This dissertation attempts to investigate the intertextual modus operandi in the oeuvre of H.J. Pieterse, with specific focus on his volumes, Alruin (1989) and Die burg van hertog Bloubaard (2000). The overarching purpose of the investigation is to prove that the author not only uses intertextuality in the sense that one text (literary text) refers to another text (literary and non–literary), or that one text influences another. Pieterse engages in conversation with other texts and re–writes these texts by repositioning them in another context and by adding additional metaphoric meaning to them. The author allows these texts to exchange conversation, to mutually influence one another, and this has as a result that, in his poems, his poetry and his oeuvre, metaphoric lines come into being, which lend a layered meaning to these texts and enrich the possibilities of their interpretation. Thus, a play on multiple meaning develops, which moves between texts: written texts, literary texts, non–literary texts, the author, the reader and the context(s). The conclusion to which this dissertation comes, is that the above mentioned manifestations of meanings, which exist and come into existence within the physically confines of the text, expand this text to a less confined existence in terms of meaning, more unlimited and unbound than what is necessarily allowed by the physically confined nature of the written text. The question thus arises of how the physically limited text take possession of and draws into the texts what lies beyond its physical confines to produce meaning, and how this tension around the limits of the literary text is functionally used. Consequentially, the question that follows is how this happens in the oeuvre of H.J. Pieterse and how the author uses his poetic technique to go beyond the confines of the written text. / Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

This dissertation attempts to investigate the intertextual modus operandi in the oeuvre of H.J. Pieterse, with specific focus on his volumes, Alruin (1989) and Die burg van hertog Bloubaard (2000). The overarching purpose of the investigation is to prove that the author not only uses intertextuality in the sense that one text (literary text) refers to another text (literary and non–literary), or that one text influences another. Pieterse engages in conversation with other texts and re–writes these texts by repositioning them in another context and by adding additional metaphoric meaning to them. The author allows these texts to exchange conversation, to mutually influence one another, and this has as a result that, in his poems, his poetry and his oeuvre, metaphoric lines come into being, which lend a layered meaning to these texts and enrich the possibilities of their interpretation. Thus, a play on multiple meaning develops, which moves between texts: written texts, literary texts, non–literary texts, the author, the reader and the context(s). The conclusion to which this dissertation comes, is that the above mentioned manifestations of meanings, which exist and come into existence within the physically confines of the text, expand this text to a less confined existence in terms of meaning, more unlimited and unbound than what is necessarily allowed by the physically confined nature of the written text. The question thus arises of how the physically limited text take possession of and draws into the texts what lies beyond its physical confines to produce meaning, and how this tension around the limits of the literary text is functionally used. Consequentially, the question that follows is how this happens in the oeuvre of H.J. Pieterse and how the author uses his poetic technique to go beyond the confines of the written text. / Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

This thesis provides a detailed account of the introduction, use, and repeal of the alternative vote (AV) in British Columbia in the 1950s. It argues that British Columbians, familiar with polarized, two-party politics, were dismissive of majority representation. Conversely, the public expressed a strong preference for local representation during discussions of redistribution. While the Liberal and Conservative Coalition parties introduced AV to keep the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation from forming a government, party members were often stronger proponents of electoral reform than their leaders. Nevertheless, the system was debated in terms of democratic values. This was true of electoral reform debates across Canada, including federal debates on proportional representation. Contrary to histories that focus solely on the 1952 and 1953 AV elections and W.A.C. Bennett and Social Credit, this project traces the origins of the alternative vote in BC from the 1940s forward, including ongoing discussions of the single transferable vote (STV) and a points system. The history of BC’s provincial party system in the twentieth century is included in order to establish how polarized politics affected British Columbians’ attachment to the idea of local representation. This thesis contends that the public’s preference for plurality voting contributed to its dismissal of AV: even those who ranked multiple candidates did not necessarily endorse the system. This project also looks at the alternative vote debates in the 1970s and redistribution commissions in BC, particularly the 1978 Eckardt Commission, in order to better understand British Columbians’ attachment to local representation and first-past-the-post, and their dismissal of a preferential system that encouraged them to rank candidates. Social Credit favoured regional representation over representation by population during the redistribution process, and the theme of local representation has consistently framed discussions of electoral reform in British Columbia, including the 2004 BC Citizens’ Assembly’s STV proposal.

L’objectif de cette thèse de doctorat est de démontrer la valeur des œuvres poétiques des trois auteurs cubains contemporains Roberto Manzano Díaz (1949), Rafael Almanza Alonso (1957) et Jesús David Curbelo (1965). L’œuvre de ces trois poètes a été peu étudiée et diffusée par la critique professionnelle et académique à l’échelle nationale et internationale. Bien que nous ayons abordé des textes poétiques provenant de divers recueils de poèmes publiés par ces poètes entre les années 90 et les deux premières décennies du XXIe siècle, le choix du corpus se concentre sur les livres Synergos (2005) de R. Manzano, HymNos de R. Almanza et El lobo y el centauro (2001) de J. Curbelo. Comme cadre théorique, nous avons tout d’abord employé la théorie des influences poétiques ou des rapports intra-poétiques d’Harold Bloom. Nous avons utilisé fondamentalement les concepts d’« angoisse ou anxiété de l’influence », de « lecture erronée », de « mauvaise lecture », de « mauvaise interprétation », de « malentendu poétique », de « défense », d’« agon », de « détour », de « clinamen », de « quotients » et de « comparaisons révisionnistes ». La théorie des influences poétiques nous permet de prouver comment les « poètes postérieurs » cherchent à rivaliser avec les « poètes précurseurs » afin de les égaler ou même de dépasser leurs valeurs esthétiques. C’est précisément dans cette rivalité que résident les possibilités d’occuper une position dans le canon et pas nécessairement dans d’autres facteurs extralittéraires qui orbitent autour du texte poétique. Deuxièmement, nous avons appliqué à la théorie de Bloom sa propre thèse, car nous avons fait un « détour » de celle-ci vers des questions formelles qui n’ont pas été priorisées par l’approche de Bloom. Nous avons donc étudié si les poètes du corpus font une révision formelle sur la façon de construire le vers hispanique. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé la théorie du « vers d’accent variable » d’Oldřich Bělič. Cette théorie passe en revue les diverses systèmes de versification dans lesquelles le vers hispanique a été encadré jusqu’à aujourd’hui. À partir d’une étude comparative rigoureuse des types de versification dans douze autres langues, cette théorie propose le vers d’accent variable pour encadrer le vers hispanique. Cette recherche est complétée par trois annexes dont le but est la divulgation des valeurs de l’œuvre poétique de ces trois auteurs. La première annexe porte sur les biographies des poètes. La deuxième annexe expose un répertoire de formes métriques employées dans leurs textes poétiques. La troisième annexe est une anthologie poétique incluant les poèmes étudiés dans la thèse et ceux que nous croyons aussi représentatifs de leurs poétiques. Du point de vue méthodologique, l’observation des éléments signalant l’émulation intra-poétique comme le choix du lexique, les associations analogiques, la disposition typographique, entre autres, nous a permis d’établir par gradation à quel point ces poètes ont un potentiel pour accéder au canon, peu importe les circonstances autour du texte poétique qui leur ont empêché cet accès à travers le temps. Ainsi, cette thèse propose une restructuration du canon poétique cubain contemporain et, en conséquence, il s’agit évidemment d’une proposition contra canonique. D’autre part, l’étude de l’aspect formel sur la construction du vers nous a aussi permis d’employer la théorie révisionniste de Bloom dans un domaine plus formel de la recherche littéraire. En plus, cela nous permet de reconsidérer les bases théoriques d’au moins trois types de versification afin de comprendre de quelle façon le vers hispanique est construit. Dans les conclusions de cette étude, nous avons constaté que les poètes du corpus démontrent d’abord posséder un style clairement défini. Ils démontrent aussi une vaste et profonde maîtrise de divers types de vers, strophes et compositions avec une intention « obéissante » mais qui cherche en même temps la transgression formelle. Finalement, ils soutiennent systématiquement un étroit dialogue avec les valeurs esthétiques des poètes canoniques reconnus par la tradition des lecteurs. Ce constant échange a pour but de se placer à la hauteur des réalisations des poètes qui les ont précédés. Depuis une perspective formelle, nous avons aussi constaté que les textes poétiques étudiés sont mieux décrits à partir des concepts provenant de la théorie du vers d’accent variable. La pratique poétique de ces auteurs révise ainsi la façon dont le vers hispanique est construit. Elle contribue en même temps à la validation de la récente théorie de Bělič. L’ensemble de l’analyse formelle et non formelle nous a permis de corroborer la valeur des poétiques de ces trois auteurs et, par conséquent, cela montre à quel point le manque d’attention de la critique ne se justifie pas. Au contraire, l’étude de ces trois auteurs nous fait constater qu’il s’agit de poètes dont les œuvres poétiques atteignent un haut niveau de réalisation, ce qui leur permettra de figurer dans le canon. / The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to demonstrate the value of the poetic work of contemporary Cuban authors like Roberto Manzano Diaz (1949), Rafael Almanza Alonso (1957) and Jesus David Curbelo (1965). These three poets’ work has been poorly studied or disseminated by the professional and academic critique, both at the national and international levels. While we used poetic texts from the diverse poetry published between the nineties and the first decades of the 21st century, we focused the selection of the corpus on the poem collections Synergos (2005), by R. Manzano; HymNos (2014), by R. Almanza; and El lobo y el centauro (2001), by J. D. Curbelo. The Harold Bloom's theory of poetic influences or intra-poetic relationships was primarily used as the theoretical framework. The main concepts used were ‘anxiety of influence’, ‘poetic misreading’ or ‘creative misreading’, ‘misinterpretation’, ‘poetic misprision’, ‘defense’, ‘agon', ‘swerve’, clinamen’, ‘revisionary ratios’ and ‘revisionary comparisons’. The theory of poetic influences shows us how ‘later poets’ emulate canonical ‘precursor poets’ in order to match or exceed their aesthetic values. The possibilities to reach a place in the canon depends precisely on that emulation and not on any other factors orbiting around the poetic text. Secondly, the Bloom’s thesis was applied to his own theory, which means performing a ‘swerve’ towards formal questions not prioritized by Bloom. We then investigated whether these poets formally revise the Hispanic verse construction. The Oldřich Bělič's theory of the “verse with variable accent” was used for this purpose. Based on a thorough comparative study on the types of versification in other twelve languages, this theory inspects the different types of versification that have framed the Hispanic verse to date and proposes the verse with variable accent as a new framing type of versification. The research was completed with three appendices. The first appendix consists of a brief biography of the three studied authors; the second appendix contains an inventory of the metrical forms used by them - the inventory is open since the works are still in progress; and the third appendix consists of an anthology of their poetic texts studied within the thesis, together with other texts representatives of these three author's poetry. From a methodological standpoint, observing the elements that indicate an intra-poetic emulation like lexical selection, analogical associations and typographic arrangement, among others, has allowed us to attempt to determine the extent to which these poets have the potential to access the canon, regardless of the circumstances around the poetic text that so far have prevented them from doing it. We are thus offering to restructure the contemporary Cuban poetic canon and, consequently, to develop an evident contra-canonical proposal. On the other hand, by analyzing the formal aspect of the verse construction in these authors, we have first been able to use Bloom's revisionist theory in the formalistic approach of literary research. Furthermore, we have been able to reconsider the extent to which the use of the theoretical bases of at least three types of versification supports the analysis of the Hispanic verse construction. This research allowed us to prove that the poets of the corpus have clearly defined stylistic features. It was also proved that these poets have broad in-depth knowledge of various meters, stanzas and compositions with, at the same time, an “obedient” and transgressive intent in the use of these formal elements. Finally, these poets maintain a systematic dialog with the aesthetic values that have been recognized by the tradition of readers, whether informed or not. This continuous exchange aims at raising them to the level of achievement of the canonical poets. From a formal perspective, it was also proved that the studied poetic texts are better described from the theoretical proposal of the verse with variable accent. Hence, their poetic practices revise the fashion in which the Hispanic verse is constructed and contribute to the validation of Bělič’s theory. In conclusion, both formal and informal analysis have allowed us to ascertain the value of these authors’ poetic proposals and, therefore, the unjustifiable little or no attention given by the national and international critique. On the other hand, the study has provided the possibility to prove that these authors’ poetic works are in general finely elaborated, which supports their presence in the canon. / El objetivo de esta tesis de doctorado es demostrar el valor de las obras poéticas de los autores cubanos contemporáneos Roberto Manzano Díaz (1949), Rafael Almanza Alonso (1957) y Jesús David Curbelo (1965). Estos tres poetas han sido poco estudiados y difundidos por la crítica profesional y académica tanto nacional como internacional. Si bien utilizamos textos poéticos provenientes de diversos poemarios publicados entre los años noventa y las primeras décadas del siglo XXI por estos poetas, la selección del corpus se ha concentrado en los poemarios Synergos (2005) de R. Manzano, HymNos (2014) de R. Almanza y El lobo y el centauro (2001) de J. D. Curbelo. Como marco teórico hemos utilizado en primer lugar la teoría de las influencias poéticas o de las relaciones intra-poéticas de Harold Bloom. Nos hemos servido fundamentalmente de conceptos como “angustia o ansiedad de la influencia”, “lectura errónea”, “mala lectura”, “mala interpretación”, “equívoco poético”, “defensa”, “agon”, “desvío”, “clinamen”, “cocientes revisionistas” y “comparaciones revisoras”. La teoría de las influencias poéticas nos permite comprobar cómo los “poetas posteriores” emulan con los “poetas precursores” canónicos con el objetivo de igualar o superar sus valores estéticos. Es precisamente en esa emulación en la que residen las posibilidades de alcanzar un lugar en el canon y no en otros factores que orbitan en torno al texto poético. En segundo lugar, hemos aplicado a la teoría de Bloom su propia tesis, por lo que hemos llevado a cabo un “desvío” hacia cuestiones formales no priorizadas por Bloom. Hemos investigado por tanto si estos poetas revisan formalmente la construcción del verso español. Para ello, nos hemos valido de la teoría del “verso de acentuación variable” de Oldřich Bělič. Esta teoría pasa revista a los diferentes tipos de versificación en los que se han enmarcado el verso hispano hasta hoy y propone, a partir de un riguroso estudio comparativo con los tipos de versificación en otras doce lenguas, el verso de acentuación variable como un nuevo tipo de versificación para enmarcar el verso hispano. La investigación se complementa con tres anexos. En el primer anexo se expone una breve biografía de los tres autores estudiados; en el segundo, un inventario abierto, puesto que sus obras están aún en evolución, de formas métricas empleadas por ellos y, en el tercer anexo, una antología con sus textos poéticos estudiados en la tesis, más otros textos representativos de las poéticas de estos tres autores. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, la observación de elementos que apuntan a la emulación intra-poética como la selección del léxico, las asociaciones analógicas, la disposición tipográfica, entre otros, nos ha permitido intentar graduar hasta qué punto estos poetas cuentan con un potencial para acceder al canon, cualesquiera que sean las circunstancias en torno al texto poético que se lo han impedido hasta hoy. De ahí que nuestra proposición sea una reestructuración del canon poético cubano contemporáneo y, por consiguiente, una evidente propuesta contra-canónica. Por otra parte, el análisis del aspecto formal de la construcción del verso en estos poetas nos ha posibilitado, en primer lugar, emplear la teoría revisionista de Bloom en el sector formalista de la investigación literaria. Además, nos ha permitido volver a considerar en qué medida se justifica la utilización de las bases teóricas de al menos tres tipos de versificación en el análisis de la construcción del verso en español. Al concluir esta investigación comprobamos que los poetas del corpus tienen unos rasgos estilísticos claramente definidos. Comprobamos también que estos poetas tienen un dominio amplio y profundo de variados metros, estrofas y composiciones con una intención al mismo tiempo “obediente” y transgresora en el empleo de estos elementos formales. Finalmente, estos poetas sostienen un sistemático diálogo con los valores estéticos reconocidos por la tradición de lectores avisados o no. Este constante intercambio tiene como objetivo poder situarse a la altura de las realizaciones de los poetas canónicos. Desde la perspectiva formal, comprobamos también que los textos poéticos estudiados se describen mejor desde la propuesta teórica del verso de acentuación variable. Sus prácticas poéticas revisan así el modo en que se construye el verso español y contribuyen a la validación de la teoría de Bělič. En conclusión, tanto el análisis formal como el no formal nos han permitido comprobar el valor de las propuestas poéticas de estos autores y, por lo tanto, lo injustificado de la poca o ninguna atención por parte de la crítica nacional e internacional. Al contrario, el estudio de sus obras nos ha posibilitado comprobar que se trata de autores cuyas obras poéticas gozan de modo general de una excelente factura, lo que los avala para prevalecer en el canon.

Stefan Hirschauer kritisiert mit dem Konzept des Undoing Gender den Theorieentwurf des Doing Gender nach West & Zimmerman. Er begreift Geschlecht als Effekt von Interaktionen und lehnt sich dabei an Garfinkels ethnomethodologisches Konzept der Accountability und der Omnirelevanz von Geschlecht an. Aus institutioneller Perspektive wird die Möglichkeit der Neutralisierung der Kategorie Geschlecht betont. Forschungsperspektivisch ist Geschlecht auf seine konkrete Relevanzsetzung in Interaktionen unter der Bedingung unterschiedlicher kultureller Konfigurationen und institutioneller Arrangements zu untersuchen ('kontextuelle Kontingenz').

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Although many of Lola Ridge's poems champion the causes of minorities and the disenfranchised, it is too easy to state that politics were the sole reason for her neglect. A simple look at well-known female poets who often wrote about social or political issues during Ridge's lifetime, such as Edna St. Vincent Millay and Muriel Rukeyser, weakens such a claim. Furthermore, Ridge's five books of poetry illustrate that many of her poems focused on themes beyond the political or social. The decisions by critics to focus on selections of Ridge's poems that do not display her ability to employ multiple aesthetics in her poetry have caused them to present her work one-dimensionally. Likewise, politically motivated critics often overlook aesthetic experiments that poets like Ridge employ in their poetry. Few poets during Ridge's time made use of such drastically varied styles, and because her work resists easy categorization (as either traditional or avant-garde), her poetry has largely gone unnoticed by modern scholars. Chapter two of my thesis focuses on a selection Ridge's social and political poems and highlights how Ridge's social poetry coupled with the multiple aesthetics she employed has played a part in her critical neglect. My findings will open up the discussion of Ridge's poetry and situate her work both politically and aesthetically, something no critic has yet attempted. Chapter three examines Ridge’s role as editor of Modern School, Others and Broom. Ridge's work for these magazines, particularly Others and Broom, places her at the center of American modernism. My examination of Ridge's social poetry and her role as editor for two leading literary magazines, in conjunction with her use of multiple aesthetics, will build a strong case for why her work deserves to be recovered.

No description available.

No description available.

Excessive unobserved firepower expenditures by Allied forces during the Vietnam War defied the traditional counterinsurgency principle that population protection should be valued more than destruction of the enemy. Many historians have pointed to this discontinuity in their arguments, but none have examined the available firepower records in detail. This study compiles and analyzes available, artillery-related U.S. and Allied archival records to test historical assertions about the balance between conventional and counterinsurgent military strategy as it changed over time. It finds that, between 1965 and 1970, the commanders of the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), Generals William Westmoreland and Creighton Abrams, shared significant continuity of strategic and tactical thought. Both commanders tolerated U.S. Army, Marine Corps, and Allied unobserved firepower at levels inappropriate for counterinsurgency and both reduced Army harassment and interdiction fire (H&I) as a response to increasing budgetary pressure. Before 1968, the Army expended nearly 40 percent of artillery ammunition as H&I – a form of unobserved fire that sought merely to hinder enemy movement and to lower enemy morale, rather than to inflict any appreciable enemy casualties. To save money, Westmoreland reduced H&I, or “interdiction” after a semantic name change in February 1968, to just over 29 percent of ammunition expended in July 1968, the first full month of Abrams’ command. Abrams likewise pursued dollar savings with his “Five-by-Five Plan” of August 1968 that reduced Army artillery interdiction expenditures to nearly ten percent of ammunition by January 1969. Yet Abrams allowed Army interdiction to stabilize near this level until early 1970, when recurring financial pressure prompted him to virtually eliminate the practice. Meanwhile, Marines fired H&I at historically high rates into the final months of 1970 and Australian “Harassing Fire” surpassed Army and Marine Corps totals during the same period. South Vietnamese artillery also fired high rates of H&I, but Filipino and Thai artillery eschewed H&I in quiet areas of operation and Republic of Korea [ROK] forces abandoned H&I in late 1968 as a direct response to MACV’s budgetary pressure. Financial pressure, rather than strategic change, drove MACV’s unobserved firepower reductions during the Vietnam War.

Bruhn (2008) and Griffiths (1978) have referred in passing to Messiaen's use of non-Western content as an appropriation, but a consideration of its potential moral and aesthetic failings within the scope of modern literature on artistic cultural appropriation is an underexplored topic. Messiaen's first encounter with India came during his student years, by way of a Sanskrit version of Saṅgītaratnākara (c. 1240 CE) written by the thirteenth-century Hindu musicologist Śārṅgadeva. I examine Messiaen's use of Indian deśītālas within a cultural appropriation context. Non-Western music provided a safe space for him to explore the familiar, and served as validation for previously held creative interests, prompting the expansion and development of rhythmic techniques from the unfamiliar. Chapter 1 examines the different forms of artistic cultural appropriation, drawing on the ideas of James O. Young and Conrad G. Brunk (2012) and Bruce H. Ziff and Pratima V. Rao (1997). I consider the impact of power dynamic inequality between 'insider' and 'outsider' cultures. I evaluate the relation between aesthetic errors and authenticity. Chapter 2 considers the internal and external factors and that prompted Messiaen to draw on non-Western rhythm. I examine Messiaen's appropriation of Indian rhythm in relation to Bloomian poetic misreading, and whether his appropriation of Indian rhythm reveals an authentic intention. Chapter 3 analyses Messiaen's interpretation of Śārṅgadeva's 120 deśītālas and its underlying Hindu symbolism. Chapter 4 contextualises Messiaen's Japanese poem Sept haïkaï (1962) in relation to other European Orientalist artworks of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, and also in relation to Michael Sullivan's (1987: 209) three-tiered definitions of japonism.