In the United States today, there is a dominant cultural narrative telling us that tallness is desirable and enjoyed by those who experience it. Much of the existing research on height correlates tallness with promotions, higher salaries, and general happiness. However, this research does not take into account the limitations of some of the previous research which tends to accept tall people’s vocabulary of motives at face value as the totality of their experience as a tall person. In particular, tall women tend to have much more to say about their lives as tall women than simply that it has afforded them many advantages. Drawing from interviews with ten women who were of a height 5’11” or taller, I utilize feminist standpoint epistemology to investigate how the experiences of tall women can often differ from the dominant cultural narrative of tallness. My findings indicate that tall women are frequently the subject of unwanted height-related comments that draw attention to their tallness, creating and reproducing a state of self-consciousness related to their height. This self-consciousness is reinforced by social infrastructure, heteronormative gender expectations, and othering in the form of harassment and bullying. The tall women in my study learned to negotiate and avoid their height in situations that caused them discomfort, yet eventually accepted their height as a part of their identity after overcoming adversity in their childhood and youth. My research shows that the experiences of tall women are significantly broader than contemporary research discusses, and that height has a much deeper impact on self-perception than has previously been acknowledged.

Dental anthropologists study the variation around the common shared patterns of teeth. These differences in the development, size and morphology of teeth are often used to help estimate the age and sex of unknown individuals. The aim of the study was two-fold. Firstly, it was determined whether sexually dimorphic characteristics exist in the size of permanent canines of South Africans, and whether these differences are of sufficient magnitude to make them usable as a method to determine sex from unknown remains. For this purpose the mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters and the maxillary/mandibular canine index were used. Secondly, the Lamendin technique of age estimation was tested and adapted to a South African sample. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the usability of human permanent canines in the determination of two demographic characteristics, namely sex and age, in a South African sample. A sample of known sex, age and population group was obtained from the Pretoria Bone Collection (University of Pretoria, South Africa) and the Raymond A. Dart Collection (University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa). The canines of 498 skulls were measured from four groups namely, black males, black females, white males and white females. The age of the sample ranged from 20 to 90 years. Using discriminant function analysis, it was possible to differentiate between the sexes with a relatively good accuracy of up to 87%. It was also evident that the two populations differed from one another as far as tooth size is concerned. Lamendin’s method of age estimation yielded poor precision and accuracy. Periodontosis was better correlated with age than root transparency, where the highest R2 value was 0.35. In summary it seems that the dimensions of the canine are useful in estimation of sex, should the population group be known. The Lamendin technique, however, gave relatively poor results even though new population specific formulae were created for the black and white populations of this sample. It could only estimate the age of the sample with an R2 value of 0.41 and mean errors ranging from 12.02 to 15.76 years. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Anatomy / unrestricted

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Capacitance and conductance measurements using two and four wire techniques were developed and statically and dynamically calibrated in this thesis. The voltage sensitivities range from 7.3 to 8.1 ± 0.1 mV/cm for the two wire capacitance system static calibrations. This is ± 5.2% of the limiting theoretical value. The voltage sensitivities range from 0.3 to 0.4 ± 0.1 V/cm for the four wire conductance system static calibrations. Dynamic calibrations were only completed for the conductance system. The dynamic calibration results were weakly frequency dependent with a qj-0.15 decay in a limited, 2-4 Hz range. Wind power spectrum measurements were taken in the existing Upper Ocean Simulations Facility at the Naval Postgraduate School. There was excellent agreement in the spectra with both techniques. Driven gravity wave frequency downshifting and wind energy dumping was observed in the combined gravity wave and wind-wave measurements. The power spectra peaked near two Hertz and decayed at 50 to 70 dB per decade, or as CO -5 to G)" 7 for both systems. Gravity wave phase speed and wavelength measurements were performed with the capacitance system. The results were approximately 40% higher than theory. / http://archive.org/details/developmentcalib00yarb

No description available.

Existing design provisions in design standards and conventional analysis methods for structural steel members are based on the simplifying kinematic Vlasov assumption that neglects cross-sectional distortional effects. While the non-distortional assumption can lead to reasonable predictions of beam static response and buckling strength in common situations, past work has shown the inadequacy of such assumption in a number of situations where it may lead to over-predicting the strength of the members. The present study thus develops a series of generalized theories/solutions for the static analysis and buckling analysis of steel members with wide flange cross-sections that capture distortional effects of the web. Rather than adopting the classical Vlasov assumption that postulates the cross-section to move and rotate in its own plane as a rigid disk, the present theories assume the web to be flexible in the plane of the cross-section and thus able to bend laterally, while both flanges to move as rigid plates within the plane of the cross-section to be treated as Euler-Bernouilli beams. The theories capture shear deformation effects in the web, as well as local and global warping effects. Based on the principle of minimum potential energy, a distortional theory is developed for the static analysis of wide flange steel beams with mono-symmetric cross-sections. The theory leads to two systems of differential equations of equilibrium. The first system consists of three coupled equilibrium differential equations that characterize the longitudinal-transverse response of the beam and the second system involves four coupled equilibrium differential equations of equilibrium and characterizes the lateral-torsional response of the beam. Closed form solutions are developed for both systems for general loading. Based on the kinematics of the new theory, two distortional finite elements are then developed. In the first element, linear and cubic Hermitian polynomials are employed to interpolate displacement fields while in the second element, the closed-form solutions developed are adopted to formulate special shape functions. For longitudinal-transverse response the elements consist of two nodes with four degree of freedom per node for longitudinal-transverse response and for lateral-torsional response, the elements consist of two nodes with eight degrees of freedom per node. The solution is able to predict the distortional deformation and stresses in a manner similar to shell solutions while keeping the modeling and computational effort to a minimum. Applications of the new beam theory include (1) providing new insights on the response of steel beams under torsion whereby the top and bottom flanges may exhibit different angles of twist, (2) capturing the response of steel beams with a single restrained flange as may be the case when a concrete slab provides lateral and/or torsional restraint to the top flange of a steel beam, and (3) modelling the beneficial effect of transverse stiffeners in reducing distortional effects in the web. The second part of the study develops a unified lateral torsional buckling finite element formulation for the analysis of beams with wide flange doubly symmetric cross-sections. The solution captures several non-conventional features. These include the softening effect due to web distortion, the stiffening effect induced by pre-buckling deformations, the pre-buckling nonlinear interaction between strong axis moments and axial forces, the contribution of pre-buckling shear deformation effects within the plane of the web, the destabilizing effects due to transverse loads being offset from the shear centre, and the presence of transverse stiffeners on web distortion. Within the framework of the present theory, it is possible to evoke or suppress any combination of the features and thus isolate the individual contribution of each effect or quantify the combined contributions of multiple effects on the member lateral torsional capacity. The new solution is then applied to investigate the influence of the ratios of beam span-to-depth, flange width-to-thickness, web height-to-thickness, and flange width-to-web height on the lateral torsional buckling strength of simply supported beams and cantilevers. Comparisons with conventional lateral torsional buckling solutions that omit distortional and pre-buckling effects quantify the influence of distortional and/or pre-buckling deformation effects. The theory is also used to investigate the influence of P-delta effects of beam-columns subjected to transverse and axial forces on their lateral torsional buckling resistance. The theory is used to investigate the load height effect relative to the shear centre. Comparisons are made with load height effects as predicted by non-distortional buckling theories. The solution is adopted to quantify the beneficial effect of transverse stiffeners in controlling/suppressing web distortion in beams and increasing their buckling resistance.

While stepping in place without vision, individuals displace linearly and rotate, without perceiving these displacements. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of a concomitant cognitive task and the influence of knee height on these displacements in stepping in place for 50 steps. Sixteen adults (mean age = 22 years) performed four conditions of stepping: normal knee height and high knee height with and without a cognitive task. Antero-posterior (AP) displacement was significantly smaller in dual task than in single task at normal knee height, and AP and medio-lateral displacements were significantly larger at high than at normal knee height for single and dual task. No changes in body rotation were found. These findings suggest that automaticity is involved in the control of stepping in place with a concurrent cognitive task and that one’s attentional capacity is exceeded when stepping in place with high knees and a cognitive task.

Orientador: Leticia de las Mercedes Marín León / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T10:07:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camargo_DanieleFlavianeMendes_M.pdf: 10005240 bytes, checksum: 43c5e4adab4ad61d96d8a7c334edc71f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O potencial de crescimento infantil depende da herança genética, mas é intensamente influenciado por fatores ambientais físicos e sociais. A realização completa desse potencial é favorecida por uma alimentação saudável, boas condições de vida, ótimo estado nutricional e de condições de saúde. Alta prevalência de anemia na primeira infância tem sido associada ao déficit de crescimento infantil. Estima-se que no Brasil aproximadamente, 20,9% das crianças menores de cinco anos de idade apresentam hemoglobina menor que 11g/dL. A deficiência de ferro é a mais comum e prevalente entre as deficiências de micronutrientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e de saúde da mãe/bebê que interferem na velocidade de crescimento no primeiro ano de vida. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte prospectivo, envolvendo 280 pares mãe/bebê com dados completos, nascidos no Hospital Estadual de Sumaré/SP, entre maio e dezembro de 2005. São apresentados dados do nascimento, 150 e 360 dias. Mediante teste t-Student, qui-quadrado de Pearson, teste exato de Fisher e análises de regressão logística univariada e múltipla onde foram calculados Odds Ratio e intervalo de confiança de 95% brutos e ajustados para identificar as variáveis associadas à menor velocidade de crescimento no primeiro e segundo semestre do primeiro ano de vida. Entre o nascimento e os 150 dias, apresentaram menor média de crescimento (escore z Estatura/Idade) as crianças nascida com peso insuficiente (-1,14 vs 0,23 p=<0,001); pré-termo (-0,86 vs -0,02 p=0,003), que apresentaram aos 150 dias de vida Hb <11g/dl (0,46 vs 0,86 p=0,025). Entre os 150 e 360 dias de vida, apresentaram menor média de crescimento (escore z Estatura/Idade) as crianças que ainda estavam em AM (-0,46 vs 0,07 p=0,004) e as que tinham apresentado febre nos 30 dias precedentes (-0,47 vs 0,00 p=0,014). Ao usar o indicador incremento de estatura estiveram associadas a crescimento <30%, entre o nascimento e os 150 dias: sobrepeso pré-gestacional da mãe (IMC? 25Kg/m² - OR=3,62; IC95% 1,66-7,89), antecedente de anemia da criança (OR=3,77; IC95% 1,28-11,10) e de diarréia (OR=2,58; IC95% 1,10-6,07). Entre os 150 e 360 dias, apresentaram maior chance de deficit no crescimento, as crianças filhos de mães que apresentaram anemia no pré-natal (OR=2,53; IC95% 1,16 - 5,54); as que tiveram infecção das vias aéreas superiores aos 150 dias (OR=2,21; IC95% 1,09 - 4,46) e as que estavam em aleitamento materno aos 360 dias de vida (OR=1,92; IC95% 1,01 - 3,67). Assim é fundamental que os programas de saúde maternos infantil priorizem a prevenção da anemia materna e infantil como também o tratamento das morbidades no primeiro ano de vida / Abstract: The infant's growth potential depends on genetics, but is strongly influenced by environmental factors, both physical and social. The full attainment of this potential is favored by a healthy diet, good living conditions, excellent nutritional status and health conditions. High prevalence of infant anemia has been associated with infant growth deficit. It is estimated that in Brazil approximately 20.9% of children younger than five years of age have hemoglobin less than 11g/dL. Iron deficiency is the most common and prevalent micronutrient deficiencies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the demographic, socioeconomic and health factors of the mother/baby that interfere with growth rate in the first year of life. This is a prospective cohort study involving 280 pairs mother/baby with complete data, born in the Sumaré State Hospital/SP, between May and December 2005. Data from the birth, 150 and 360 days are presented. Using Student t test, Pearson chi ², Fisher exact test and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyzes to calculated crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence interval, to identify the variables associated with slower growth in the first and second semester of the first year of life. Between birth and 150 days, it was observed lower mean growth (z score height/age) among children born underweight (-1.14 vs 0.23; p = <0.001), preterm (-0.86 vs -0.02; p = 0.003), which had Hb <11g/dl at 150 days of life (0.46 vs 0.86 p = 0.025). Between 150 and 360 days of age, it was observed lower mean growth (z score height/age) among children that were still being breastfed (-0.46 vs 0.07 p = 0.004) and who had had fever in the previous 30 days (-0.47 vs 0.00 p = 0.014). When the indicator height rate was used, it was observed association with height rate <30% between birth and 150 days, among those born from overweight mother (pre-pregnancy BMI ? 25kg/m² OR = 3.62; CI 1.66 to 7.89), history of child anemia (OR = 3.77 IC 1.28 to 11.10) and diarrhea (OR = 2.58 CI 1.10 to 6.07). Between 150 and 360 days, children with a history of fever (OR = 2.85 CI 1.63 to 4.96) and hemoglobin <9.5 g / dl (OR = 3.63 CI 1.43 to 9.23), were approximately three times more likely to grow less than 12%. Morbidity in the first year of life has a negative effect on linear growth, and in the second half of the first year, anemia was the main inhibitor of growth. Thus it is essential that child health programs prioritize the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Between 150 and 360 days, the conditions that were more likely to decrease the height rate were, maternal prenatal anemia (OR = 2.53; 95% CI 1.16 to 5.54), babies upper respiratory infections at 150 days (OR = 2.21; 95% CI 1.09 to 4.46) and being breast fed at 360 days (OR = 1.92; 95% 1.01 - 3. 67). Thus it is essential that the maternal child health programs prioritize the prevention of maternal and infant anemia and also treatment of morbidity, in the first year of life / Mestrado / Epidemiologia / Mestra em Saúde Coletiva

A Topological Interlocking Configuration (TIC) is an assembly where the shape and alignment of the blocks define the kinematic constraints. Conventional TICs are single-layered structures made of convex blocks. The interface between the blocks in an assembly is face-to-face contact. The traditional convention disregards the use of joinery, adhesive, or other mechanisms that keep two pieces next to each other. However, TICs require a support structure that prevents the lateral strain of the blocks.<br><br>The generation process of a TIC starts with a surface tessellation that describes a geometric domain. Each tile in the tessellation represents a traversal section of a block. For regular tessellations and uniform generation parameters, such sections lie in the middle of their respective blocks. Additionally, such conditions guarantee the blocks align adequately with each other. If one of such conditions does not hold, then the resultant blocks may not be aligned. Furthermore, there could be overlapping between the blocks, which makes a TIC invalid.<br><br>Traditionally, the generation parameters are angle values set at the edges of the tiles. The angles must match between tiles such that each block in the assembly has a geometry that imposes kinematic constraints to its neighboring blocks. Using the same angle values on regular and semi-regular tessellation produces feasible blocks. That is not the case for non-regular tessellations, curvilinear surfaces, and free-form 3D meshes. In such cases, the generation method must find specific angle values to design the blocks and reduce overlapping.<br><br>In this thesis, we propose a TIC generation framework focused on the generation of valid interlocking assemblies based on multiple types of surface tessellations. We start with the Height-Bisection method, a TIC generation approach that uses the distances from a tile to its respective evolution sections as the generation parameters. The method considers the bisector vectors between two tiles to define the parameters that generate aligned blocks to each other. We expand the generation model to a complete pipeline process that finds feasible generation parameters. The pipeline includes clipping parameters and methods in case that overlapping between blocks cannot be avoided.<br><br>Additionally, we describe a generalization of the mid-section evolution concept to include multiple evolution steps during the generation process. Our approach considers the angles and distances required to generate infinitely many TICs, including shapes that are not possible using the traditional generation method and the Height-Bisection method. Finally, we consider the interlocking assemblies that cannot maintain static equilibrium due to the shape of the surface tessellation. We consider the Structure Feasibility Analysis method to find the location and magnitude of the minimum tension forces that guarantee a TIC will reach a static equilibrium state. We describe how to update the generation parameters according to the results of the feasibility analysis. Our results show that the proposed pipeline generates valid TICs based on different surface tessellations, including closed and free-form shapes.

PURPOSE: To determine the relative contribution of vastus lateralis (VL) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) cross-sectional area (CSA) to countermovement jump height (JH) in collegiate athletes. METHODS: Sixty-nine male (n=33, 20.43 ± 1.68 y, 180.34 ± 11.39 cm, 77.54 ± 14.45 kg) and female (n=36, 19.79 ± 1.09 y, 168.46 ± 10.07 cm, 67.33 ± 9.48 kg) collegiate athletes competing in basketball, tennis, cross-country, weightlifting, and volleyball were recruited for the study. Testing was conducted as part of an on-going athlete monitoring program. Athletes were tested on measures of VL and LG CSA using β-mode ultrasonography, and JH measured on force platforms sampling at 1000Hz. Jump height was regressed on age, sex, body mass, VL and LG CSA using a simultaneous multiple linear regression after testing regression assumptions. A relative importance analysis was conducted to determine the relative contribution of each independent variable. The alpha level for all analyses was set at p≤0.05. RESULTS: The model explained 48% of the variance in JH (p<0.001, observed statistical power=0.99). Body mass (B=-0.16, p=0.01), sex (B=-5.10, p<0.001), and VL CSA (B=0.66, p<0.001) were statistical predictors of JH. Age, LG CSA, body mass, sex, and VL CSA contributed 3%, 3%, 7%, 32%, and 55% of the total variance explained by the model, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Vastus lateralis CSA has a greater contribution to JH than LG CSA while controlling for the variance of age, sex, and body mass. Therefore, greater emphasis should be placed on developing VL CSA than LG CSA for athletes whose goal is to improve JH. Athletes who lose body mass without losing VL CSA may also improve JH.

No description available.