La culture du chanvre au Canada sous les Régimes français et britannique attire l’attention des historien.ne.s depuis longtemps. Jusqu’à récemment, on s’est surtout intéressé aux tentatives répétées des administrateurs pour développer cette culture au Canada. Un autre élément est resté largement ignoré : le discours que formulent les autorités coloniales au sujet du chanvre, produit agricole aussi mal aimé de la paysannerie canadienne qu’il est chéri des administrateurs coloniaux. Qu’il soit français ou britannique, le programme officiel, centré sur les fournitures navales (le chanvre sert notamment à la fabrication des voiles et cordages) et associé à des desseins mercantilistes, vise à remplacer par du chanvre canadien celui que les métropoles successives importent de l’étranger, principalement de l’Europe du Nord. Pourtant, cette politique ne répond que difficilement aux conditions coloniales. Malgré tout, depuis Québec, les dirigeants coloniaux tant français qu’anglais s’obstinent pendant longtemps à la mettre en place, lui consacrant de longs passages dans leur correspondance avec les différents ministères à Paris ou à Versailles, puis à Londres. En énumérant les obstacles à la culture chanvrière, ils élaborent un discours foncièrement stéréotypé sur la paysannerie canadienne, voire sur la population créole en général. Ces images auront la vie dure, traversant la césure de la Conquête et influençant autant les auteurs contemporains que les récits historiques qui seront réalisés jusqu’en plein XXe siècle. Néanmoins, il y a un apprentissage à signaler. Il se manifeste en deux temps : dans les propos plus lucides des administrateurs du Régime français finissant et, près d’un demi-siècle plus tard, dans le discours agronomique émergent dans les environs de l’Assemblée coloniale plus sensible aux possibilités de l’agriculture locale. / The cultivation of hemp in Canada under the French and British Regimes has long attracted the attention of historians. Until recently, the focus has been on repeated attempts by administrators to develop this culture in Canada. Another element remained largely ignored: the discourse formulated by the colonial authorities on the subject of hemp, an agricultural product as unloved by the Canadian peasantry as it was cherished by the colonial administrators. Whether French or British, the official program, centred on naval supplies (hemp was used in particular for the manufacture of sails and ropes) and associated with mercantilist designs, aimed to replace with Canadian hemp that which successive metropolises import from abroad, mainly from Northern Europe. However, this policy responded only with difficulty to colonial conditions. Despite everything, from Quebec, the colonial administrators, both French and English, persisted for a long time in introducing it, devoting long passages to it in their correspondence with the various ministries in Paris or Versailles, and later in London. By listing the obstacles to hemp culture, they developed a fundamentally stereotyped discourse on the Canadian peasantry, and even on the Creole population in general. These images will have a long life, surviving then change of regime at the Conquest and influencing both contemporary authors and the historical narratives that would be produced until the middle of the 20th century. Nevertheless, there was a learning process. It manifested itself in two stages: in the more lucid formulations of the administrators of the late French Regime and, nearly half a century later, in the agronomic discourse emerging in the vicinity of the Colonial Assembly, more sensitive to the possibilities of local agriculture.

The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in securing a more sustainable livelihood for the world's growing population. An expanded cultivation of multifunctional and environmentally smart crops like industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) can thus be part of the solution in meeting the increasingly high demands of sustainable development. However, earlier research indicates that the global cultivation of industrial hemp is hindered, and that hemp is an underutilized resource relative to its potential benefits. During the 20th century hemp cultivation was banned in large parts of the world. Sweden lifted the ban in 2003, later than most other European countries. In 2017, Swedish hemp cultivation was by far one of the smallest in the European Union. This study thus aims to analyze the position of industrial hemp in Sweden – by using the theoretical framework of political ecology – to investigate which social and societal structures and processes that dictates the access to and the control of industrial hemp in Sweden today. A historical analysis of power relations as well as ideological and cultural contexts – with significance for the cultivation of hemp – is done to make the relationship between Cannabis sativa L. and Swedish society appear more clearly. The material for the analysis has been collected through a literature search and qualitative method using in-depth interviews with Swedish authorities and a national hemp association. The study discusses the relationship between hemp and human society, which is found to be characterized by a complex interconnectedness.  Furthermore, the study shows that Swedish industrial hemp production is negatively affected by, among other things, cultivation bans, strict regulations, government controls, drug conservatism, and group as well as state conformity. Through a more progressive policy, industrial hemp is expected to become a positive contributing factor to reduced greenhouse gas emissions and to a growing fossil-free bio-based industry.