Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1982.

Thesis (M.S.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2006 / Typescript (photocopy)

Orientador: Leandro Gobbo Braz / Banca: Paulo do Nascimento Junior / Banca: Norma Sueli Pinheiro Módolo / Banca: João Abrão / Banca: Luís Vicente Garcia / Resumo: Introdução. A parada cardíaca (PC) e o óbito são os piores desfechos clínicos. A investigação das incidências dessas complicações é difícil devido à diferença metodológica encontrada na literatura. Assim, comparações das incidências e causas entre os estudos devem ser feitas com ressalvas. Nos últimos anos, melhorias técnicas na prática anestesiológica podem ter contribuído para a diminuição na incidência de PC e de óbito no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista. Objetivou-se com este estudo reavaliar a incidência, as causas e os fatores desencadeantes de PC e de óbito em pacientes anestesiados em hospital universitário de atendimento terciário no período de 2005 a 2012. Método. Os casos de PC e óbito em 55.002 anestesias consecutivas foram identificados em banco de dados de complicações anestésicas. A incidência de PC e de óbito foi calculada em relação aos atributos: faixa etária, sexo, classificação do estado físico da American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), tipo de atendimento, técnica anestésica, especialidade cirúrgica e fatores desencadeantes. Uma comissão classificou todas as PC e os óbitos, de acordo com os seguintes fatores desencadeantes: 1) totalmente relacionada à doença/condição do paciente; 2) totalmente relacionada à cirurgia; 3) totalmente relacionada à anestesia; e 4) parcialmente relacionada à anestesia. As incidências foram expressas para 10.000 anestesias, juntamente com o intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. Resultados. Ocorreram 139 PC (25,1 por 10.000 anestesias; IC 95%: 21,4 - 29,8) e 88 óbitos (16,0 por 10.000 anestesias; IC 95%: 13,0 - 19,7). Maiores incidências de PC e de óbito ocorreram em crianças menores que um ano e idosos (p = 0,03 e p = 0,028, respectivamente), com estado físico ASA ≥ III (p = 0,01 e p = 0,001, respectivamente), em atendimento de ... / Abstract: Background. Cardiac arrest (CA) and death are the worst outcomes in medicine. To survey these complications is difficult because of the methodological variation in literature. As a result, the comparison of incidence and triggering factors between studies should be made sparingly. Technical improvement in our institutional anesthesia care may have declined the CA and death incidences in the last years. Then we intended to reexamine the CA and mortality incidence, causes and triggering factors in a Brazilian tertiary teaching hospital from 2005 to 2012. Methods. Cardiac arrest and death were identified from an anesthetics complications database. Cardiac arrest and death incidence was calculated for the following characteristics: age, sex, ASA physical status classification, surgical procedure, anesthesia technique, surgery specialty, and triggering factors. All CA and death were reviewed and classified into following four groups of triggering factors: 1) totally patient disease/condition-related; 2) totally surgery-related; 3) totally anesthesia-related; or 4) partially anesthesia-related. The incidences were expressed per 10,000 anesthetics with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results. A total of 139 CA (25.1 per 10,000; 95% CI: 21.4 - 29.8) and 88 deaths (16.0 per 10,000; 95% CI: 13.0 - 19.7) were counted. The major CA and death incidence occurred in neonates and elderly (p = 0.03 and p = 0.028, respectively), ASA physical status ≥ III (p = 0.01 and p = 0.028, respectively), emergency surgery (p = 0.023 and p = 0.03, respectively), general anesthesia (p = 0.03 and p = 0.001, respectively), and multispecialty, cardiac and vascular surgery (p = 0.04 and p = 0.01, respectively). Patient disease/condition was the main triggering factor of CA and deaths (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively), with sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, ruptured aneurysms and trauma the main causes. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest ... / Doutor

This thesis presents four studies investigating the phenomenon of post exercise hypotension in the human condition of pre (borderline)-hypertension. Study one investigated the effects of an acute bout of 30-minutes upright cycling on post exercise haemodynamics and compared the results to a non-exercise control condition. 9 pre-hypertensive males, mean arterial pressure (MAP) = 106 ± 5 mmHg (50 ± 10 yr), not on medication, were studied for 6 hours following 30-minutes of cycle exercise at 70% maximal oxygen consumption and following 30-minutes of seated rest. Results demonstrate that moderate intensity exercise exerts a modest fall (~6 mmHg) in arterial pressure with the hypotension sustained for 6-hours post exercise. The fall in arterial pressure equates to a significantly reduced after load when compared to both pre-exercise baseline and non-exercise control data taken at the same time of day. The arterial pressure responses transcended into a sustained reduction (20%) in systemic vascular resistance and reciprocal increase in vascular conductance for up to 2-hours post-exercise. Venous atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) demonstrated an elevation (44%) following exercise and a significant decline (33%) in the post-exercise period mirroring the haemodynamic response. This research reveals that acute exercise is capable of sustained reductions in arterial pressure and vascular resistance beyond the usual labile fluctuations and that the octapeptide ANP may exert a modulatory influence over the post-exercise response. Increases in 02 tension beyond the physiological range induces complex effects on the circulatory system with a dominant vasoconstriction following hyperoxia. The purpose of study 2 was to assess the effects of hypoxic (16% 02) and hyperoxic (50% 62) exercise on subsequent haemodynamic control when compared with normoxia. 9 pre-hypertensive males, MAP = 106 ± 5 mmHg (50 ±10 yr), not on medication, performed 30-minutes of cycle exercise at 70% normoxic maximal oxygen consumption in hypoxia (16% O 2 ), hyperoxia (50% O 2) and normoxia(21% O2 ). Hyperoxic exercise blunted post-exercise haemodynamics by significantly attenuating the reductions (from normoxic baseline) in SVR (-45%, PO.05 vs. normoxic & hypoxic exercise immediately post-exercise) that persisted throughout 120-minutes recovery in normoxia (-35% vs. normoxic & hypoxic exercise, during recovery) and elicited a mildly hypertensive effect, with regards to MAP, whereas normoxic and hypoxic exercise elicited a hypotension compared to baseline (P < 0.05). Circulating ANP was decreased in the hyperoxic trial when compared with normoxic and hypoxic exercise [24.3 (13.4) v. 31.5 (16.3) and 29.6 (13.9) pg/ml, respectively; P < 0.05, pooled for state]. Changes in MAP were related to changes in ANP concentration only following hyperoxic exercise (r = 0.50, P < 0.01). These findings indicate that acute modest hyperoxia reflexively induces measurable physiological derangement partly explained by decreased circulating concentrations of ANP. Study three determined the role of free-radical mediated oxidative stress and redox regulation of circulating NO metabolism as a primary modulator of vascular tone following exercise in pre-hypertensive humans. Utilising the same cohort and exercise protocol as in study 1 venous blood was sampled from an antecubital vein. Plasma NO metabolites nitrate (NO" 3 ) and nitrite (NO"2 ) were determined fluorometrically, whilst S-Nitrosothiol (RSNO) concentrations were assayed by the Saville reaction Indirect markers of oxidative stress were determined spectrophotometrically detecting lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH). Exercise led to a delayed increase in LOOH by 60- minutes post-exercise (0.69 ± 0.13 v. 0.86 ± 0.18 umol/1, respectively, P < 0.05), that remained elevated until termination of the trial 6-hours post-exercise. NO'a significantly fell below baseline by 120-minutes post-exercise (10.8 ± 3.3 v. 1.1 ±1.1 u.mol/1, respectively, P < 0.05), remaining attenuated for the remainder of the study.NO'i and RSNO were unmodified in the post-exercise period. In parallel to this finding the data also indicates a significant blunting in the hyperaemic response [SVR decreased from a 31% reduction immediately (within 1-minute) post-exercise to -13 and 8% at 60- and 120-minutes post-exercise, respectively, P < 0.05] and reversal of the hypotension (P < 0.05) over the same time frame as the augmented lipid peroxidation and attenuated circulating NO~3. These results indicate that augmented oxidative stress exerts a deleterious effect on post-exercise haemodynamics and implicates a potential redox regulation pathway of NO as being a mechanism by which free radical-induced oxidative stress blunts the degree of PEH in the recovery period. The final study investigated the potential role of a redox-mediated regulation of circulating NO bioavailability as a modulator of the augmented vasoconstriction following hyperoxic exercise. The same cohort and exercise protocol were employed as in study 2 and venous blood was assayed for NO"3 , NO'a, RSNO, LOOK, & lipid /water-soluble antioxidant concentrations. Similar adverse haemodynamic effects were noted following hyperoxic exercise as reported previously in study 2. RSNO showed a significant increase following hypoxic exercise only (P < Q.Q5, state x time, interaction), whereas NO~3, NO~2 and LOOH failed to differ between conditions (P > 0.05, main effect for state [02] and state x time, interaction effects). Ascorbic acid was mobilised in response to hyperoxic exercise when compared to normoxia (P < 0.05, main effect for state [O2] and state x time, interaction effects) being significantly elevated by 120-minutes post-exercise in hyperoxia compared to normoxia and hypoxia [75.1 (31) v. 39.5 (18.3) v. 46.7 (14.2) |amol/l, respectively, P < 0.05]. This data demonstrates an effective endogenous antioxidant response and argues against a redox regulation pathway of NO metabolism as a primary mediator of blunted vasodilatation in this scenario. This elucidates a more complex regulation of arterial tone, resulting from a metabolic pathway independent of NO in older subjects with pre-hypertension. This work demonstrates that (1) aerobic exercise exerts a hypotensive effect in humans with pre-hypertension, (2) ANP plays a part in the vasodilatation following exercise, (3) Free-radical mediated oxidative stress & subsequent modulation of NO metabolism exerts a deleterious influence on post-exercise haemodynamics (4) Acute hyperoxic exercise induces a sustained vasoconstriction that is mediated via circulating ANP concentration but not by redox regulation of NO metabolism.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:09:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-24. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:26:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000840432.pdf: 993781 bytes, checksum: 0047a18aaa619d444fc047f6dd35b6b8 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A obesidade é um problema atual que ocorre em países desenvolvidos e subdesenvolvidos, em diferentes faixas etárias e classes sociais. Considerada uma doença metabólica crônica, caracterizada pelo acumulo excessivo de gordura em relação à massa magra tecidual, está associada com o aumento de risco de mortalidade, redução na expectativa de vida e numerosas comorbidades como, diabetes mellitus tipo II, resistência à insulina, dislipidemia e doenças cardiovasculares. Diversas modificações, moleculares, estruturais, hemodinâmicas e funcionais, do coração, em humanos e animais, têm sido frequentemente associadas com a obesidade. Embora a elevação do tecido adiposo possa provocar mudanças no desempenho cardíaco, os mecanismos responsáveis por estas alterações não estão esclarecidos. Diferentes fatores têm sido sugeridos como responsáveis pelas possíveis anormalidades funcionais cardíacas em modelos de obesidade, entre eles, as proteínas reguladoras do trânsito de cálcio miocárdico. É bem difundida na literatura a associação de ácidos graxos saturados e aumento do risco de doenças cardiovasculares como, doença arterial coronariana. Alguns autores observaram alterações como, apoptose e hipertrofia cardíaca. Pesquisadores verificaram em ratos Wistar obesos por dieta hiperlipídica, 70% de ácidos graxos insaturados e 30% de saturados, que o aumento na área e volume nuclear do miócito se correlacionou significantemente com os ácidos graxos saturados, embora os seus níveis fossem menores que os insaturados. Na literatura consta que a obesidade por dieta hiperlipídica insaturada não promove alteração na expressão das proteínas relacionadas ao trânsito de cálcio miocárdico; entretanto, não há estudos que avaliaram esta relação na obesidade induzida por dieta hiperlipídica saturada. O objetivo desse estudo foi testar a hipótese que a obesidade por dieta hiperlipídica saturada acarreta... / Obesity is a current problem that occurs in developed and developing countries, in different age groups and social classes. It is considered a chronic metabolic disease characterized by excessive fat accumulation in relation to lean tissue, is associated with increased mortality risk, reduced life expectancy and numerous comorbidities as type II diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Several molecular, structural, hemodynamic and functional modifications of the heart in humans and animals have been frequently associated with obesity. Although the increase in adipose tissue may cause changes in cardiac performance, the mechanisms responsible for these changes are unclear. Different factors have been suggested as responsible for possible cardiac functional abnormalities in obesity models, including the regulatory proteins of myocardial calcium handling. It is well established in the literature the association of saturated fatty acids and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease. Some authors observed changes as apoptosis and cardiac hypertrophy. Researchers found in obese Wistar rats by high fat diet, 70% unsaturated fatty acids and 30% saturated, that the increase in the nuclear area and volume myocyte were correlated significantly with saturated fatty acids, although the levels were lower than unsaturated. The literature states that obesity by fat unsaturated diet does not promote changes in the expression of proteins related to myocardial calcium handling; however, there are no studies that evaluated this relationship in obesity models induced by saturated high-fat diet. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that obesity by saturated high-fat diet leads to changes in the expression and / or phosphorylation of proteins related to myocardial calcium handling. Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control (C, n=18; saturated normolipidic diet) and ...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:57:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000785117.pdf: 1162223 bytes, checksum: 03627de2452b5ed709f294364d8ae995 (MD5) / O tabagismo é fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Estudos experimentais e clínicos mostraram que a inalação da fumaça do cigarro leva a alterações funcionais e morfológicas no coração e está associado negativamente com as concentrações de vitamina D séricas. Além disso, há relatos da associação da vitamina D e remodelação cardíaca. Sendo assim, o objetivo foi verificar se a concentração sérica de vitamina D e hábito tabágico explicam as variáveis funcionais e estruturais cardíacas em mulheres fumantes e ex-fumantes comparados a mulheres saudáveis. Metodologia: Estudo observacional transversal, no qual foram avaliadas 55 mulheres, sendo 19 que nunca fumaram (controle, 44,4±11 anos), 18 fumantes ativas (52,8±7 anos) e 18 ex-fumantes (51,7±8 anos). Foram avaliadas pressão arterial, questionário de exposição solar, ingestão alimentar (recordatório de 24 horas em triplicata), composição corporal (peso, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferências (braço, cintura, abdominal e quadril), densidade mineral óssea, massa gorda e massa magra por absortometria por raios X de dupla energia (DEXA)), análise laboratorial (concentrações séricas de cálcio, colesterol total e frações, triglicérides, creatinina, ureia, glicose, hemoglobina glicada, proteína C-reativa, proteínas totais e frações, paratormônio (PTH), vitamina D (25(OH)D) e hemograma), ecocardiograma e espirometria. Os resultados foram analisados por meio de testes estatísticos descritivos, comparações de grupo, proporções, correlações e regressão linear múltipla, com significância de 5%. Resultados: Nos três grupos, a classificação do IMC foi sobrepeso e foram observados valores de circunferência abdominal e relação cintura/quadril maiores do que os pontos de corte para mulheres saudáveis em todos os grupos. Não houve diferença entre as variáveis de composição corporal. As concentrações de colesterol ... / Smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Experimental and clinical studies showed that the smoke inhalation of cigarette smoke leads to functional and morphological changes in the heart and this is negatively associated with serum vitamin D concentrations. In addition, there are reports of the association between vitamin D and cardiac remodeling. Thus, the objective was to determine whether the serum concentration of vitamin D and smoking habits explain the structural and functional cardiac variables in women and ex-smokers women compared to healthy women. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study in which 55 women were evaluated, 19 never smokers (control, 44,4±11 years), 18 active smokers (52,8±7 years) and 18 ex-smokers (51,7±8 years). It was evaluated the blood pressure, sun exposure questionnaire, dietary intake (24-hour recall in triplicate), body composition (weight, height, body mass index (BMI), circumferences (arm, waist, abdominal) and hip, bone mineral density, fat mass and fat-free mass X-ray absorptiometry dual energy absorptiometry (DXA)), laboratory analysis (serum calcium, total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, glucose, glycated hemoglobin, C-reactive protein, total proteins and fractions, parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamina D (25(OH)D) and blood test), echocardiogram and spirometry. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests, group comparisons, proportions, correlations and multiple linear regression, with significance level of 5%. Results: In three groups, BMI classification was overweight and values of waist circumference and waist/hip higher than the cutoffs for healthy women in all groups were observed. There was no difference between body composition variables. The concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol were higher in the group ex-smoker. Dietary intake of vitamin D and calcium was lower than those recommende by the EAR ...

Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-26T13:21:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-08-14Bitstream added on 2015-01-26T13:30:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000799147.pdf: 469793 bytes, checksum: 402e80e644ff8438b391905d72141722 (MD5) / O envelhecimento é acompanhado por alterações estruturais e fisiológicas em vários órgãos e sistemas. No coração, as alterações mais frequentemente observadas são o aumento da matriz colágena intersticial e a disfunção diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo. Atualmente, ainda não está definido se essas alterações são parte natural do processo de envelhecimento ou se são decorrentes ou moduladas por modificações comportamentais como o sedentarismo. Embora os programas de treinamento físico sejam, atualmente, parte integrante das recomendações para prevenção de doenças e reabilitação cardiovascular, seus efeitos na estrutura e função cardíaca de idosos ainda não estão completamente definidos. Adicionalmente, há poucos estudos sobre os mecanismos envolvidos nos efeitos do exercício físico regular sobre a função cardíaca. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do exercício físico aeróbio regular sobre a capacidade funcional, a função cardíaca e miocárdica e a matriz colágena intersticial de ratos idosos. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em três grupos: 1) jovem sedentário (W6, n=24); 2) idoso sedentário (W21-Sed, n=25); e 3) idoso exercitado (W21-Ex, n=20). O exercício físico foi realizado em esteira rolante por 12 semanas. A avaliação in vivo do coração foi realizada por ecocardiograma. A função miocárdica in vitro foi analisada em preparações de músculo papilar isolado do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). Em tecido do VE, foram avaliadas a concentração de colágeno total e solúvel, por espectrofotometria, e a expressão proteica dos colágenos tipo I e III e da lisil oxidase por Western blot. Análise estatística: ANOVA e Bonferroni ou Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn, e teste t de Student. Resultados: Ao final do experimento, o peso corporal foi maior nos grupos W21-Sed e W21-Ex que no W6. As variáveis anatômicas não diferiram entre os grupos. Antes do treinamento, a capacidade ... / Structural and physiological changes occur in several organs and tissues during aging. In the heart, increase in interstitial collagen matrix and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction are the most frequent alterations. Whether these changes are part of aging process or induced or modulated by a sedentary life style is not established. Although physical training programs have been recommended to diseases prevention and cardiovascular rehabilitation, their effects on cardiac structures and function are not completely clear. Furthermore, there are few studies on the mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of prolonged exercise on cardiac function. Purpose: To evaluate the effects of regular aerobic physical exercise on functional capacity, cardiac and myocardial function, and interstitial collagen matrix of aging rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were assigned into three groups: 1) sedentary young (W6, n=24); 2) sedentary old (W21-Sed, n=25); and 3) exercised old (W21-Ex, n=20). Physical exercise was performed in treadmill for 12 weeks. In vivo cardiac evaluation was performed by echocardiography. Myocardial function was assessed in left ventricular (LV) papillary muscle preparation. In LV tissue, total and soluvel collagen concentration was evaluated by spectrophotometry. Protein expression of tipo I and III collagen and lysyl oxidase was analyzed by Western blot. Statistical analysis: ANOVA and Bonferroni or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn, and Student t test. Results: At the end of the experiment, body weight was greater in W21-Sed and W21-Ex groups than W6. Anatomical variables did not differ between groups. Before training, functional capacity did not differ between aged groups. At the end of experment, W21-Ex group present higher distance and time in treadmill than W21-Sed e W6. W21-Sed group had worse physical capacity than W6. Thickness of LV diastolic posterior wall and interventricular septum and relative wall ...

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-08-25Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:07:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000807255.pdf: 1804863 bytes, checksum: afd9b51f306248bf873fed9f858ad311 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Introdução. A parada cardíaca (PC) e o óbito são os piores desfechos clínicos. A investigação das incidências dessas complicações é difícil devido à diferença metodológica encontrada na literatura. Assim, comparações das incidências e causas entre os estudos devem ser feitas com ressalvas. Nos últimos anos, melhorias técnicas na prática anestesiológica podem ter contribuído para a diminuição na incidência de PC e de óbito no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista. Objetivou-se com este estudo reavaliar a incidência, as causas e os fatores desencadeantes de PC e de óbito em pacientes anestesiados em hospital universitário de atendimento terciário no período de 2005 a 2012. Método. Os casos de PC e óbito em 55.002 anestesias consecutivas foram identificados em banco de dados de complicações anestésicas. A incidência de PC e de óbito foi calculada em relação aos atributos: faixa etária, sexo, classificação do estado físico da American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), tipo de atendimento, técnica anestésica, especialidade cirúrgica e fatores desencadeantes. Uma comissão classificou todas as PC e os óbitos, de acordo com os seguintes fatores desencadeantes: 1) totalmente relacionada à doença/condição do paciente; 2) totalmente relacionada à cirurgia; 3) totalmente relacionada à anestesia; e 4) parcialmente relacionada à anestesia. As incidências foram expressas para 10.000 anestesias, juntamente com o intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. Resultados. Ocorreram 139 PC (25,1 por 10.000 anestesias; IC 95%: 21,4 – 29,8) e 88 óbitos (16,0 por 10.000 anestesias; IC 95%: 13,0 – 19,7). Maiores incidências de PC e de óbito ocorreram em crianças menores que um ano e idosos (p = 0,03 e p = 0,028, respectivamente), com estado físico ASA ? III (p = 0,01 e p = 0,001, respectivamente), em atendimento de ... / Background. Cardiac arrest (CA) and death are the worst outcomes in medicine. To survey these complications is difficult because of the methodological variation in literature. As a result, the comparison of incidence and triggering factors between studies should be made sparingly. Technical improvement in our institutional anesthesia care may have declined the CA and death incidences in the last years. Then we intended to reexamine the CA and mortality incidence, causes and triggering factors in a Brazilian tertiary teaching hospital from 2005 to 2012. Methods. Cardiac arrest and death were identified from an anesthetics complications database. Cardiac arrest and death incidence was calculated for the following characteristics: age, sex, ASA physical status classification, surgical procedure, anesthesia technique, surgery specialty, and triggering factors. All CA and death were reviewed and classified into following four groups of triggering factors: 1) totally patient disease/condition-related; 2) totally surgery-related; 3) totally anesthesia-related; or 4) partially anesthesia-related. The incidences were expressed per 10,000 anesthetics with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results. A total of 139 CA (25.1 per 10,000; 95% CI: 21.4 – 29.8) and 88 deaths (16.0 per 10,000; 95% CI: 13.0 – 19.7) were counted. The major CA and death incidence occurred in neonates and elderly (p = 0.03 and p = 0.028, respectively), ASA physical status ? III (p = 0.01 and p = 0.028, respectively), emergency surgery (p = 0.023 and p = 0.03, respectively), general anesthesia (p = 0.03 and p = 0.001, respectively), and multispecialty, cardiac and vascular surgery (p = 0.04 and p = 0.01, respectively). Patient disease/condition was the main triggering factor of CA and deaths (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively), with sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, ruptured aneurysms and trauma the main causes. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest ...

Orientador: Marina Politi Okoshi / Coorientador: Katashi Okoshi / Banca: Silméia G. Z. Bazan / Banca: Bertha Furlan Polegato / Banca: Márcia Kiyomi Koike / Banca: Daniella R. D. Maksymczuk / Resumo: O envelhecimento é acompanhado por alterações estruturais e fisiológicas em vários órgãos e sistemas. No coração, as alterações mais frequentemente observadas são o aumento da matriz colágena intersticial e a disfunção diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo. Atualmente, ainda não está definido se essas alterações são parte natural do processo de envelhecimento ou se são decorrentes ou moduladas por modificações comportamentais como o sedentarismo. Embora os programas de treinamento físico sejam, atualmente, parte integrante das recomendações para prevenção de doenças e reabilitação cardiovascular, seus efeitos na estrutura e função cardíaca de idosos ainda não estão completamente definidos. Adicionalmente, há poucos estudos sobre os mecanismos envolvidos nos efeitos do exercício físico regular sobre a função cardíaca. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do exercício físico aeróbio regular sobre a capacidade funcional, a função cardíaca e miocárdica e a matriz colágena intersticial de ratos idosos. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em três grupos: 1) jovem sedentário (W6, n=24); 2) idoso sedentário (W21-Sed, n=25); e 3) idoso exercitado (W21-Ex, n=20). O exercício físico foi realizado em esteira rolante por 12 semanas. A avaliação in vivo do coração foi realizada por ecocardiograma. A função miocárdica in vitro foi analisada em preparações de músculo papilar isolado do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). Em tecido do VE, foram avaliadas a concentração de colágeno total e solúvel, por espectrofotometria, e a expressão proteica dos colágenos tipo I e III e da lisil oxidase por Western blot. Análise estatística: ANOVA e Bonferroni ou Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn, e teste t de Student. Resultados: Ao final do experimento, o peso corporal foi maior nos grupos W21-Sed e W21-Ex que no W6. As variáveis anatômicas não diferiram entre os grupos. Antes do treinamento, a capacidade ... / Abstract: Structural and physiological changes occur in several organs and tissues during aging. In the heart, increase in interstitial collagen matrix and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction are the most frequent alterations. Whether these changes are part of aging process or induced or modulated by a sedentary life style is not established. Although physical training programs have been recommended to diseases prevention and cardiovascular rehabilitation, their effects on cardiac structures and function are not completely clear. Furthermore, there are few studies on the mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of prolonged exercise on cardiac function. Purpose: To evaluate the effects of regular aerobic physical exercise on functional capacity, cardiac and myocardial function, and interstitial collagen matrix of aging rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were assigned into three groups: 1) sedentary young (W6, n=24); 2) sedentary old (W21-Sed, n=25); and 3) exercised old (W21-Ex, n=20). Physical exercise was performed in treadmill for 12 weeks. In vivo cardiac evaluation was performed by echocardiography. Myocardial function was assessed in left ventricular (LV) papillary muscle preparation. In LV tissue, total and soluvel collagen concentration was evaluated by spectrophotometry. Protein expression of tipo I and III collagen and lysyl oxidase was analyzed by Western blot. Statistical analysis: ANOVA and Bonferroni or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn, and Student t test. Results: At the end of the experiment, body weight was greater in W21-Sed and W21-Ex groups than W6. Anatomical variables did not differ between groups. Before training, functional capacity did not differ between aged groups. At the end of experment, W21-Ex group present higher distance and time in treadmill than W21-Sed e W6. W21-Sed group had worse physical capacity than W6. Thickness of LV diastolic posterior wall and interventricular septum and relative wall ... / Doutor

Orientador: Sergio Alberto Rupp de Paiva / Coorientador: Silvia Justina Papini / Coorientador: Susana Erico Tanni Minamoto / Banca: Bruna Furlan Polegato / Banca: Daniela Rezende Duarte / Resumo: O tabagismo é fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Estudos experimentais e clínicos mostraram que a inalação da fumaça do cigarro leva a alterações funcionais e morfológicas no coração e está associado negativamente com as concentrações de vitamina D séricas. Além disso, há relatos da associação da vitamina D e remodelação cardíaca. Sendo assim, o objetivo foi verificar se a concentração sérica de vitamina D e hábito tabágico explicam as variáveis funcionais e estruturais cardíacas em mulheres fumantes e ex-fumantes comparados a mulheres saudáveis. Metodologia: Estudo observacional transversal, no qual foram avaliadas 55 mulheres, sendo 19 que nunca fumaram (controle, 44,4±11 anos), 18 fumantes ativas (52,8±7 anos) e 18 ex-fumantes (51,7±8 anos). Foram avaliadas pressão arterial, questionário de exposição solar, ingestão alimentar (recordatório de 24 horas em triplicata), composição corporal (peso, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferências (braço, cintura, abdominal e quadril), densidade mineral óssea, massa gorda e massa magra por absortometria por raios X de dupla energia (DEXA)), análise laboratorial (concentrações séricas de cálcio, colesterol total e frações, triglicérides, creatinina, ureia, glicose, hemoglobina glicada, proteína C-reativa, proteínas totais e frações, paratormônio (PTH), vitamina D (25(OH)D) e hemograma), ecocardiograma e espirometria. Os resultados foram analisados por meio de testes estatísticos descritivos, comparações de grupo, proporções, correlações e regressão linear múltipla, com significância de 5%. Resultados: Nos três grupos, a classificação do IMC foi sobrepeso e foram observados valores de circunferência abdominal e relação cintura/quadril maiores do que os pontos de corte para mulheres saudáveis em todos os grupos. Não houve diferença entre as variáveis de composição corporal. As concentrações de colesterol ... / Abstract: Smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Experimental and clinical studies showed that the smoke inhalation of cigarette smoke leads to functional and morphological changes in the heart and this is negatively associated with serum vitamin D concentrations. In addition, there are reports of the association between vitamin D and cardiac remodeling. Thus, the objective was to determine whether the serum concentration of vitamin D and smoking habits explain the structural and functional cardiac variables in women and ex-smokers women compared to healthy women. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study in which 55 women were evaluated, 19 never smokers (control, 44,4±11 years), 18 active smokers (52,8±7 years) and 18 ex-smokers (51,7±8 years). It was evaluated the blood pressure, sun exposure questionnaire, dietary intake (24-hour recall in triplicate), body composition (weight, height, body mass index (BMI), circumferences (arm, waist, abdominal) and hip, bone mineral density, fat mass and fat-free mass X-ray absorptiometry dual energy absorptiometry (DXA)), laboratory analysis (serum calcium, total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, glucose, glycated hemoglobin, C-reactive protein, total proteins and fractions, parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamina D (25(OH)D) and blood test), echocardiogram and spirometry. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests, group comparisons, proportions, correlations and multiple linear regression, with significance level of 5%. Results: In three groups, BMI classification was overweight and values of waist circumference and waist/hip higher than the cutoffs for healthy women in all groups were observed. There was no difference between body composition variables. The concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol were higher in the group ex-smoker. Dietary intake of vitamin D and calcium was lower than those recommende by the EAR ... / Mestre