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Student Number: 8402734 Master of Arts (Speech Pathology) Faculty of Humanities / Comprehension was assessed under various conditions in nine subjects with probable Alzheimer’s Disease. Four linguistic variables were selected, namely syntactic complexity, the use of pronouns, directness and literality. Each variable was assessed in sentences in a simple form and in a complex form. Discourse passages which included all of the variables were then constructed, and these tasks were also administered in simple and complex forms. All subjects performed qualitatively and quantitatively better under the simple conditions than under the complex for all four of the variables assessed. However, this effect was more marked in the sentence tasks than in the discourse tasks. Furthermore, individual subjects responded differently to the manipulation of the variables. Results of the study suggest that modifying the variables investigated can improve the comprehension of people with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s Disease. This has important implications for the training of caregivers and conversational partners, and suggests that this type of indirect intervention may be an effective way for speech therapists to provide clinical services to people with dementia in South Africa.

Esta pesquisa descreve o comportamento linguístico de nordestinos residentes na cidade de São Paulo e nos municípios de Osasco e Santo André, a partir do pressuposto de que o comportamento linguístico de um indivíduo dentro de sua comunidade de fala envolve mudanças. O objetivo é verificar se os nordestinos modificaram seu dialeto diante do dialeto paulista. Adotaram-se como corpus doze entrevistas com falantes. A metodologia utilizada foi a de entrevistas gravadas em gravador digital e a transcrição obedecendo-se a fluência verbal dos informantes a fim de coletar dados elucidativos para o presente estudo. Nas transcrições procurou-se, quando possível, utilizar as normas de transcrição do Projeto NURC. Partimos de duas análises sociolinguísticas: a análise das variáveis linguísticas e extralinguísticas. A análise das variáveis extralinguísticas objetivou traçar o perfil de quem poderia estar ou não implementando uma mudança linguística. Os fatores aferidos foram: gênero, escolaridade, tempo de permanência em São Paulo, faixa etária, ocupação e estados de origem. Nesta análise percebeu-se que há tanto falantes categóricos como aqueles que oscilam ao utilizar ou não seu dialeto, que os fatores extralinguísticos estão diretamente relacionados a essa mudança, assim como o estado de origem dos entrevistados. A análise das variáveis linguísticas objetivou verificar se há uma mudança linguística em curso ou não e em quais situações de fala isso pode acontecer. Os fatores aferidos foram as variáveis dependentes: [ t ] [ d ] oclusiva dental e [ t ] [ d ] africada palato-alveolar diante da vogal [ i ] e as variáveis independentes quanto ao segmento antecedente, segmento seguinte e em relação à sílaba tônica. Os dados foram codificados e aferidos através do programa Goldvarb versão 2001. / This research aims at describing and analysing the linguistic behavior of the northeastern ones who lives in Sao Paulo city, and in the neightborhood cities: Osasco and Santo André, as a consequence of their migration movements. The objective is verify if the northeasten modify their dialects in front of paulistas dialect. Twelve interviews were adopted like corpus with resident speakers. The used methodology was that of interviews recorded in digital tape recorder and the transcription obeying verbal fluency of the informants in order to collect elucidatory data for the present study. In the transcriptions it tried, as possible as, to use the Project NURCs transcription standards. We began of two analyses sociolinguistics: the analysis of the linguistic and extralinguistic variables. The analysis of the extralinguistic variables aimed to draw whose profile might be or without implementing a linguistic change. The checked factors were: genre, schooling, permanence time in Sao Paulo, age, occupation and states of origin. In this analysis it was seen that it is so much categorical speakers as those who oscillate while using or not their dialects, that the extralinguistic factors are straightly connected to this change, as well as the state of origin of the interviewed ones. The analysis of the linguistic variables aimed to check if there is a current linguistic change or not and in which speech situations that can happen. The checked factors were the dependent variables: [t] [d] oclusiva dental consonant and [t ] [d ] africada - alveolar before the vowel [i] and the independent variables as for the preceding segment, next segment and regarding the syllable tonic. The data were encoded and checked through the program Goldvarb version 2001.

Esta pesquisa descreve o comportamento linguístico de nordestinos residentes na cidade de São Paulo e nos municípios de Osasco e Santo André, a partir do pressuposto de que o comportamento linguístico de um indivíduo dentro de sua comunidade de fala envolve mudanças. O objetivo é verificar se os nordestinos modificaram seu dialeto diante do dialeto paulista. Adotaram-se como corpus doze entrevistas com falantes. A metodologia utilizada foi a de entrevistas gravadas em gravador digital e a transcrição obedecendo-se a fluência verbal dos informantes a fim de coletar dados elucidativos para o presente estudo. Nas transcrições procurou-se, quando possível, utilizar as normas de transcrição do Projeto NURC. Partimos de duas análises sociolinguísticas: a análise das variáveis linguísticas e extralinguísticas. A análise das variáveis extralinguísticas objetivou traçar o perfil de quem poderia estar ou não implementando uma mudança linguística. Os fatores aferidos foram: gênero, escolaridade, tempo de permanência em São Paulo, faixa etária, ocupação e estados de origem. Nesta análise percebeu-se que há tanto falantes categóricos como aqueles que oscilam ao utilizar ou não seu dialeto, que os fatores extralinguísticos estão diretamente relacionados a essa mudança, assim como o estado de origem dos entrevistados. A análise das variáveis linguísticas objetivou verificar se há uma mudança linguística em curso ou não e em quais situações de fala isso pode acontecer. Os fatores aferidos foram as variáveis dependentes: [ t ] [ d ] oclusiva dental e [ t ] [ d ] africada palato-alveolar diante da vogal [ i ] e as variáveis independentes quanto ao segmento antecedente, segmento seguinte e em relação à sílaba tônica. Os dados foram codificados e aferidos através do programa Goldvarb versão 2001. / This research aims at describing and analysing the linguistic behavior of the northeastern ones who lives in Sao Paulo city, and in the neightborhood cities: Osasco and Santo André, as a consequence of their migration movements. The objective is verify if the northeasten modify their dialects in front of paulistas dialect. Twelve interviews were adopted like corpus with resident speakers. The used methodology was that of interviews recorded in digital tape recorder and the transcription obeying verbal fluency of the informants in order to collect elucidatory data for the present study. In the transcriptions it tried, as possible as, to use the Project NURCs transcription standards. We began of two analyses sociolinguistics: the analysis of the linguistic and extralinguistic variables. The analysis of the extralinguistic variables aimed to draw whose profile might be or without implementing a linguistic change. The checked factors were: genre, schooling, permanence time in Sao Paulo, age, occupation and states of origin. In this analysis it was seen that it is so much categorical speakers as those who oscillate while using or not their dialects, that the extralinguistic factors are straightly connected to this change, as well as the state of origin of the interviewed ones. The analysis of the linguistic variables aimed to check if there is a current linguistic change or not and in which speech situations that can happen. The checked factors were the dependent variables: [t] [d] oclusiva dental consonant and [t ] [d ] africada - alveolar before the vowel [i] and the independent variables as for the preceding segment, next segment and regarding the syllable tonic. The data were encoded and checked through the program Goldvarb version 2001.

Orientador: Marymarcia Guedes / Banca: Vanderlei de Andrade Aguilera / Banca: Maria Rosário de Fátima Valencise Gregolin / Banca: Angel Humberto Corbera Mori / Banca: Luiz Antônio Amaral / Resumo: Neste estudo, à luz dos pressupostos teóricos da Sociolingüística Variacionista Quantitaviva, analisamos o uso das vogais pretônicas /e/ e /o/ no falar de 32 informantes, do sexo feminino e do sexo masculino, referentes a 2 regiões paranaenses. Conforme os resultados, verificamos que os contextos lingüísticos são determinantes no alçamento ([u], [i]) ou na manutenção ([o], [e]) dessas vogais. Dentre as variáveis lingüísticas as mais relevantes para a aplicação do alçamento foram: a) as vogais altas da sílaba seguinte a das vogais pretônicas ([o], [e]); b) as vogais médias pretônicas em contexto de hiato; c) a vogal pretônica [e] em contexto inicial seguida por uma fricativa [s,z] ou por uma nasal. Quanto às variáveis sociais, sexo, faixa etária e escolaridade, foram pouco significantes, todavia, pudemos verificar que as mulheres, os mais escolarizados, e os informantes com idade intermediária tendem a alçar menos que os homens, os jovens, os mais idosos, os analfabetos. Esse fato pode ser um indicativo de "prestígio" ou apontar para a questão das pressões sociais em relação à manutenção das pretônicas [e] e [o] nestas variedades, embora os resultados das variáveis sociais não possibilitem conclusões definitivas pelos percentuais muito próximos. / Abstract: In this study following the theorical pressupositions of the Quantitative Variacionist Sociolinguistics, we analyse the behaviour of the mid pretonic vowels /e/ and /o/ in the talk of thirty-two informants (females and males sex) referent to two paranaense Linguistic region. According to the results of the quantitative analysis, we verified that raising ([u],[i]) or the maintenance ([o],[e]) of the mid pretonic vowels [e] and [o] is determined by linguistic context, for example, when the immediate next syllable has the vowels [i] or [u], when the dependent variable is followed by a vowel, when the pretonic [e] is in initial context and/or followed by fricative consonant [z, s] or by a nasal consonant. As for social variables sex, age and schoolarship, we observed that they have less significance. In spite of, that we could verify that the women, the informants with high level of education and the middle age use more the mid vowels [o] and [e] . While the men, the informants with lower education level and the youngest, the oldest use more the high vowel [u] and [i]. This fact can be indicative of some "prestigie" or "social pression" in relation to the maintenance of the pretonics [o] and [e] in this variety. Although these results very close don't allow us definitive conclusions. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:04:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kailer_da_dr_arafcl.pdf: 2218624 bytes, checksum: 00daaba42d0959331307bca945afc959 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Neste estudo, à luz dos pressupostos teóricos da Sociolingüística Variacionista Quantitaviva, analisamos o uso das vogais pretônicas /e/ e /o/ no falar de 32 informantes, do sexo feminino e do sexo masculino, referentes a 2 regiões paranaenses. Conforme os resultados, verificamos que os contextos lingüísticos são determinantes no alçamento ([u], [i]) ou na manutenção ([o], [e]) dessas vogais. Dentre as variáveis lingüísticas as mais relevantes para a aplicação do alçamento foram: a) as vogais altas da sílaba seguinte a das vogais pretônicas ([o], [e]); b) as vogais médias pretônicas em contexto de hiato; c) a vogal pretônica [e] em contexto inicial seguida por uma fricativa [s,z] ou por uma nasal. Quanto às variáveis sociais, sexo, faixa etária e escolaridade, foram pouco significantes, todavia, pudemos verificar que as mulheres, os mais escolarizados, e os informantes com idade intermediária tendem a alçar menos que os homens, os jovens, os mais idosos, os analfabetos. Esse fato pode ser um indicativo de “prestígio” ou apontar para a questão das pressões sociais em relação à manutenção das pretônicas [e] e [o] nestas variedades, embora os resultados das variáveis sociais não possibilitem conclusões definitivas pelos percentuais muito próximos. / In this study following the theorical pressupositions of the Quantitative Variacionist Sociolinguistics, we analyse the behaviour of the mid pretonic vowels /e/ and /o/ in the talk of thirty-two informants (females and males sex) referent to two paranaense Linguistic region. According to the results of the quantitative analysis, we verified that raising ([u],[i]) or the maintenance ([o],[e]) of the mid pretonic vowels [e] and [o] is determined by linguistic context, for example, when the immediate next syllable has the vowels [i] or [u], when the dependent variable is followed by a vowel, when the pretonic [e] is in initial context and/or followed by fricative consonant [z, s] or by a nasal consonant. As for social variables sex, age and schoolarship, we observed that they have less significance. In spite of, that we could verify that the women, the informants with high level of education and the middle age use more the mid vowels [o] and [e] . While the men, the informants with lower education level and the youngest, the oldest use more the high vowel [u] and [i]. This fact can be indicative of some “prestigie” or “social pression” in relation to the maintenance of the pretonics [o] and [e] in this variety. Although these results very close don´t allow us definitive conclusions.

Allocation of products in a warehouse is done by various storage policies. These are broadly classified into three main categories: dedicated storage, randomized storage, and class-based storage. In dedicated storage policy a product is assigned a designated slot while in random storage policy incoming product is randomly assigned a storage location close to the input/output point. Finally, the class-based storage is a mixed policy where products are randomly assigned within their fixed class. Dedicated storage policy is most commonly used in practice. While designing large warehouse layout, the product information in terms of throughput and storage level is either uncertain or is not available to the warehouse designer. Hence it is not possible to locate products on the basis of the throughput to storage ratio method used in the above mentioned storage location policies. To take care of this uncertainty in product data we propose a fuzzy C-means clustering (FCM) approach. This research is mainly directed to improve the efficiency (distance or time traveled) by designing a fuzzy logic based warehouse with large number of products. The proposed approach looks for similarity in the product data to form clusters. The obtained clusters can be directly utilized to develop the warehouse layout. Further, it is investigated if the FCM approach can take into account other factors such as product size, similarity and/or characteristics to generate layouts which are not only efficient in terms of reducing distance traveled to store/retrieve products but are effective in terms of retrieval time, space utilization and/or better material control.

The diploma thesis concerns Multi Objective Optimization and proposes a fuzzy model for a particular business. The model and the results of the evaluation are described in detail.

The following diploma thesis focuses on processing of uncertain information in databases. Uncertain information represents vague customer requests during laptop choice in classic shop purchasing. Effort of the work is to develop a modern e-shop application selling laptops, which is based on expert fuzzy system helping customers to choose a laptop without knowledge of technical specifications and current trends.

A fin de diseñar e implementar lenguajes de programación que tengan en cuenta el paradigma borroso modificaremos el lambda cálculo clásico, adjuntando a cada término un grado, y redefiniendo la beta-reducción, obteniendo que para que el nuevo cálculo verifique la propiedad de Church-Rosser la transmisión de los grados debe hacerse por medio de una función que sea una t-norma o s-conorma. Utilizando esta nueva herramienta diseñamos un lenguaje no determinista que satisface los requerimientos de la programación con datos borrosos. / With the aim of designing and implementing programming languages that take into account the fuzzy paradigm we will modify the classical lambda calculus by adding a degree to each term and by redefining the b-reduction. Thus, for the new calculus to verify the Church-Rosser property, the degree computed with can be made through a function that is a t-norm or an s-conorm. With this new tool we design a nondeterminist language that satisfies fuzzy dataprogramming requirements, and an example of its behaviour is shown.