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The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of dynamic stabilizing strategy on handgrip and pinchgrip strength. Exercise utilized in this study was based on rehabilitative approach called Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization (DNS) - a developmental kinesiology approach. The exercise program consisted of four primal developmental positions (3½ month supine position, oblique sitting position with support on forearm, position on all fours, and the "bear" position). A study file consisted of ten females who were instructed in basic scheme of DNS exercise. They were instructed to exercise at home five times weekly for a 6- weeks period. One exercise lesson took about thirty minutes. Both handgrip and pinchgrip strength was measured using the digital dynamometer CITEC CT 3001 recording maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Three-pinch grip strength and fist grip strength was measured for both upper extremities. Fist grip strength was measured in three positions of forearm (pronation, supination and neutral position). Overall eight variables (for each extremity, grip form and position of the forearm) measured before and after exercise program were compared using the paired t-test. Significant increase in muscle strength (p<0,05) was identified for all eight variables after a 6 weeks exercise...

A presente dissertação faz uma abordagem do tema da redução do capital de companhias abertas e fechadas no Brasil, apresentando-o em duas partes. Na primeira parte, composta pelos Capítulos 1 e 2, são tratados aspectos gerais e, na segunda parte, composta pelos Capítulos 3 e 4, são tratados aspectos específicos das reduções do capital social. No Capítulo 1, é apresentado um breve histórico do capital social, em que se procura estalecer a sua origem e relação com a função de produtividade das primeiras companhias, afastando-se do pensamento tradicional de que o capital social tenha tido a sua origem relacionada com a função de proteção de credores. Além disso, é apresentada uma noção geral de capital social, suas classificações, princípios mais relevantes e funções, sempre com o foco de preparar a discussão para a sua redução. No Capítulo 2, é apresentada uma noção geral da redução do capital e a visão do autor dos dois principais princípios que a informam: o da igualdade e o da proteção aos credores. A análise prossegue, para apresentar uma classificação das reduções do capital de acordo com as suas causas ou de acordo com os efeitos que produzem no patrimônio das companhias. Por fim, sustenta-se a taxatividade das causas de redução do capital social. No Capítulo 3, são apresentadas as causas de redução do capital por perda e por excesso, bem como o procedimento para a sua implementação. A boa compreensão deste capítulo depende, em grande parte, das discussões sobre o capital social, suas classificações, princípios mais relevantes e funções, bem como sobre os princípios aplicáveis e as classificações das reduções do capital. No Capítulo 4, são brevemente apresentadas as outras causas que podem determinar a redução do capital social de companhias abertas e fechadas no Brasil, bem como as principais discussões ao redor de cada uma delas. / This paper highlights the reduction of capital stock on Brazilian privately and publicly-held companies, being presented in two parts. Part One is integraded by Chapters One and Two, which present an overview of the matter, and Part Two, which present specific issues related to each cause of reduction of capital stock. On Chapter One, it is presented a short history of capital stock with the purpose of relating it with its productivity function on the first companies, instead of relating it with the function of guarantee for creditors, as a traditional doctrine usually explains its origin. Besides, it is presented a general concept of capital stock, its categories, principles and functions, with the goal of preaparing further discussions on its reduction. On Chapter Two, it is presented a general concept of reduction of capital stock and the authors stand point of the two main principles applicable to it: equal treatment and creditors protection. The analysis moves ahead to categorize the cases of reduction of capital stock in accordance with their causes or the effects on companies assets. On Chapter Three, the author presents the two main causes of capital reduction in Brazil: loss and excess (of assets). Besides it is presented the procedure to accomplish a reduction of capital stock on each case. To fully understand this chapter it is mandatory to be aware of the general concept of capital stock, its categories, principles and functions, as well as the general concept of reduction of capital stock and its principles. On Chapter Four, it is brieftly presented the other causes of reduction of capital stock on Brazilian law, as well as the main discussions that surround them.

A inovação financeira, caracterizada pela criação de novas estruturas e instrumentos jurídicos e financeiros nas últimas décadas, impactam os tradicionais conceitos do direito societário e a própria interpretação das normas vigentes. Assim, a partir do estudo das acepções e funções exercidas pelo capital social, buscou-se confrontá-lo com instrumentos criados para obtenção de recursos para as companhias bem como com alternativas para a proteção dos credores. O presente trabalho explora o tema buscando de início identificar a origem das formas associativas e o precedente histórico da companhia aberta para, em seguida, adentrar na disciplina jurídica do capital social, suas características e propósitos. Então, por fim, trata-se, em capítulos apartados, da securitização de créditos, da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica e do patrimônio de afetação, procedendo-se a uma comparação com o instituto do capital social, sem concentração específica na disciplina desses instrumentos. / Financial innovation, characterized by the development of new structures and legal and financial instruments in the past decades, impacts the traditional concepts of corporate law, as well as the interpretation of existing legislation. Starting from an analysis of the different meanings and functions of the legal capital of companies, it was sought to specifically examine this concept in light of mechanisms devised for the funding of companies and for the protection of creditors. This paper analyzes the matters seeking, initially, to identify the forms of association and the historical background of the publicly¬-held company in order to then analyze the rules pertaining to the legal capital, with its characteristics and purposes. Last, we examine, in separate chapters, of credit securitization, of the lifting of the corporate veil, and of the segregated capital, comparing each of these concepts with that of the legal capital, instead of focusing on the specific legal rules pertaining to such concepts.

Esta tese tem como propósito o estudo da limitação dos poderes do controlador como mecanismo fundamental de proteção dos demais acionistas que integrem as companhias fechadas, sobretudo no contexto das operações de transferência de controle, nas quais é frequente que os minoritários fiquem impossibilitados de vender conjuntamente suas ações na mesma operação em que o controlador tiver transferido a sua participação a terceiros. A questão possui relevância na medida em que o art. 254-A da Lei das Sociedades por Ações (LSA Lei no 6404/1976) não cuida das companhias fechadas, e a obrigatoriedade da realização de oferta pública decorrente de alienação de controle nele prevista destina-se tão somente às companhias abertas. Na análise do assunto, discute-se a limitação dos poderes do controlador como o núcleo dos mecanismos de proteção das minorias, tendo em vista principalmente que as decisões nas companhias fechadas brasileiras são tomadas, como regra, por uma maioria estável, ficando os demais acionistas em uma posição de mera subordinação às decisões tomadas pelos controladores. É imperativo esclarecer que não se pretende assumir uma posição estanque de defesa dos minoritários, tampouco uma postura de ataque ao controlador. Ao revés, o verdadeiro desafio está em contrabalancear o legítimo poder conferido ao controlador, com os interesses dos minoritários. Para tanto, ao tema é conferido um tratamento de composição de interesses mediante o estabelecimento de limites aos poderes do controlador na exata medida necessária à proteção das minorias, sem, contudo, destronar o predomínio da maioria. Utilizam-se como fontes de pesquisa a literatura revisada nacional disponível em livros, periódicos, jurisprudência, decisões administrativas e na legislação pertinente ao tema. Na escassez de regulamentação substanciosa, complementa-se o estudo com teoria extraída da doutrina e da jurisprudência estrangeiras. / This thesis aims to study the limitation of the powers of the controller as a fundamental mechanism for the protection of the other shareholders that are part of the closely held companies, especially in the context of transfer of control transactions, in which it is common for minority remain unable to jointly sell their shares in the same transaction that the controller has transferred its equity interest to third parties. The matter is relevant as the article 254-A of Corporate Law (LSA Lei no 6.404/1976) does not regulate closely held companies, and the obligation to make public offering resulting from de transfer of control provided in such article is intended solely to publicly held companies. In analyzing the subject, it is discussed limiting the powers of the controller as the minority protection mechanisms core, especially in view of the fact that decisions in Brazilian closely held companies are taken, as a rule, by a stable majority, being the other shareholders in a position of mere subordination to the decisions taken by controllers. It is imperative to clarify that it is not intended to assume a standing position defending the minority, nor a posture of attack the controller. To the contrary, the real challenge is counterbalance the legitimate power given to the controller with the minority interests. Therefore, the subject is addressed in a sense of composition of interests by establishing limits to the powers of the controller in the exact extent necessary for the protection of minorities, without, however, dethrone prevalence of majority. As sources of research are used the national reviewed literature available decisions and pertinent legislation. In dearth of material rules, the study will be complemented with foreign doctrine and case law.

A presente tese objetiva trazer subsídios para a discussão em torno de uma realidade recente no Brasil, qual seja, a crescente utilização de instrumentos financeiros pelas companhias abertas vis a vis seu objeto social, o que exige a proteção de seus investidores e credores. É tratada a tutela do objeto social na legislação societária para as companhias abertas, tipo específico de sociedade escolhido pela gama de interesses que a cercam e pela importância no atual estágio de desenvolvimento do mercado de capitais. Para tanto, será demonstrada a utilidade da cláusula do objeto social na realidade das companhias abertas segundo um ponto de vista tríplice, (i) a disciplina do contrato, (ii) a capacidade de agir da sociedade e (iii) os atos ultra vires praticados pelos administradores, abordando o princípio da boa-fé, teoria da aparência, abuso de poder, em suas modalidades de excesso de poder e desvio de poder, à luz de uma nova realidade descortinada pela crise global de 2008, pela evolução tecnológica e disseminada utilização de complexos instrumentos financeiros. Verificando-se a utilização de instrumentos derivativos complexos e de derivativos de câmbio pelas companhias abertas em operações realizadas no mercado de balcão, de forma pouco transparente e sem controle adequado do risco, que acarretaram substanciais prejuízos em detrimento de todos os acionistas, apresenta-se como indagação se tais operações financeiras especulativas extrapolaram o conteúdo do objeto social e se poderiam, ou não, ter sido contratadas. / This thesis purports to provide arguments in connection with a current reality in Brazil, consisting of the increasing use of financial instruments by publicly-held companies vis a vis their corporate purpose, what requires the protection of investors and creditors. This thesis addresses the rules related to the corporate purpose that are provided for in the corporation law, and that are applicable to publicly-held companies, a corporate type which is elected by various interests surrounding it and by the importance in the current development of the capital market. In this respect, the utility of the corporate object clause in the activity of publicly-held companies will be demonstrated through a triple point of view: (i) the rules related to the corporate by laws; (ii) the companys capacity to act; and (iii) the ultra vires acts performed by the managers of the company, in view of the good-faith principle, disregard institute, abuse of rights, in its modalities of exciding rights and deviation of rights, in the context of the 2008 global crisis, the technological progress, as well as the wide use of complex financial instruments. In view of the use of both sophisticated derivative instruments and foreign exchange derivatives by publicly-held companies in transactions carried out on the over-the-counter market, in a non-transparent manner and without appropriate risk-control, which resulted in substantial losses to all shareholders, it lights up the discussion whether such speculative financial transactions exceeded the limit of the relevant corporate object, and whether they could, or could not, be agreed upon.

The dissertation consists of two essays. The first essay studies governance structures and their effectiveness for start-up companies and their survival. We utilize data from the Kauffman Survey, which tracks a sample of firms from their inceptions through their first eight years of existence. We hypothesize and find evidence that a startup's governance system affects its survivability as well as its performance. We show that controlling for the firm size and the industry, cross-sectional variations in the performance of the start-up firms can be explained by governance variables; the presence of one or more independent board member on the board, the separation between the person holding the CEO position and the chair of the board. From the startup survival perspective, we show that the presence of one or more independent board member(s), the separation between CEO and board chair, and external funding are effective factors that promote a start-up's longevity. The second essay studies the direct and indirect relations between Governance and firm survival and performance through Entrepreneurial Orientation. Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is defined as the attributes, including innovativeness, autonomy, risk-taking attitude, proactiveness, and competitive aggressiveness, that a business organization displays at the time of entry. Several researchers have studied the linkage between EO and organizational performance as well as the survival rate of new firms and find conflicting results. Reasons for the contradictory results might very well be the way the researchers have defined the EO attributes and the data source they use which is based on subjective responses. In the hopes of reducing inconsistent results, we propose that it is the governance factors that influence the performance and survival of these firm via mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation. Governance factors remove the definition as well as data measurement problems. By using the 8-year longitudinal data of 4928 startups, we show that governance system significantly impacts a start-up’s performance and survival via entrepreneurial orientation.

<p>The purpose of this dissertation is to study the fantastic in the tales of the Italian children’s author Gianni Rodari. This analysis is grounded in the hypothesis that the fantastic is primarily characterized by two <i>esthetic qualities</i>, play and lightness, both of which are manifested at different levels in these texts, as well as in the relation between children and adults.</p><p>As a background for the textual analysis in the present work, an introductory review is provided of previous research, followed by a historical and theoretical consideration of fantastical children’s literature, together with a study of Rodari’s own relation to the fantastic. For previous research, the results clearly indicate an arbitrary relationship to Rodari’s texts, such that the fantastic is admittedly recognized, but is often confused with the fairy-tale. However, the present review of the history of Italian fantastical literature for children indicates that Rodari is writing in a fantastical and humorous tradition that begins with <i>Pinocchio</i>, a tradition that is <i>inter alia </i>characterized by its ability to bridge the gap between children’s and adult literature. Based on theoretical definitions of the fairy-tale (Propp, Thompson, Lüthi) and the fantastic (Todorov, Rabkin, Jackson, Held), the present work presents its own model for the study of Rodari’s texts, which are also compared with the author’s own poetics,<i> The Grammar of Fantasy.</i></p><p>A narratological analysis of a tale with both a children’s and an adult version (in itself an example of <i>crosswriting</i>) demonstrates that the fantastic and the humoristic are given freer rein when Rodari is writing for children. This appears to be linked to his concept of the child as the ideal reader, a reader primarily defined by an open and unprejudiced attitude to literature, rather than by age <i>per se</i>. The dissertation’s study of play and lightness (lack of weight) clearly confirms the hypothesis that these elements are a major component of the fantastic in Rodari’s texts; the results nevertheless indicate that play dominates on the level of language, and lightness on that of content.</p><p>One of the most important results of this dissertation is that Rodari’s texts, in addition to possessing certain stylistic characteristics, do not demonstrate any deeper similarities to fairy tales. Instead, the author’s tales share numerous characteristics with the traditional concept of the fantastic such as a clear reaction to the supernatural element, and a particular interest in both the material nature of language and existential liminal regions. At the same time, the results indicate several specific characteristics that distinguish the fantastic in Rodari from that which is written for adults, such as its explicit grounding in the child’s everyday existence and imaginative world, as well as its backgrounding of frightening aspects, with prominence instead being given to playfulness.</p>

<p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att bidra till att öka kunskapen om hur tekniska hjälpmedel kan användas för att underlätta vardagen för vuxna människor med ADHD.  För att åstadkomma detta görs en genomgång av vilka problem som kan föreligga vid ADHD och vilka strukturer och aktörer som finns i samhället för att erbjuda hjälp och stöd som vuxna med ADHD kan ha behov av. Därefter betraktas vilka strategier och metoder som kan vara användbara för att kompensera för de problem ADHD kan innebära och hur teknik, såväl specialtillverkade hjälpmedel som vanliga produkter, kan användas för att kompensera. En översikt görs av hur teknik kan utformas för att bli användbar, såväl generellt som mer specifikt rörande utformning av hjälpmedel. Detta åskådliggörs genom exempel från några svenska hjälpmedelsprojekt följt av en probleminventering där ett antal studiebesök och intervjuer har tjänat som en bakgrund för förståelse av den stora mängd strukturer, aktörer och hjälpmedel som är möjliga men emellanåt svårtillgängliga vägar till hjälp för vuxna med ADHD.</p><p> </p><p>De som i slutänden kan avgöra vilken nytta ett hjälpmedel innebär är brukarna själva. Deras upplevelser och erfarenheter är en ovärderlig källa till kunskap. Under arbetets gång har frågeställningen preciserats till att lyda: <em>"Hur kan vanliga mobiltelefoner användas som hjälpmedel för att underlätta vardagen för vuxna med ADHD?"</em>.<em> </em>För att besvara denna fråga har semistrukturerade riktade intervjuer genomförts med fyra kvinnor med ADHD som använder mobiltelefonen som hjälpmedel i sin vardag. Intervjuerna har transkriberats och kategoriserats för att identifiera hur mobiltelefoner används, vad som fungerar bra och mindre bra och vad kan göra att mobiltelefonen upplevs som ett fungerande hjälpmedel.</p><p> </p><p>Resultaten från bearbetning och analys av intervjuerna sammanställs i kapitlet sammanfattande analys i avsnitt med användbara funktioner, användbara egenskaper och perspektiv på stödbehov och hjälparroll. I diskussionskapitlet föreslås sedan vidare användning av resultaten i avsnitten teoretiska implikationer och praktiska implikationer. Min förhoppning är att dessa avsnitt tillsammans med de listor och tumregler som presenterats i den teoretiska referensramen skall kunna vara användbara för att identifiera behov och möjliga lösningar som kan vara värdefulla att pröva i det enskilda fallet.</p><p> </p><p>En person kan behöva stöd för att ta till vara de möjligheter mobiltelefonen erbjuder som hjälpmedel. Hjälpen kan behövas i något eller alla steg från problemidentifiering och införskaffande till införande, fortlöpande uppföljning och utvärdering av hjälpmedelsanvändningen. Stödet kan behöva vara av så väl strukturell och habiliterande art som av teknisk natur för att hjälpmedelsanvändningen skall bli så framgångsrik som är möjligt. Siktet bör vara mot vad som kan innebära kvalitet, mervärde och avlastning för individen i dennes liv, inte vad som är ADHD-symptom och hur dessa skall kompenseras.</p><p> </p><p>Vuxna med ADHD är en mycket heterogen grupp och de resultat som presenteras i uppsatsen är att betrakta som en utgångspunkt för vidare funderingar och prövning snarare än som färdiga lösningar som passar alla med ADHD.</p><p> </p>

<p>This mini-thesis aims to contribute to the debate around the legislative process by summarizing and analysing it comprehensively. It will, without being exhaustive, seek to identify the most important legal requirements that the future Statute needs to meet in order to facilitate cross-border business of small and medium-sized businesses. It seeks to systematise and comment on the most important legal Key Issues and therefore clarify and enrich the debate.</p>