Inom elitfotboll utvärderas fysisk prestation på spelplanen med hjälp av global positioning systems (GPS:er). På lägre nivåer används istället tester av fysisk kapacitet, såsom Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 (YYIR2), som prediktor av fysisk matchprestation. Det är dock oklart om prestation på YYIR2 har något samband med fysisk prestation under fotbollsmatcher. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det fanns korrelationer mellan prestation på YYIR2 och fysiska matchprestationsparametrar mot slutet av fotbollsmatcher. Nio manliga fotbollsspelare (medelvärde ± SD: ålder = 24.2 ± 3.8 år; längd = 184 ± 5.4 cm; vikt = 78.9 ± 4.6 kg) tillhörande ett elitlag på seniornivå i det svenska seriesystemet deltog i studien. Data från fem fysiska parametrar samlades in från 28 matcher under säsongen 2020 med STATSport Apex 10 Hz GPS-system. YYIR2 genomfördes av samtliga spelare under försäsongen. Korrelationer mellan prestation på YYIR2 och alla  matchparametrar undersöktes genom Spearman’s rho korrelationsanalys. En signifikant negativ korrelation observerades mellan YYIR2 och andelen accelerationer (r = -0.812, p = 0.008). Inga signifikanta korrelationer observerades mellan YYIR2 och total distans (r = 0.059, p = 0.881),höghastighetslöpningar (r = -0.437, p = 0.240), sprinter (r = -0.268, p = 0.486) eller decelerationer (r = -0.360, p = 0.342). Resultaten indikerar på att YYIR2 är en dålig prediktor på spelarnas förväntade fysiska prestation i slutet av fotbollsmatcher. Resultaten ska dock tolkas med försiktighet på grund av låg statistisk power. Framtida studier bör undersöka påverkan av spelares position på den här typen av korrelationer. / In elite football, physical performance during matches is evaluated using global positioning systems (GPSs). At lower levels, tests of physical capacity, such as the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 (YYIR2), are used to predict physical match performance. It is however unclear whether YYIR2 performance is associated with physical match performance. This study investigated potential correlations between YYIR2 performance and physical match parameters towards the end of football matches.Nine male football players (mean ± SD: age = 24.2 ± 3.8 years; height = 184 ± 5.4 cm; weight = 78.9 ± 4.6 kg) of an elite Swedish football team participated. Data from five physical parameters were collected from 28 matches during the 2020 season with the STATSport Apex 10 Hz GPS system. YYIR2 was performed by all players during pre-season. Correlations between YYIR2 performance and each physical match parameter were analysed using Spearman's rho.A significant negative correlation was observed between YYIR2 and the proportion of accelerations (r = -0.812, p = 0.008). No significant correlations were observed between YYIR2 and total distance (r = 0.059, p = 0.881), high-speed runs (r = -0.437, p = 0.240), sprints (r = -0.268, p = 0.486) or decelerations (r = -0.360, p = 0.342).Results indicate that the YYIR2 is a poor predictor of physical performance towards the end of football matches. The results should however be interpreted with caution due to low statistical power. Future research should investigate the influence of playing position on such correlations.

L’étude de la dynamique d’un faisceau d’ions de haute intensité dans les lignes de basse énergie (LBE)représente l’un des défis majeurs de la science des accélérateurs. basse énergie, cette dynamique est dominée par le champ de charge d’espace induit par le faisceau lui-même, qui en général est non linéaire et peut entrainer des phénomènes de halo, de grossissement d’émittance et de pertes de faisceau. Toutefois, un faisceau à basse énergie se propageant dans une LBE induit l’ionisation du gaz résiduel présent dans la chambre. Les particules (ions et électrons) issues de l’ionisation sont repoussées ou attirées radialement par le champ de charge d’espace en fonction du signe de leur charge. D’autres réactions physiques ont lieu dans la ligne basse énergie, jouant ainsi un rôle dans la dynamique du faisceau et sur l’établissement du temps et du taux de compensation de charge d’espace. Afin d’obtenir des résultats prédictifs et fiables quantitativement, des simulations de transport de faisceau en régime de compensation de charge d’espace avec le code de calcul warp ont été réalisées en prenant également compte les réactions physiques les plus probables. On discutera ensuite des résultats de ces simulations en lien avec ceux issus de différentes compagnes de mesure réalisées auprès des LBE des projets MYRRHA et IFMIF. / The study of intense ion beam dynamics in lowenergy beam transport line (LEBT) representsone of the most important challenges inaccelerating sciences. At low energy, it isdominated by the space-charge field created bythe beam itself, which is generally non-linearand can induce halo, emittance growth and beamlosses. But, a ion beam at low energypropagating in a LEBT ionises the residual gas.The particles (ions and electrons) fromionisation are repelled or confined radially bythe space charge field according to their chargesign.Other interactions take place in the LEBT,modifying the beam dynamics and the space chargecompensation time and the space-chargecompensation yield. In order to obtain predictiveand precise results quantitatively, numericalsimulations of beam transport in space-chargecompensation regime with WARP code havebeen realized taking account the most probablephysical interactions. Then, we will discuss theresults with comparisons with experimental dataobtained on the MYRRHA and IFMIF LEBT’s

The aim of this master thesis is to evaluate the influence of a six-week HIIT (High intensity interval training) on body composition and both aerobic and anaerobic performance. A group of 9 men aged 28-51 years was gathered and who followed an exact six-week training programme according to the chosen hypothesis. The results of our study show that the chosen six-week programme led to statistically significant (p < 0,05) changes in body weight (kg), BMI (kg/m2 ), in FEV (l), and ANC/kg (J/kg). Changes in the other parameters were statistically not significant. Taking into account the size of group (n=9) we conclude that mainly effects on the individual level were attained.

Das Verschließen besitzt als finaler qualitätsbestimmender Prozess besondere Bedeutung in der Verpackungstechnik. Da nach wie vor Kunststoff der am häufigsten eingesetzte Packstoff in der Lebensmittel- und Pharmaindustrie ist, sind insbesondere für das stoffschlüssige Fügen polymerer Packstoffe zahlreiche Verfahren etabliert. Alle bekannten Verfahren besitzen jedoch Einschränkungen bei deren Anwendung oder stellen spezifische Anforderungen an den Packstoff wie beispielsweise das Vorhandensein polarer oder elektrisch leitender Schichten im Verbundaufbau. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen haben das Ziel, die bestehenden Einschränkungen durch die Schaffung von Prozessverständnis und darauf aufbauender Optimierung der Verfahren und Prozesse zu verringern oder zu beseitigen. Alternativ dazu erscheint es sinnvoll, neue, bisher nicht in der Verarbeitungstechnik eingesetzte Verfahren auf deren Anwendbarkeit für verpackungstechnische Prozesse im Bereich des Fügens hin zu prüfen. Hochintensiver fokussierter Ultraschall (HIFU) ist ein solches interessantes Verfahren, welches bisher als nichtinvasive Methode zur Tumorbehandlung auf Basis von ultraschallinduzierter Gewebeerwärmung und -zerstörung im medizinisch-therapeutischen Bereich eingesetzt wird. Die prinzipielle Eignung des Verfahrens zur Erwärmung von Kunststoffen ist nur in wenigen wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen beschrieben. Als Fügeverfahren zum Bauteilschweißen von mehreren Millimetern dicken Kunststoffplatten wurde das Prinzip in den 1970er Jahren erprobt. Eine industrielle Nutzung ist jedoch nicht bekannt und der publizierte Stand der Technik ist weit von den Anforderungen des modernen Verarbeitungsmaschinenbaus entfernt. Daraus ergibt sich die Motivation zur Schaffung einer Wissensbasis für dieses Fügeverfahren und die Abschätzung dessen Potential unter verarbeitungstechnischen Maßstäben. Dabei fließen physikalische Grundlagen zur Akustik und Erkenntnisse zu den Wirkzusammenhängen in der Medizin ebenso wie verpackungstechnische Grundlagen ein. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit stellen die Grundlage für weiterführende Untersuchungen zum stoffschlüssigen Fügen polymerer Packstoffe mittels hochintensivem fokussierten Ultraschall dar.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第21888号 / エネ博第389号 / 新制||エネ||75(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)教授 岸本 泰明, 教授 中村 祐司, 教授 田中 仁 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Treatment of brain diseases remains extremely challenging partly due to the fact that critical drug delivery is hindered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a specialized and highly selective barrier lining the brain vasculature. Focused ultrasound (FUS), combined with systematically administered microbubbles (MBs), has been established as a technique to noninvasively, locally, and transiently open the BBB. The primary mechanism for temporarily opening the BBB using FUS is microbubble cavitation, a phenomenon that occurs when the circulating microbubbles interact with the FUS beam in the brain vasculature. Over the past two decades, many preclinical and clinical applications of FUS-induced BBB opening have been developed, but certain challenges, such as drug delivery route, cavitation control, inflammation onset, and overall accessibility of the technology, have affected its efficient translation to the clinic. This dissertation focuses on optimizing three aspects of FUS-induced BBB opening for therapeutic applications. The first specific aim investigated FUS-induced BBB opening for drug delivery through the intranasal route. Optimal sonication parameters were determined and applied to FUS-enhanced intranasal delivery of neurotrophic factors in a Parkinson’s Disease mouse model. In the second specific aim, cavitation levels affecting the inflammatory response due to BBB opening with FUS were optimized. The relationship between cavitation during FUS-induced BBB opening and the local inflammation was examined, and a cavitation-based controller system was developed to modulate the inflammatory response. In the third specific aim, the devices used for FUS-induced BBB opening were streamlined. A conventional system for FUS-induced BBB opening includes two transducers: one for therapy and another for cavitation monitoring (single element) or imaging (multi-element). In this aim, a single linear array transducer capable of synchronous BBB opening and cavitation imaging was developed, creating a cost-effective and highly accessible “theranostic ultrasound” device. The feasibility of theranostic ultrasound (TUS) was demonstrated in vivo in both mice and non-human primates. In summary, the findings and methodologies in this dissertation optimized FUS-enhanced intranasal delivery across the BBB, developed a cavitation-controlled system to modulate inflammation in the brain, which has been advantageous in reducing pathology and designed a new system for theranostic ultrasound for drug delivery to the brain. Taken altogether, this thesis contributes to the efficient advancement and optimization of FUS-induced BBB opening technology, thus enhancing its clinical adoption in the fight to treat many challenging brain diseases.

There are at least two common models for calculating the photoemission of accelerated electrons. The 'extended-charge-distribution' method uses the quantum probability current (multiplied by the electron charge) as a source current for Maxwell's equations. The 'point-like-emitter' method treats the electron like a point particle instead of like a diffuse body of charge. Our goal is to differentiate between these two viewpoints empirically. To do this, we consider a large electron wave packet in a high-intensity laser field, in which case the two viewpoints predict measurable photoemission rates that differ by orders of magnitude. Under the treatment of the 'extended-charge-distribution' model, the strength of the radiated field is significantly limited by interferences between different portions of the oscillating charge density. Alternatively, no suppression of photoemission occurs under the 'point-like-emitter' model because the electron is depicted as having no spatial extent. We designed an experiment to characterize the photoemission rates of electrons accelerated in a relativistic laser focus. Free electron wave packets are produced through ionization by an intense laser pulse at the center of a large vacuum chamber. These quantum wave packets can become comparable in size to the laser wavelength through natural spreading and interactions with the sharp ponderomotive gradients of the laser focus. Electron radiation emitted out the side of the focus is collected by one-to-one imaging into a 105-micron gold-jacketed fiber, which carries the light to a single photon detector located outside the chamber. The electron radiation is red-shifted due to mild relativistic acceleration, and we use this signature to spectrally filter the outgoing light to discriminate against background. In addition, the temporal resolution of the electronics allows distinction between light that travels directly from the focus into the collection system and laser light that may scatter from the chamber wall.

Background: Repeated sprint training in hypoxia has shown to be superior to training in normoxia. However, both natural and simulated altitude training are strategies that are not always accessible and expensive due to traveling or the need for advanced equipment. A possible way of simulating hypoxic conditions is to administer carbon monoxide (CO) prior to training as it has been shown to reduce the oxygen transport and delivery to the muscle similar to systemic hypoxia. It is therefore hypothesized that inhaling a small bolus of CO prior to repeated-sprint exercise will potentiate the acute physiological responses during the training, thus induce performance improvements associated with repeated sprint ability compared to placebo control. Methods: 23 endurance-trained individuals (18 men and 5 women), age 33.2 ± 6.9 years, body mass 78.3 ± 11.0 kg, height 180.7 ± 7.3 cm, performed a 3-week supervised repeated sprint exercise protocol on electromagnetically braked cycle ergometers. A repeated sprint ability test was conducted pre-and post-training intervention. Participants were randomly assigned to either inhaling CO (INCO group) or inhaling a sham gas (NOCO group). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to determine statistical significance by controlling for pre-test values. Results: Periodic inhalation of CO prior to repeated sprint exercise led a medium, significant difference in mean power decrement (INCO -2.63%, NOCO 8%; p &lt;0.05, ηp2 = 0.19) and fatigue index (INCO 0.28%, NOCO 8.2%; p &lt;0.05, ηp2 = 0.24) compared to sham gas, despite that both groups increased in number of sprints (INCO 16.58%, NOCO 27.60%; p &lt;0.05; ηp2 = 0.71) with no difference between groups. Conclusion: Our findings in this study showed a positive effect on an improved ability to sustain power output during repeated sprints when periodic inhalation of CO is administered. Therefore, it is suggested that periodic inhalation of CO prior to repeated sprint exercise might be a nuanced way to induce favorable physiological adaptations, thus improving performance associated with repeated sprint ability.

Purpose: To examine the effects of 28 days of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2peak), ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and time to exhaustion (Tmax) in collegeaged men and women. Methods: Healthy men and women (n=34, age and VO2peak= 22.7+3.1yr and 39.3+5.0 mL. kg-1.min-1, respectively) participated in this study. All participants completed a series of tests prior and subsequent to treatment. A maximal oxygen consumption test was performed on a cycle ergometer to assess VO2peak, Tmax, VT, and RCP. The peak power output (Ppeak), power at VT (PVT) and power at RCP (PRCP) were also recorded from this test. Twenty-six subjects completed 12 HIIT (80-120% maximal workload) exercise sessions consisting of 5-6 bouts of a 2:1 minute cycling work to rest ratio protocol over a four-week period, while eight served as controls (CTL). In double-blind fashion, the HIIT groups were assigned into either a placebo (HIIT) or 3g per day of HMB (HMB-HIIT). Body composition was measured with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Outcomes were assessed by ANCOVA with posttest means adjusted for pretest differences. Results: The HMB-HIIT intervention showed significant (p & lt 0.05) gains in VO2peak, VT, and PVT versus the CTL and HIIT group. Both HIIT and HMB-HIIT treatment groups demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) improvement over CTL for Ppeak, Tmax, RCP, and PRCP with no significant difference between the treatment groups. There were no significant differences observed for any measures of body composition. An independent-samples t-test confirmed that there were no significant differences between the training volumes for the HIIT and HMB-HIIT groups. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the addition of HMB supplementation may result in greater changes in VO2peak and VT than HIIT alone. Therefore, in college-aged men and women, the use of HMB supplementation may enhance the benefits of HIIT on aerobic performance measures.

Smart materials are intelligent materials that change their structural, chemical, mechanical, or thermal properties in response to an external stimulus such as heat, light, and magnetic and electric fields. With the increase in usage of smart materials in many sensitive applications, the need for a remote, wireless, efficient, and biologically safe stimulus has become crucial. This dissertation addresses this requirement by using high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) as the external trigger. HIFU has a unique capability of maintaining both spatial and temporal control and propagating over long distances with reduced losses, to achieve the desired response of the smart material. Two categories of smart materials are investigated in this research; shape memory polymers (SMPs) and piezoelectric materials. SMPs have the ability to store a temporary shape and returning to their permanent or original shape when subjected to an external trigger. On the other hand, piezoelectric materials have the ability to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy and vice versa. Due to these extraordinary properties, these materials are being used in several industries including biomedical, robotic, noise-control, and aerospace. This work introduces two novel concepts: First, HIFU actuation of SMP-based drug delivery capsules as an alternative way of achieving controlled drug delivery. This concept exploits the pre-determined shape changing capabilities of SMPs under localized HIFU exposure to achieve the desired drug delivery rate. Second, solving the existing challenge of low efficiency by focusing the acoustic energy on piezoelectric receivers to transfer power wirelessly. The fundamental physics underlying these two concepts is explored by developing comprehensive mathematical models that provide an in-depth analysis of individual parameters affecting the HIFU-smart material systems, for the first time in literature. Many physical factors such as acoustic, material and dynamical nonlinearities, acoustic standing waves, and mechanical behavior of materials are explored to increase the developed models' accuracy. These mathematical frameworks are designed with the aim of serving as a basic groundwork for building more complex smart material-based systems under HIFU exposure. / Doctor of Philosophy / Smart materials are a type of intelligent materials that have the ability to respond to external stimuli such as heat, light, and magnetic fields. When these materials respond, they can change their structural, thermodynamical, mechanical or chemical nature. Due to this extraordinary property, smart materials are being used in many applications including biomedical, robotic, space, microelectronics, and automobile industry. However, due to increased sensitivity and need for safety in many applications, a biologically safe, wireless, and efficient trigger is required to actuate these materials. In this dissertation, sound is used as an external trigger to actuate two types of smart materials: shape memory polymers (SMPs) and piezoelectric materials. SMPs have an ability to store a temporary (arbitrarily deformed) shape and return to their permanent shape when exposed to a trigger. In this dissertation, focused sound induced thermal energy acts as a trigger for these polymers. A novel concept of focused ultrasound actuation of SMP-based drug delivery capsules is proposed as a means to solve some of the challenges being faced in the field of controlled drug delivery. Piezoelectric materials have an ability to generate electric power when an external mechanical force is applied and vice versa. In this study, sound pressure waves supply the external force required to produce electric current in piezoelectric disks, as a method for achieving power transfer wirelessly. This study aims to solve the current problem of low efficiency in acoustic power transfer systems by focusing sound waves. This dissertation addresses the fundamental physics of high intensity focused ultrasound actuation of smart materials by developing comprehensive mathematical models and systematic experimental investigations, that have not been performed till now. The developed models enable an in-depth analysis of individual parameters including nonlinear material behavior, acoustic nonlinearity and resonance phenomena that affect the functioning of these smart systems. These mathematical frameworks also serve as groundwork for developing more complex systems.