This thesis analyzes key moments from the tenures of Harold Macmillan as British Prime Minister and John Fitzgerald Kennedy as President of the United States. The United Kingdom and the United States had a Special Relationship between them, which was based upon their close political cooperation. Macmillan and Kennedy deepend this relation by their personal friendship, which played a major role in the course of finding solutions to the conflicts they had to face in the context of the Cold War, when there was a real possibility of nuclear annihilation. The analysis shows that the Special Relationship in the years 1957-1963 went through several dynamic developments, however it never lost its unique status. Despite initial distrust between the two countries immediately following the Suez Crisis, both politicians always managed to find a compromise solution. Thanks to their friendship and deep personal respect, they managed to always unite, even during times of gravest peril. A typical example of the personal relationship is the Cuban Missile Crisis, when Kennedy kept in touch via telephone with Macmillan and often asked him for advice. By virtue of this contact, Macmillan became one of the President's principal advisors in the course of the crisis. The Special Relationship between the two countries did...

Comedy has typically been derided as second-tier to drama in all aspects of narrative. Throughout history, comedy has seen short shrift in both critical reception and academic investigation. Merit is simply placed on drama far before that of comedy. This is not for comedy’s own lack of skill or craft, but simply for comedy’s misappropriation as a narrative form. Throughout the years, by way of either competition or economic superiority, comedy has been pigeonholed into the typified dramatic structure that drama so thoroughly encapsulates. Being forced into a form that exemplifies complex, climactic structure and explicit character development, comedy in its purest form has suffered through the ages. Gertrude Stein’s theory of Landscape Drama, and, more specifically, immediacy, is best attuned to comedy in its truest form. Comedy does not require sweeping character development, obtuse narrative design, or fantastic spectacle to produce superior works of art. Comedy, when compared to drama, exists best in a much more punctuated format. Stein’s theories, while never intended for comedy, align absolutely perfectly with the comedic genre’s design. And epitomized through long form improv on the stage, and the newly-fashioned digital short made profitable by the proliferation of the internet and digital culture, comedy’s purest form has become more readily available as narrative has progressed throughout history. With this thesis, I intend to display the disparity between comedy and drama due to comedy’s misallotment into a format that does not properly encapsulate it to its most fulfilling embodiment. Through this display, I seek to uncover the debt done to the comedic form from centuries of neglect in academic query and merit in order to best prove comedy’s need for ii critical scrutiny. Further, in doing so I hope to better construe a community of comedic research and criticism in order to create better art and more diverse comedic offerings.

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Ce mémoire a pour point de départ la crise homilétique. En fait, depuis sa réintégration au sein de la liturgie par le Concile, l’homélie n’a pas vraiment su insuffler un vent de renouveau à la prédication liturgique. Ainsi, les plaintes à son sujet augmentent parce qu’elle ne sait pas répondre aux besoins actuels des gens et parce qu’elfe apparaît davantage comme un fardeau pour les homélistes. Sans compter qu’une certaine imprécision demeure lorsqu’il s’agit de la distinguer des autres prédications. Par ailleurs, le monde des communications progresse et dispose maintenant d’éléments capables d’aider à la compréhension du fonctionnement de la communication publique. Comme l’homélie est elle-même une communication publique, ce mémoire cherchera à vérifier en quoi elle peut tirer profit de ces connaissances pour résoudre la crise dont elle est victime.

Text in English / Although initially dismissed as superficial, Harold Pinter’s Betrayal, Tom Stoppard’s The Real Thing, and Patrick Marber’s Closer use the theme of marital betrayal as a trope to investigate metatheatrical and epistemological issues. This study aims to demonstrate how these three plays define and explore the concept of authenticity within the fictional as well as the actual world; how arbitrary the construction and mediation of the characters’ identities are, not only from their own perspective, but also from the audience’s; the significance of the audience’s role in these plays and how issues of authenticity, fictionality and dishonesty impact on a genre that depends on illusion. This study intends to provide a new interpretation of these three texts through an analysis drawn from postmodern and poststructuralist theories, concerning the concept of authenticity within art and language. This study finds that the fictional worlds in these plays are created through mediation, which includes everyday language as well as complex works of art. Authenticity is shown to be an elusive concept. Language is either unsuccessfully used to force authentic responses from characters, or as a shield. In Betrayal, language functions as a protective barrier, preventing the characters from knowing one another. The Real Thing suggests that although inauthenticity may be established, the inverse is not necessarily true. In Closer, the characters try in vain to access authenticity through different registers of language. Furthermore, neither the body nor the mind is shown to be the locus of authenticity in Closer. Within the postmodern context where originality is impossible, mimicry is not seen as something external and inauthentic, but as inextricably part of human existence. The audience is drawn into the fictional world of these plays as its members are able to identify with the disillusionment of the characters and their inability to form a definitive view of each other. Simultaneously, the audience is ousted from the fictional world by being reminded of the author’s presence through metatheatrical devices. These plays take advantage of the fictional status of theatre to explore issues of authenticity, positioning them in direct opposition to postdramatic and verbatim plays. / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Theory of Literature)

Text in English / Although initially dismissed as superficial, Harold Pinter’s Betrayal, Tom Stoppard’s The Real Thing, and Patrick Marber’s Closer use the theme of marital betrayal as a trope to investigate metatheatrical and epistemological issues. This study aims to demonstrate how these three plays define and explore the concept of authenticity within the fictional as well as the actual world; how arbitrary the construction and mediation of the characters’ identities are, not only from their own perspective, but also from the audience’s; the significance of the audience’s role in these plays and how issues of authenticity, fictionality and dishonesty impact on a genre that depends on illusion. This study intends to provide a new interpretation of these three texts through an analysis drawn from postmodern and poststructuralist theories, concerning the concept of authenticity within art and language. This study finds that the fictional worlds in these plays are created through mediation, which includes everyday language as well as complex works of art. Authenticity is shown to be an elusive concept. Language is either unsuccessfully used to force authentic responses from characters, or as a shield. In Betrayal, language functions as a protective barrier, preventing the characters from knowing one another. The Real Thing suggests that although inauthenticity may be established, the inverse is not necessarily true. In Closer, the characters try in vain to access authenticity through different registers of language. Furthermore, neither the body nor the mind is shown to be the locus of authenticity in Closer. Within the postmodern context where originality is impossible, mimicry is not seen as something external and inauthentic, but as inextricably part of human existence. The audience is drawn into the fictional world of these plays as its members are able to identify with the disillusionment of the characters and their inability to form a definitive view of each other. Simultaneously, the audience is ousted from the fictional world by being reminded of the author’s presence through metatheatrical devices. These plays take advantage of the fictional status of theatre to explore issues of authenticity, positioning them in direct opposition to postdramatic and verbatim plays. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Theory of Literature)

En retraçant le développement des théories de la comédie dans la philosophie occidentale, cette thèse avance que des préjugés l’ont empêchée d’être reconnue comme un genre littéraire sérieux. Il est montré que la place donnée à la comédie comme genre mineur pendant plus de deux mille ans correspond à un modèle éthique qui affirme, en distinguant le réel de l'Idéal, une vision néo-platonicienne de l'existence. Partant de l’analyse d’un phénomène théâtral précis dans l’Europe de l’après-guerre et à travers de nombreux exemples choisis parmi des pièces de cinq dramaturges différents, cette thèse propose trois principaux critères de la comédie : le statut ontologique des personnages comiques, la relation paradoxale de la comédie au monde des apparences, et son aptitude à permettre l'impossible. Opérant ainsi un renversement total des systèmes de valeurs et remettant en question une vision binaire, la comédie brouille les clivages entre l’abstrait et le concret, le mécanique et l’organique, et au bout du compte entre la vie et la mort. Il est démontré comment ce renversement s’accomplit de manière linguistique, métaphorique ou encore dramaturgique. L’étude conclut que la comédie bouleverse l'ordre socio-symbolique qui repose sur la logique du possible. / By tracing the development of theories of comedy within Western philosophy, this thesis claims that anti-comic prejudices prevented comedy from being recognized as a serious genre. Comedy’s inferior status for over two thousand years is shown to correspond to an ethical model that distinguishes the real from the Ideal and affirms a Neo-Platonic vision of existence. Through numerous examples taken from a particular phenomenon of post-war European theatre comprising five different playwrights, this thesis proposes three primary characteristics of comedy: the ontological instability of comic characters, comedy’s paradoxical relation to the world of appearances, and comedy’s willingness to accommodate the impossible. By throwing binaries into question and promoting a complete reversal of dominant value systems, comedy blurs the lines of distinction between the abstract and the concrete, the mechanical and the organic and, ultimately, between life and death. Demonstrating how this reversal is accomplished linguistically, metaphorically, or dramaturgically, this study concludes that comedy subverts the socio-symbolic order that relies upon the logic of possibility.

L’entre-deux-guerres représente une période charnière dans l’évolution de la pensée économique au Canada. Le contexte économique et social des années 1920-1940 est des plus favorables au foisonnement de nouvelles idées et de nouvelles approches. Face à la crise et à l’urgence d’en sortir, les économistes, les intellectuels et les milieux politiques commencent à se questionner sérieusement sur les dysfonctions du capitalisme et de l’économie de marché. Pénétrée par des courants émergents, dont le keynésianisme et le corporatisme, et en parallèle avec une discipline économique en pleine formation, la pensée économique évolue considérablement durant ces années alors que les économistes s’interrogent sur les orientations des politiques gouvernementales. L’étude des deux grandes revues d’économie-politique, L’Actualité économique et le Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Sciences, ainsi que l’analyse des travaux des principaux économistes de l’époque, incarnés par Harold A. Innis, W. A. Mackintosh, Esdras Minville et Édouard Montpetit, révèlent les nouvelles orientations face aux problèmes qui confronte le Canada. / The interwar period represents a period of transition in the evolution of the economic thought in Canada. The economic and social context of the 1920-1940’s was highly favorable to the expansion of new ideas and new approaches. In the face of the crisis, economists and intellectuals began to question the fundamentals of capitalism and the market economy. Under the influence of Keynesianism and Corporatism in conjunction with the professionalization of the discipline, economists’ approach to issues of public policy changed considerably during the period. I study the two major political-economy journals, L’Actualité économique, and the Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, as well as the work of leading economists of the time, Harold A. Innis, W. A. Mackintosh, Esdras Minville and Édouard Montpetit, to showcase new economic approaches to the changing social and economic realities of Canada.