A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of phisophy in the Faculty of Arts, in the Department of IsiZulu naMagugu at the University of Zululand, 2004. / Lolu cwaningo luwumzamo wokuphonsa itshe esivivaneni sokushicilelwa nokulondolozwa kwalokho okungamagugu esizwe. Isizwe esingalondolozi amagugu nefa laso sinjengomuntu ovunule akangapheleia. Iqhaza lezimila emithini nasekudleni komdabu kumaZuiu kuyinto ebalulekile neyigugu. Kumele kubhekwe ngamehlo abanzi ukuze nezizukulwane ezizayo zilithole lela gugu zilisebenzise, kusimame isizwe. Uma isizwe sesibizwa ngesithuthukile leso sizwe sisuke kokuningi sikwazi ukuziphilisa ngalokho okuyifa namagugu aso. Izimila zingelinye lamafa amaZulu ngoba ngaphandle kokudla okuyisidingongqangi, nokwelapha kubalulekile. Kulezi zinsuku zanamuhia kubhoke indlala nezifo ezingomashayabhuqe, abantu bakhathazekile isizwe siyaphela. Inselelo le ebhekene nesizwe okumele siyihlangabeze ngolwazi nangesibindi. Bekungamele siqaiaze kude kodwa bekufanele sibheke esinakho sisebenzise khoaa kuxazululeke inkinga esikhungethe. Umcwaningi ubona sengathi iqhaza lezimila ekudleni nasemithini yomdabu lithanda ukushabalala. Impucuko yaseNtshonalanga yenza abantu abaningi babone sengathi ukudla komdabu kuyinto ephansi futhi kungukudla okungenamsoco. Umsoco bekucatshangwa ukuthi utholakala ekudleni kwesilungu kuphela. Iqhaza lezimila emithini yomdabu nalo futhi belibukelwa phansi. Bekubonakala sengathi imithi yesilungu yodwa engasetshenziswa ukwelapha abantu kulezi zinsuku, ngoba mhlawumbe kube nomuntu mumbe ongenalwazi ngemithi yesintu. Ukudla okunomsoco kugcina umuntu ephilile enamandla. Ukudla ukudla okungenamsoco kudala isizwe esingondlekile nesintekenteke. Uma kubhekwa lezi zimila zomdabu kubonakala kusuka izizwe phesheya kwezilwandle zizokwenza ucwaningo lapha kwaZulu-Natali zibuyele emuva ziyokwenza amaphilisi nemithi ngazo lezi zimila zethu. Lokho kufakazela iqiniso lokuthi, sicebile, sinefa, okumele siligcine silisebenzise ngokuyikho ukuxazulula tzinkinga esinazo njengesizwe samaZuIu. Ucwaningo luyindlela yokufika ekuxazululweni kwezinkinga ezisikhungethe. Inhlosongqangi yalolu cwaningo bekuwukucwaninga ngeqhaza lezimila ekudleni nasemithini yomdabu esizweni samaZulu. Inhloso exhanteleyo yona kuwukucwaninga ukuthi lungakanani ulwazi ngeqhaza lezimila ekudleni nasemithini yomdabu yesizwe samaZulu kotbisha abachibiyela izifundo zabo zokufundisa. Kusetshenziswe uhlelo nohiu lwemibuzo ukufeza ie nhloso. Kube sekubhekwa nalokho osekuke kwabhalwa ngeqhaza lezimila ekudleni nasemithini yomdabu. Kucwaningwe ngezimila ezinhlobonhlobo, ezidliwayo, ezinobuthi nalezo ezeiaphayo. Imfuyo nayo ayisalanga ngaphandle, kubukwe izhnila ezelapha imfuyo kanye nalezo eziyingozi emfuyweni. Imiphumela etholakele ibe isihlaziywa kwenziwa izincomo, kwaba isiphetho emva kwalokho.

The oral health knowledge, attitudes and practices of primary school children and teachers in Mofolo, Soweto were determined. The enabling and inhibiting factors for oral health promotion in the school environment were also assessed. The aim of the study was to determine if there was any difference in knowledge, attitudes and, practices in learners and teachers and their environment at schools that were exposed to a preventive, educational and tooth brushing programme and those learners and teachers that were not exposed to the programme. Three hundred and thirty-six primary school children six to twelve years of age from four primary schools in Mofolo, i.e. Itekeng, Vukani, Emsebeni and Tshedimoso completed questionnaires. Itekeng and Vukani primary schools were part of an existing tooth brushing, educative and preventive programme, and Emsebeni and Tshedimoso primary schools were not. Four focus group discussions (one from each school) were held with regard to knowledge of oral health and hygiene and the school environment. Seven teachers from two of the four schools and eight teachers from each of the other two schools attended the discussions. Both the learners and teachers at all the schools had little knowledge of dental care, like tooth brushing with fluoridated toothpaste. Frequency of brushing was poor. Most of the learners (61 percent) for the exposed learners and 50 perecent from the unexposed learners reported brushing their teeth once a day. Dietary habits of the learners revealed a high consumption of sugary snacks in between meals and sugar. Fifty-five percent of the exposed learners bought sweets and cakes and 56 percent of the unexposed learners bought fizzy drinks and fruit juices at school. Forty-six percent of the exposed and 58 percent of the unexposed learners said they took more than three spoons of sugar with their breakfast. . Utilisation of primary dental health services in the community by both teachers and learners was poor. More learners from the exposed schools (97 percent) than the unexposed (82 percent) had been to a dentist because they had a toothache. Only 1 percent from the exposed schools and 8 percent from the unexposed had been for a routine check up. Learners from both school categories and teachers had no knowledge of fluoride or benefits of water fluoridation. Over 98 percent of learners from both school categories had never heard of fluoride. The teachers believed it was their responsibility to teach learners and parents about oral health and showed willingness to participate in oral health promotion programmes. The main source of oral health knowledge among the learners was home. Several inhibiting factors to oral health promotion like poverty, lack of adequate oral health knowledge and poor school environment were identified in all the schools.There was no school policy regarding oral health promotion In conclusion, there were no significant differences in the reported knowledge, attitudes and practices between the learners and teachers from the two schools that were part of the preventive, educational and brushing programme and those from the other schools that were not part of the programme. This therefore shows that while preventive and educational programmes are an important component of oral health promotion, they are not adequate in changing knowledge, attitudes and oral health practices.

Engström, M. Hälsopromotion i öppenvården. En litteraturstudie om effekter av olika metoder för att främja fysisk aktivitet. Examensarbete i omvårdnad 10p. Malmö högskola: Hälsa och samhälle, utbildningsområde omvårdnad, 2007.Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa de olika metoder som används i öppenvården för att främja fysisk aktivitet och om dessa har någon långvarig effekt. Metoden baseras på en systematisk granskning och analys av åtta vetenskapliga artiklar med kvantitativ ansats. Resultatet belyser de metoder som används: rådgivning, teoribaserad rådgivning, handledd gruppträning eller individuellt anpassat träningsprogram. Den långsiktiga effekten visar sig framförallt i metoder som baseras av en teoribaserad rådgivning och handledd gruppträning/individ anpassat träningsprogram.Nyckelord: fysisk aktivitet, hälsopromotion, rådgivning, teoribaserad rådgivning, handledd gruppträning/ individanpassat träningsprogram. / Engström, M. Health promotion in primary care. A literature review about the effects of different methods which promote physical activity. Degree project 10 credit points. Nursing program. Malmö university; Health and society, Department of Nursing, 2007. The purpose of this review was to describe the methods which are used in primary care to promote physical activity and to find out if it have any long lasting effects. The review is based on a systematic analysis of eight scientific articles with quantitative data. The result presents methods as counseling, theory based counseling, supervised exercise group or individual based exercise program. The long lasting effects are shown in methods as theory based counseling and supervised exercise group/individual based exercise program.Keywords: physical activity, exercise, health promotion, counseling, theory based counseling, supervised exercise group/ individual based exercise program.

There is a breadth of literature on educating international students. The typical foci are on international students as economic contributors to foreign countries, or on challenges they face. Canadian educational institutions have the most rapidly growing population of international students, yet literature on how to create successful and health-promoting experiences and campus environments is lacking. The purpose of this study was to break new ground by using a mixed-method, secondary analysis approach guided by settings-based health promotion and Health Promoting University theories to explore and understand the health-related experience of international students. The secondary analysis drew on international student data generated from a CB-PAR guided study, The VOICE Study 2012: Revisiting healthy campus development at UBC’s Okanagan campus (UBCO). The two research objectives were: (a) to identify and understand health-related experiences of international students on post-secondary campuses; and (b) recommend strategies for enhancing health-promoting change in campus communities, particularly UBCO, that take into account the international student health-related experience. Responses to 378 community dialogue questionnaires, transcripts from two focus groups (4 participants) and one interview were analyzed. Quantitative analysis was done using descriptive and frequency statistics, and Pearson’s Chi-square test was performed to further understand the statistical findings. Qualitative analysis was done to identify over-arching categories related to participants’ health-related experiences. A synthesis of the qualitative and quantitative findings identified fourteen categories that encompassed the health-related experience of international students at UBCO, and are consistent with the principles of health promotion. The fourteen categories are policy/rules, cleanliness, campus environment, sense of community, orientation, discrimination, food, water, activity, transportation, services, substance use, expenses, and cheating. Of the fourteen categories, international students most frequently selected food, study spaces, and physical activity. Each category was discussed in detail and linked to relevant literature when possible. In the end, this Master’s thesis reflects the health-related interests and experiences of international students, and suggests ways to create a university that promotes health and well-being. / Graduate / 0680 / 0569 / 0745 / robyndwiebe@gmail.com

This formative research examines the effects of health promotion on girls' and young women's health behaviours. Health promotion campaigns targeting women have previously had variable success. Some have been criticised for containing unhelpful values and messages, for example, those that were seen to cause harm to women outside the target population or use of stereotypical symbolism to support the message. Within this study these are called 'unintended consequences'. The Young Women and Health Promotion (YW&HP) study examines the potential for unintended consequences (both negative and positive) of health promotion in general. The focus is then narrowed to examine in more detail whether the use of specific methodologies (such as social marketing), contribute to unintended consequences when promoting physical activity, nutrition and non- smoking messages to girls' and young women. These health behaviours were specifically targeted as they are known to be the major modifiable risk factors for women in the prevention of many chronic illnesses. / This formative research involved the collection and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data from 132 girls and young women across three age categories. These were Year 7 girls (Children - 11-12 years), Year 10 girls (Adolescents - 14-15 years) and young adults (18-25 years). Eighteen focus groups and 15 in-depth interviews were conducted to elicit responses to examine the effects of health promotion on girls' and young women's health behaviours, with particular focus on unintended effects. Current and past health promotion materials, plus a selection of commercial campaigns were utilized to prompt discussion within the groups. The discussion allowed the exploration of girls' and young women's motivators (enabling and reinforcing factors) for personal health behaviours, attitudes and responses to health promotion materials, and the longer-term impacts of health promotion campaigns. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed at the commencement of each focus group, which provided additional information and was later triangulated with the qualitative data. Limitations due to the cross-sectional nature and sampling process of the study mean the results cannot be generalized beyond the study population. However the findings demonstrated that young women are motivated by a complex set of factors. The most common factors influencing the study groups were body image, self-esteem, media and role models. / In addition young women of all age groups had a high awareness of the available messages in the areas studied. All groups discussed the increasing volume of health information available that is targeted at women. Participants noted much of the information originated from commercial sources. This in addition to public health initiatives resulted in increased 'health noise' to which they 'switched off. Furthermore the YW&HP study revealed the importance of written media for women. The young women in this study appreciated the need for mass media advertising, however, preferred to have take-home advice to process at their own time. Discussion of how women process information revealed these young women to be a critical and analytical audience that are often skeptical of health information. Prior to making a decision, therefore, most of the women underwent a process of internal and external validation which included cross referencing information with peers, friends, family and health professionals to establish its accuracy, credibility and validity. Hence the findings of this study would support the need for further exploration of media such as women's magazines to promote health to young women which may in turn prompt discussion with peers and therefore expedite the validation process. / Due to study limitations, results from this formative research need to be interpreted with caution. The results, however, would indicate the area of health promotion and how it communicates health information to young women would benefit from further investigation. The findings suggest many types of media currently being used to communicate health information to young women were useful and appropriate, specifically the use of social marketing media, which, was seen as a worthwhile and necessary strategy for this target group. Methods routinely used by commercial companies were also viewed as effective especially the use of women's magazines. As part of a comprehensive health promotion approach, this is a strategy, which may be an equally useful vehicle for public health messages. In conclusion, discussion with participants revealed a number of negative and positive unintended consequences. This would, therefore, support the need for further research in this area. Furthermore, the research has highlighted the importance of a comprehensive approach to the delivery of health information to young women. Best practice suggests this approach should adhere to ethical communication principles, which would enhance the intended outcomes of the communications whilst also assisting to maximize positive unintended consequences and minimize negative unintended consequences.

Objective To conduct an evaluation of the pilot implementation of the World Health Organization Health Promoting Hospitals initiative and its self-assessment tool in public hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal in 2004/2005 Study design This evaluation utilised a cross-sectional design that incorporated both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Main measures Throughout the Health Promoting Hospital pilot project the opinions and responses of those with a legitimate interest in the initiative were monitored. Data collection methods utilised in this evaluation included participant observation, the World Health Organisation metaevaluation questionnaire, records of workshops and feedback meetings and secondary analysis of all data collected by the six pilot hospitals during the implementation of the project in KwaZulu-Natal. Results Major constraints were found to be time, human and financial resources, lack of training and expertise and insufficient support for the project. The self-assessment tool was found to be insufficiently adapted and not all outcomes were found to be reliable and useful. Despite this, institutional staff found the Health Promoting Hospital project to be capacity building and morale boosting. Relationships between health service levels improved. All hospitals who participated recommended that other hospitals become Health Promoting Hospitals. Conclusion If the World Health Organisation Health Promoting Hospital initiative with its selfassessment tool is to be rolled out to the rest of KwaZulu-Natal province, then substantial changes have to be made to the process. Amongst these are: further adaptation of the selfassessment tool, improved methods of data collection, provision of sufficient resources and increased and sustained provincial support for the project. In addition it is imperative that outcome and impact evaluations be done. / Thesis (M.Med.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2008.

Studien handlar om hälsofrämjande arbete i en organisation kallad organisation X. Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån Antonovskys begrepp känslan av sammanhang (KASAM) utveckla kunskap om hur en organisations hälsofrämjande insatser stämmer överens med hur personalen uppfattar det hälsofrämjande arbetet. En eventuell skillnad mellan organisationens insatser och personalens uppfattning är viktig att uppmärksamma, då de insatser som görs från organisationens sida är tänkt att främja medarbetarnas deltagande i det hälsofrämjande arbetet och utifrån de förutsättningar som finns i organisationen. Jag utgår från Antonovskys KASAM och använder mig av begrepp som KASAM, hanterbarhet, begriplighet och meningsfullhet, stressorer, salutogenes, patogenes och hälsofrämjande ledarskap.  Empirin består av intervjuer med anställda i organisation X. Resultatet har delats in i två delar, en del som handlar om personalavdelningens uppfattning om det hälsofrämjande arbetet i organisation X och en del om de anställdas uppfattning om organisationens hälsofrämjande arbete.  Själva analysen som genomförs är indelad i olika rubriker. Den slutsats som dras i studien är bl. a att ett hälsofrämjande arbete i organisation X inte bara består av hälsofrämjande aktiviteter i form utav fysiska aktiviteter utan att det handlar även om socialt stöd i form av gemenskap, delaktighet och lärande samt att även om organisationen jobbar med att erbjuda olika hälsofrämjande aktiviteter tycks detta inte räcka. Ytterligare en slutsats som kan dras är hur organisationens insatser stämmer överens med hur personalen uppfattar det hälsofrämjande arbetet.

This study was designed to answer the following research questions: "To what extent do undergraduate health education programs offer a worksite health promotion course?" "What are the components included in the worksite health promotion courses offered by colleges and universities?" "Does program approval or accreditation impact whether or not a program offers a worksite health promotion course?" and "Does CHES preparation of students impact whether or not a program offers a worksite health promotion course?"Data were collected from colleges/universities across the nation using a written, mailed questionnaire. From the analysis of the data it was found that 24.7% of the undergraduate health education programs surveyed offer a worksite health promotion course, none of the components on the checklist were present in all WHP course syllabi, there does not appear to be a statistically significant relationship between a program having SABPAC approval or having NCATE accreditation and the offering of the WHP course, and there does not appear to be a statistical significant relationship between a program preparing it students for the CHES examination in the offering of a WHP course. / Department of Physiology and Health Science

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of spiritual experiences, spiritually maturity, and the interaction of spiritual experience and maturity above the additive effects of separate effects, on the engagement in health-promoting behaviors (personal development, sense of purpose, self-awareness and satisfaction; health responsibility; participation in regular exercise and meal patterns; close relationships; and stress management). This study was important because there is a deficit in the literature investigating the effects of spiritual experience and maturity on wellness behaviors.The study's sample consisted of 241 volunteers from various religious and nonreligious groups in a medium sized Midwestern town. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires, including the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile, Index of Core Spiritual Experiences, the Spiritual Maturity subscale of the Spiritual Experience Index- Revised, and a demographic questionnaire. The combination of spiritual experience and spiritual maturity, with demographic variables held constant, was significant and accounted for 22% of the variance in health-promoting behaviors. Results showed that spiritual experience is a significant predictor of health-promoting behaviors. Spiritual maturity and the interaction between spiritual experience and spiritual maturity were not significantly related to health-promoting behaviors. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

Formålet: Formålet er, at få viden om hvordan sundhedskoordinatorfunktionen i folkeskolen opfattes ud fra ledelsens, lærerkollegernes og koordinatorernes eget perspektiv, herunder hvordan opfattes skolens ansvar for at fremme sundhed og trivsel for eleverne, og hvilke styrker og barrierer funktionen har som fremmer implementering af handleplanens mål. Metode: Der blev gennemført 3 fokusinterviews med henholdsvis lærere og sundhedskoordinatorer og 4 individuelle interviews med ledere efter en semistruktureret interviewguide. Fænomenografi blev anvendt som analysemetode. Resultat: Der fremkom 4 beskrivende kategorier og 12 delkategorier. De 4 beskrivende kategorier var: Skolen har en opgave; En vigtig nøgleperson; Ledelse har betydning og Det flytter sig. Der var en fælles opfattelse af, at skolen har en meningsfuld rolle i at fremme børns sundhed og trivsel. Informanterne taler udfra WHO´s positive og brede sundhedsbegreb. Indsatsen skal være flerstrenget og kræver en klar prioritering og lang implementeringsperiode.Lærerne oplever, at sundhedskoordinatoren holder fokus og støtter dem i deres arbejde, og lederne opfatter dem som understøttende i deres ledelsesfunktion. Koordinatorerne skal have de fornødne kompetencer, og rammer for deres opgaveløsning. Koordinatorerne beskriver i højere grad deres erfaringer og viden med sundhedsfremmende og sundhedspædagogiske termer.Sundhedskoordinatorerne beskriver positiv betydning af en engageret ledelsesopbakning. Der er sket en positiv holdningsændring til både sundhedskoordinatorerne, og den lange række indsatser de har bidraget til eller stået for. Konklusion: At arbejde med at fremme sundhed og trivsel i folkeskolen opleves som en meningsfuld opgave og informanterne er bevidste om skolens rolle og ansvar. Der er brug for både en tydelig politisk og ledelsesmæssig prioritering for at komme på skolernes dagsorden og tilstrækkelig tid til implementering. Sundhedskoordinatorfunktionen opleves som en nyttig ressource af alle informanter. Setting tilgangens mange elementer genkendes af informanterne, og foreslås derfor som en hensigtsmæssig ramme for det videre arbejde. / Purpose: This study aimed to increase understanding by management, teachers and healthcoordinators regarding the role of health coordinators in schools and to investigate schools’responsibility in promoting student health and well-being. The aim was also to identify thestrengths and barriers of health coordinators regarding implementation of a program ofaction. Methods: Based on semi-structured interview guides, three qualitative focus groupinterviews and four individual interviews were conducted with managers, teachers andhealth coordinators at a total of four schools. The method of analysis wasphenomenography. Results: 4 categories and 12 subcategories were developed. Categoriesincluded (i) the school has a task, (ii) an important key person, (iii) management matters,and (iv) it makes a difference. All informants agreed that school plays a meaningful role inpromoting children’s health and well-being. The informants use the broad and positivehealth concept exemplified by the World Health Organization. The measure must bemultifaceted, demand a clear priority, and provide an extensive implementation period. Theteachers as health coordinators must have the right qualifications and operate within a fixedstructure. Management predominantly viewed health coordinators as supportive, andteachers expected health coordinators to maintain focus and support them in their jobs.When describing their experiences and knowledge, health coordinators frequently usedhealth promotion and education terminology. They also viewed leaders’ support as essential.The results show a positive change in attitude toward the health coordinator function anddescribe different initiatives implemented by health coordinators. Conclusion: Promoting health and well-being in schools is a meaningful job that requiresschools to provide clear political and managerial priorities and sufficient time forimplementation. All informants recognized the usefulness of the health coordinator’s role.Informants recognized that the setting approach includes many elements that provide asuitable frame for continued effort. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-63-8</p>