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Nous étudions l’analyse asymptotique en relativité générale sous deux aspects: le peeling et le scattering (diffusion) conforme. Le peeling est construit pour les champs scalaires linéaire et non-linéaires et pour les champs de Dirac en espace-temps de Kerr (qui est non-stationnaire et à symétrie simplement axiale), généralisant les travaux de L. Mason et J-P. Nicolas (2009, 2012). La méthode des champs de vecteurs (estimations d’énergie géométriques) et la technique de compactification conforme sont développées. Elles nous permettent de formuler les définitions du peeling à tous ordres et d’obtenir les données initiales optimales qui assurent ces comportements. Une théorie de la diffusion conforme pour les équations de champs sans masse de spîn n/2 dans l’espace-temps de Minkowski est construite.En effectuant les compactifications conformes (complète et partielle), l’espace-temps est complété en ajoutant une frontière constituée de deux hypersurfaces isotropes représentant respectivement les points limites passés et futurs des géodésiques de type lumière. Le comportement asymptotique des champs s’obtient en résolvant le problème de Cauchy pour l’équation rééchelonnée et en considérant les traces des solutions sur ces bords. L’inversibilité des opérateurs de trace, qui associent le comportement asymptotique passé ou futur aux données initiales, s’obtient en résolvant le problème de Goursat sur le bord conforme. L’opérateur de diffusion conforme est alors obtenu par composition de l’opérateur de trace futur avec l’inverse de l’opérateur de trace passé. / This work explores two aspects of asymptotic analysis in general relativity: peeling and conformal scattering.On the one hand, the peeling is constructed for linear and nonlinear scalar fields as well as Dirac fields on Kerr spacetime, which is non-stationary and merely axially symmetric. This generalizes the work of L. Mason and J-P. Nicolas (2009, 2012). The vector field method (geometric energy estimates) and the conformal technique are developed. They allow us to formulate the definition of the peeling at all orders and to obtain the optimal space of initial data which guarantees these behaviours. On the other hand, a conformal scattering theory for the spin-n/2 zero rest-mass equations on Minkowski spacetime is constructed. Using the conformal compactifications (full and partial), the spacetime is completed with two null hypersurfaces representing respectively the past and future end points of null geodesics. The asymptotic behaviour of fields is then obtained by solving the Cauchy problem for the rescaled equation and considering the traces of the solutions on these hypersurfaces. The invertibility of the trace operators, that to the initial data associate the future or past asymptotic behaviours, is obtained by solving the Goursat problem on the conformal boundary. The conformal scattering operator is then obtained by composing the future trace operator with the inverse of the past trace operator.

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Le présent mémoire a pour but de présenter une analyse des règles de droit s'appliquant aux sûretés grevant des valeurs mobilières indirectement détenues, ou détenues auprès d'un intermédiaire, en Amérique du Nord. Afin de procéder à cette étude, il sera nécessaire d'expliquer brièvement le fonctionnement du système de détention indirecte des valeurs mobilières et de déterminer la nature juridique de la valeur mobilière indirectement détenue et des droits de l'investisseur à son égard. Une analyse critique sera faite des différents cadres juridiques nord-américains applicables aux sûretés grevant ce type de valeurs mobilières en examinant, d'abord, les règles du droit civil québécois. Seront ensuite étudiées les règles du droit des sûretés des provinces canadiennes de common law de même que les règles du droit américain. Un tel examen nous permettra d'identifier les lacunes de chacun de ces cadres juridiques et de constater le manque d'uniformité entre eux. Afin d'apporter des solutions juridique à ce manque d'uniformisation, le présent mémoire analysera finalement les objectifs recherchés et les règles proposées par la Conférence pour l'harmonisation des lois au Canada, UNIDROIT et la Communauté européenne en matière d'harmonisation des règles du droit des sûretés grevant des valeurs mobilières indirectement détenues. / The objective of this master thesis is to present an analysis of the laws applicable to security interests in indirectly held securities, or securities held with an intermediary, in North America. In order to do so, it will be useful to brief1y explain the mechanism of the indirect holding system and to determine the legal nature of both the indirectly held security and the investors' rights in such securities. A critical analysis will be made of different national legal frameworks applicable to securities interests in indirectly held securities, beginning by the rules of Quebec civil law. The legal framework applicable in the other Canadian provinces and in the United-States will then be analyzed. Such analysis will allow us to identify the deficiencies ofthese legal frameworks and to identify a need for uniformity among them. In order to identify legal solutions for the harmonization of North American laws pertaining to security interests in indirectly held securities, this master thesis will analyzed the objectives and the rules proposed by the Uniform Law Conference of Canada, UNIDROIT and the European community.

Private International Law and the Issues of Securities Law Tomáš Borčin Acts No. 139/2011 Coll. and No. 172/2012 Coll. have introduced a set of brand new choice-of-law rules in respect to securities into the Czech legal system. The same set of rules has rather simultaneously been adopted by the new Act No. 91/2012 Coll., on Private International Law, coming into force on 1st of January 2014. However, despite the fact that these amendments had brought the much needed conflict of laws rules for cross border transactions involving securities, the actual subject of how the securities are treated in private international law remains mostly unexplored by Czech jurisprudence as of this date. Therefore, the core ambition of this thesis is to provide a complex legal analysis of the aforementioned rules by the means of examination of their theoretical basis as well as of practical implications of their application. The thesis consists of seven chapters of various extent and scope. The ratio behind the first chapter is to address the question of what securities are, and how are they treated pursuant to Czech legislation. The emphasis is given on the definition of securities and their respective classification, however, the chapter does not omit the upcoming changes in respect to the recodification of private...

This dissertation deals with international company law, namely with piercing the corporate veil doctrine. The dissertation is divided, apart from introduction and conclusion, into 5 chapters. Chapter I deals with general definition of the doctrine. Chapter II explains that the complexity of the doctrine is caused by a fact that it actually consists of several related questions. This Chapter offers an answer to the most serious one - the predictability of use of the doctrine. Chapter III discusses current questions related to the piercing. Chapter IV brings an analysis of use of the piercing in chosen developed legal orders including a comparison summary. Finally, Chapter V is devoted to possibility of use of the doctrine in Czech law. Key words: International company law; piercing the corporate veil; breakthrough of the property independence; limited liability of shareholders; capital companies; economic analysis of law; closely held corporations; voluntary and involuntary creditors.

A proposta desta tese é estudar o trabalho doméstico remunerado e/ou realizado na casa de terceiros como um objeto temporal. Por meio de uma etnografia da duração (Eckert e Rocha, 2013), pautada no tempo plural e lacunar, junto à imaginação criativa, priorizamos as narrativas biográficas e trajetórias sociais de trabalhadoras domésticas, mas também imagens relativas ao trabalho advindas de outros suportes como fotografias, vídeos, reportagens e relatos de empregadores que constituem o jogo de memórias das entrevistadas e da própria pesquisadora. Durante o processo de proposição e efetivação da pesquisa (2012 a 2016), ocorreram mudanças impactantes no que diz respeito a regulamentação do trabalho doméstico no Brasil, mas também no quadro mais global a partir da Convenção 189 e da Recomendação 201 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho – OIT (2011). Em 2012 foi aprovada a Proposta de Emenda Constitucional 66, mas conhecida como a “PEC das Domésticas”, seguida da Emenda Constitucional 72/2013, até a Lei Complementar 150/2015 e a ratificação da convenção pela presidenta Dilma Rousseff em abril de 2016. Estes dispositivos visam equiparar os direitos das domésticas com os demais trabalhadores urbanos, além de garantir um trabalho decente para a categoria, incluindo estabilidade, segurança e organização sindical Contudo, além de transformações nos empregos, as novas regulamentações têm causado conflitos e estranhamentos nas relações que envolvem este trabalho bastante frequente e observado no Brasil, pelo menos, desde o regime escravocrata. Dentre os argumentos mais alardeados na mídia e contrário aos novos direitos está a ameaça de que devido ao maior custo: As domésticas vão acabar! Posto que os patrões não teriam condições de pagar os serviços e as trabalhadoras não encontrariam outro emprego causando um grande problema social. Discutindo as configurações do emprego doméstico em três cidades brasileiras: Belém/PA, Porto Alegre/RS e Salvador/BA, a partir de diferentes ângulos e dimensões através de uma etnografia multi-situada, em tempos e espaços distintos, salientamos os argumentos contrários e favoráveis a tal assertiva, levando em consideração a interseccionalidade de raça, gênero e classe que engendram este trabalho, ancoradas no racismo estrutural que sustenta e dá sentido a presença do trabalho doméstico remunerado e/ou realizado na casa de terceiros na contemporaneidade brasileira. / The proposal of this thesis is to study the paid domestic work and/or held at a third house as a temporality object. By means of an ethnography of duration (Eckert and Rocha, 2013), marked in the plural and lacunar time, next to creative imagination, we prioritize the biographical narratives and social trajectories of domestic workers, but also work-related images coming from other medias such as photographs, videos, reports and narratives of employers that make the game of memories of the interviewed and even the researcher. During the proposal process and completion of research (2012 to 2016), impactful changes occurred as regards the regulation of domestic work in Brazil but also, more in the global framework from the Convention 189 and Recommendation 201 of the International Labor Organization-ILO (2011). In 2012 was approved the Proposed Constitutional Amendment 66, but known as the "PEC of domestic", followed by the Constitutional Amendment 72/2013, until the Complementary Law 150/2015 and ratification of the convention by the President Dilma Rousseff in April, 2016. These devices are intended to equate the rights of domestic with the other urban workers, in addition to ensuring decent work for the category, including stability, security and trade union organization However, in addition to changes in jobs, the new regulations have caused conflicts and unfamiliarity in relations of this work quite often observed in Brazil, at least, since the slave regime. Therefore, among the arguments most publicized in the media and against the new rights, is the threat that due to higher cost: the maids will end! Since the bosses would not afford the services and the workers would not find other employment, causing a major social problem. Discussing domestic job settings in three Brazilian cities: Belém (Pará), Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul) and Salvador (Bahia), from different angles and dimensions through Ethnography multi-situated, in different spaces and times. We emphasize the pros and cons arguments of such assertive, taking into consideration the intersectionality of race, gender, and class that engenders this work, anchored in the structural racism that underpins and gives meaning to the presence of paid domestic work and/or held at third house on Brazilian contemporaneity.

Agency Costs of Controlling Minority Shareholders (coauthored with Henrik Cronqvist) estimates the agency costs of controlling minority shareholders (CMSs) using a panel of Swedish listed firms. CMSs are owners who have a control stake of the firm’s votes while owning only a minority fraction of the firm’s equity. The study documents that families in control are almost exclusively CMSs through an extensive use of dual-class shares. The results show that increased ownership of votes by a controlling owner is associated with an economically and statistically significant decrease in firm value, but that the decrease in firm value is significantly larger for firms with family CMSs than for firms with financial institutions or corporations in control. This indicates that the agency costs of family CMSs are larger than the agency costs of other controlling owners.Family Ownership, Control Considerations, and Corporate Financing Decisions: An Empirical Analysis analyzes the relation between concentrated family control and firms’ choice of capital structure for a panel of Swedish listed firms. The results suggest that the capital structure choices made by firms with families in control are influenced by the controlling families’ desire to protect their control, and that the resulting capital structures are likely to increase the agency costs of family control. The Choice between Rights Offerings and Private Equity Placements (coauthored with Henrik Cronqvist) analyzes the determinants of the choice between rights offerings and private equity placements using a sample of rights offerings and private placements made by listed Swedish firms. The results indicate that control considerations explain why firms make uninsured rights offerings. The evidence also suggest that private placements, and to some extent underwritten rights offerings, are made by potentially undervalued firms in order to overcome underinvestment problems resulting from asymmetric information about firm value. Furthermore, private placements are frequently made in conjunction with the establishment of a product market relationship between purchaser and seller, which is consistent with equity ownership reducing contracting costs in new product market relationships. Why Agency Costs Explain Diversification Discounts (coauthored with Henrik Cronqvist and Peter Högfeldt) studies diversification within the real estate industry, in which firms can diversify over property types and geographical regions. Similar to previous studies, this essay documents the existence of a diversification discount. However, the major cause of the diversification discount is not diversification per se but anticipated costs due to rent dissipation in future diversifying acquisitions. Firms expected to pursue non-focusing strategies do indeed diversify more, are valued ex ante at a 20% discount over firms anticipated to follow a focusing strategy, and are predominantly family controlled. The ex ante diversification discount is, therefore, a measure of agency costs.  The Difference in Acquirer Returns between Takeovers of Public Targets and Takeovers of Private Targets shows, for a sample of Swedish takeovers, that the average acquirer abnormal return is positive and significant when the target firm is privately held but insignificant when the target firm is listed on a stock exchange. These results are robust when controlling for sample selection problems and other variables capable of explaining acquirer returns. The evidence is consistent with greater acquirer bargaining power and resolution of information asymmetries in takeovers of private targets. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2002

In the beginning of the 1990s the responsibility for the schools shifted from the government to the local authorities. This started an era with a freedom of choice for students where they themselves could choose which school to go to. The new system also opened up the possibility for independent private schools to exist side by side with local authority held schools. The overall aim of this study is to determine the factors that affect the location of these independent schools and the geographical pattern these independent schools create. The study in this paper is based on materials from statistics and interviews. The statistics is from SCB (Statistics Sweden), Skolverket (a government agency that work for the Ministry of Education) and Skolinspektionen (a government agency that supervises that schools follow laws and regulations) and the interviews are with principals and owners of independent schools and representatives from Skolverket, Skolinspektionen and Friskolornas riksförbund (The national association for independent schools). Since the 1990s the independent schools have become nearly as many as the local authority held schools, but are concentrated to 41 percent of Sweden’s municipalities. When comparing this to the local authority held schools that are in 96 percent of Sweden’s municipalities means that the independent schools are in high numbers in a few municipalities. The study shows a geographical pattern of independent schools mainly in large cities. In this paper I examine if the concentration of independent schools in a small part of Sweden’s municipalities is due to political reasons or economical reasons. In conclusion the study indicates that economical factors is the main reasons for their geographical location. The main reasons for locating in urban areas are based on the number of students, diversity, opportunity, and the closeness to universities but also the closeness to entertainment as cafés.

Strategy involvement of boards in small and medium-sized businesses has not been given adequate focus in contemporary research. The main concern has been on exploring the phenomenon in large corporations, which means that the field remains fairly unexplored. The purpose of this study is two folded. Firstly we want to understand what obstacles boards of small and medium-sized businesses face for strategy involvement. Secondly we want to generate new insights and knowledge about how these obstacles can be tackled. In order to accomplish these goals we assume the following two research questions: Research Question 1: Are there any obstacles in the way for strategy involvement of boards in small and medium-sized businesses? Research Question 2: What solutions are there to overcome these obstacles for strategy involvement of boards in small and medium-sized businesses? The first question aims to explore and map potential obstacles for strategy involvement, whereas the second question addresses potential solutions. By utilizing a qualitative approach and interviews we want to better understand the context. Our goal of using this method was to reveal motives and opinions to get a better understanding of how small and medium-sized businesses deal with strategy issues. The participants held various positions within small and medium-sized businesses in Sweden. CEOs, directors and busy directors participated in semi-structured interviews. This study is based upon two frameworks. Firstly we constructed an obstacle framework consisting of five obstacles derived from existing literature. Secondly we made a solution framework, which includes potential solutions connected to the obstacles, also derived from contemporary research. These two frameworks were then used to see what opinions our participants held about them. The data were analyzed by performing a thematic analysis. The idea of using this technique was to identify themes participants held in common. We found some patterns among the respondents which led us to revise both of the frameworks. The main finding of this study is that the presence of a board role conflict seems to be very limited in the context of small and medium-sized businesses. We furthermore found that there are differences in how to solve obstacles in regards to firm size. Two of the suggested solution in existing literature was found to be irrelevant for small and medium-sized businesses. Namely that it is not necessary to get CEOs to embrace strategy involvement, and stopping CEOs from handing over deceiving information is not solved by changing incentives. We also found patterns of two new solutions which were added in the revised solution framework. The first solution involves having regular strategy sessions and meetings. The second solution suggests that it can be advantageous to replace directors uncommitted to strategizing.