metod som kallas passiv testning, där den största fördelen gentemot aktiv testning är att utvärderingen av testfall kan ske parallellt. Att utvärdera testfall samtidigt medför dock att felaktigt beteende i mjukvaran potentiellt kan maskeras. Detta kan ske då flera funktioner delar utsignaler, och en funktions felaktiga beteende maskeras av en annan funktions korrekta beteende. För att undvika tomma sanningar som testresultat, kan utvärderingen av testfall som har ett beroende mellan dem separeras. Föregående arbeten inom området beskriver processen för att extrahera beroenden mellan testfall från kravspecifikationer. Denna metod är dock inte lämplig när testfall är baserade på flera olika artefakter. I detta examensarbete presenterar vi en syntaxbaserad metod för att hitta beroenden mellan testfall. Metoden utvärderades genom en fallstudie på Scania CV, där aktiva integrationstestfall för hardware-in-the-loop användes för analys. Beroenden mellan 946 testfall kunde extraheras och testfallen grupperades i tre olika kategorier, där 286 klassificerades som oberoende. Metoden visar potential för att analysera testfall skrivna för aktiv testning, men resultaten indikerar att testfall skrivna specifikt för passiv testning kan generera ett bättre resultat. Ett oväntat men positivt utfall är att metoden i viss grad kan användas för att hitta buggar och avvikelser i skript. Således har metoden visats användbar för att hitta beroenden från syntax, men resultatet beror starkt på skriptens komplexitet och gemensamhet.

Le secteur du bâtiment recèle un fort potentiel d’amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique et de réduction de l’empreinte écologique. Dans cette optique, l’enveloppe du bâtiment joue un rôle important pour relever le défi de la transition énergétique. En effet, une bonne conception de l’enveloppe contribue efficacement à réduire la consommation d’énergie tout en réduisant les émissions de CO2 associés. Cela s’accompagne notamment d’une démarche de développement de nouveaux matériaux et principes constructifs. Ce projet de thèse s’inscrit dans ce cadre en proposant un nouveau matériau composite, qui porte sur l’association de deux matériaux innovant : composite textile mortier (TRC) et matériaux à changement de phase (MCPs). L’objectif de cette combinaison est de contribuer au développement d’éléments de façades multifonctionnelles permettant d’allier performances énergétiques, mécaniques et environnementales. Le but de notre étude est de caractériser en premier lieu, les propriétés mécaniques et thermiques de ces composites puis, d’évaluer l’impact des MCPs sur le confort thermique intérieur pour différentes configurations. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons adopté une démarche expérimentale et numérique multi échelle. Une campagne expérimentale à l’échelle du laboratoire et in-situ a été menée. En parallèle, nous avons développé un modèle numérique de paroi multicouche, couplé à un modèle de bâtiment. Enfin, nous avons exploité ce couplage pour réaliser une optimisation multicritère à base d’algorithmes génétiques. / The building sector has a great potential to improve energy efficiency and reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. Improvements to the building envelope and Innovations in building materials have the potential to achieve sustainability within the built environment. This PhD thesis focuses on the development of multifunctional façade elements in order to optimize the building energy consumption while maintaining an optimal indoor human thermal comfort. The proposed solution consist of using passive storage by means of phase change materials associated with alternative construction materials such as textile reinforced concrete (TRC). The aim of the study is to characterize mechanical and thermal properties of TRC composites and to evaluate the effect of PCMs on indoor thermal comfort. To meet these objectives, experimental devices have been set up for the characterization (at the component scale and in situ) of the mechanical and thermal behaviour of different TRC panels. In parallel, we have developed a numerical model for the prediction of wall temperature profiles. Finally, a multi-objective optimization of the façade elements is carried out using genetic algorithms to determine the better combinations able to combine the energy performance with the mechanical performance.

Le CEA travaille sur des matériaux poreux – alvéolaires, composites, céramiques, etc. – et cherche à optimiser leurs propriétés pour des utilisations spécifiques. Ces matériaux, souvent composés de plusieurs constituants, ont en général une structure complexe avec une taille de pores de quelques dizaines de microns. Ils sont mis en oeuvre dans des systèmes de grande échelle, supérieure à leurs propres échelles caractéristiques, dans lesquels on les considère comme équivalents à des milieux homogènes, sans prendre en compte sa microstructure locale, pour simuler leur comportement dans leur environnement d’utilisation.Nous nous intéressons donc à la caractérisation des propriétés thermiques effectives de matériaux à microstructure hétérogène en cherchant à déterminer par méthode inverse en fonction de la température la diffusivité thermique qu’ils auraient s’ils étaient homogènes.L’identification de la diffusivité de matériaux poreux et/ou semi-transparents est rendue difficile par le couplage conducto-radiatif fort qui peut se développer rapidement dans ces milieux avec une augmentation de la température. Nous avons donc modélisé le transfert de chaleur couplé conducto-radiatif en fonction de la température au sein de matériaux poreux multiconstituants à partir de leur microstructure numérisée en voxels. Notre démarche consiste à nous appuyer sur la microstructure 3D obtenue par tomographie. Ces microstructures servent de support numérique à cette modélisation qui permet d’une part de simuler tout type d’expériences thermiques numériques – en particulier la méthode flash dont les résultats nous permettent de déduire la diffusivité thermique –, et d’autre part de reproduire le comportement thermique de ces échantillons dans leur condition d’utilisation. / The CEA works a great deal with porous materials – carbon composites, ceramics – and aims to optimize their properties for specific uses. These materials can be composed of several constituents and generally has a complex structure with pore size of several tens of micrometers. It is used in large-scale systems that are bigger than its own characteristic scale in which they are considered as equivalent to a homogeneous medium for the simulation of its behavior in its using environment without taking into account its local morphology. We are especially interested in the effective thermal diffusivity of heterogeneous materials that we estimate as a function of temperature with the help of an inverse method by considering they are homogeneous.The identification of the diffusivity of porous and/or semitransparent materials is made difficult because of the strong conducto-radiative coupling can quickly occur when the temperature increases. We have thus modeled the coupled conductive and radiative heat transfer as a function of the temperature within porous multiconstituent materials from their morphology discretized into a set of homogeneous voxels. We have developed a methodology that consists in starting from a 3D-microstructure of the studied materials obtained by tomography. The microstructures constitute the numerical support to this modeling that renders it possible, on the one hand, to simulate any kind of numerical thermal experiments, especially the flash method whose the results render it possible to estimate the thermal diffusivity, and on the other hand, to reproduce the thermal behavior of our materials in their using conditions.

A fin de diseñar e implementar lenguajes de programación que tengan en cuenta el paradigma borroso modificaremos el lambda cálculo clásico, adjuntando a cada término un grado, y redefiniendo la beta-reducción, obteniendo que para que el nuevo cálculo verifique la propiedad de Church-Rosser la transmisión de los grados debe hacerse por medio de una función que sea una t-norma o s-conorma. Utilizando esta nueva herramienta diseñamos un lenguaje no determinista que satisface los requerimientos de la programación con datos borrosos. / With the aim of designing and implementing programming languages that take into account the fuzzy paradigm we will modify the classical lambda calculus by adding a degree to each term and by redefining the b-reduction. Thus, for the new calculus to verify the Church-Rosser property, the degree computed with can be made through a function that is a t-norm or an s-conorm. With this new tool we design a nondeterminist language that satisfies fuzzy dataprogramming requirements, and an example of its behaviour is shown.

Consumers of digital contents are empowered with numerous technologies allowing them to produce perfect copies of these contents and distribute them around the world with little or no cost. To prevent illegal copying and distribution, a technology called Digital Rights Management (DRM) is developed. With this technology, consumers are allowed to access digital contents only if they have purchased the corresponding licenses from license issuers. The problem, however, is that those consumers are not allowed to resell their own licenses- a restriction that goes against the first-sale doctrine. Enabling a consumer to buy a digital license directly from another consumer and allowing the two consumers to fairly exchange the license for a payment are still an open issue in DRM research area. This thesis investigates existing security solutions for achieving digital license reselling and analyses their strengths and weaknesses. The thesis then proposes a novel Reselling Deal Signing (RDS) protocol to achieve fairness in a license reselling. The idea of the protocol is to integrate the features of the concurrent signature scheme with functionalities of a License Issuer (LI). The security properties of this protocol is informally analysed and then formally verified using ATL logic and the model checker MOCHA. To assess its performance, a prototype of the RDS protocol has been developed and a comparison with related protocols has been conducted. The thesis also introduces two novel digital tokens a Reselling Permission (RP) token and a Multiple Reselling Permission (MRP) token. The RP and MRP tokens are used to show whether a given license is single and multiple resalable, respectively. Moreover, the thesis proposes two novel methods supporting fair and secure digital license reselling. The first method is the Reselling Deal (RD) method which allows a license to be resold once. This method makes use of the existing distribution infrastructure, RP, License Revocation List (LRL), and three protocols: RDS protocol RD Activation (RDA) protocol, and RD Completion (RDC) protocol. The second method is a Multiple License Reselling (MLR) method enabling one license to be resold N times by N consumers. The thesis presents two variants of the MLR method: RRP-MR (Repeated RP-based Multi-Reselling) and HC-MR (Hash Chain-based Multi-Reselling). The RRP-MR method is designed such that a buyer can choose to either continue or stop a multi-reselling of a license. Like the RD method, the RRP-MR method makes use of RP, LI, LRL, and the RDS, RDA, and RDC protocols to achieve fair and secure reselling. The HC-MR method allows multiple resellings while keeping the overhead on LI at a minimum level and enable a buyer to check how many times a license can be further resold. To do so, the HC-MR utilises MRP and the hash chain cryptographic primitive along with LRL, LI and the RDS, RDA and RDC protocols. The analysis and the evaluation of these three methods have been conducted. While supporting the license reselling, the two methods are designed to prevent a reseller from (1) continuing using a resold license, (2) reselling a non-resalable license, and (3) reselling one license a unauthorised number of times. In addition, they enable content owners of resold contents to trace a buyer who has violated any of the usage rights of a license bought from a reseller. Moreover, the methods enable a buyer to verify whether a license he is about to buy is legitimate for re-sale. Furthermore, the two methods support market power where a reseller can maximise his profit and a buyer can minimise his cost in a reselling process. In comparison with related works, our solution does not make use of any trusted hardware device, thus it is more cost-effective, while satisfying the interests of both resellers and buyers, and protecting the content owner's rights.