Hormesis is a dose response phenomenon where low doses of a stress bring about a positive response in the organism undergoing treatment. UV-C hormesis has been known for over three decades and has a broad range of benefits on postharvest produce. Benefits include increased nutritional content, delayed chlorophyll degradation and disease resistance. The beneficial effects have been observed on many varieties of fresh produce including climacteric and non-climacteric fruit, tubers, salads and brassicas. The majority of previous studies have used low-intensity (LIUV) UV-C sources. LIUV sources require lengthy treatment times, which are in the region of 6 minutes for tomato fruit. This has, in part, prevented the commercial application of this technique. High-intensity, pulsed polychromatic light (HIPPL) sources, however, have recently been developed. HIPPL sources may have the potential to drastically reduce treatment times and increase their commercial viability. It was shown, here, that the use of HIPPL can control disease (reduce disease progression) caused by Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum and also delay ripening on tomato fruit. Both disease control and delayed ripening were at similar levels for LIUV and HIPPL treatments on mature green fruit. The HIPPL treatments used in these studies can reduce treatment times for tomato fruit by 97.3%. Both HIPPL and LIUV treatments elicit local responses irrespective of the treatment orientation and tomato fruit, therefore, require full surface irradiation. Furthermore, UV-C in the HIPPL source is not required for disease control or delayed ripening. It does, however, contribute approximately 50% towards the total observed effects. Investigations into the mechanisms underpinning postharvest HIPPL and LIUV hormesis, on tomato fruit, identified that the expression of genes involved in plant hormone biosynthesis, defence, secondary metabolism and ripening were affected. This indicates that disease control is achieved through induced resistance. Changes to expression, following treatment, were highly similar for both HIPPL and LIUV treatments and were mediated by salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene. This may lead to broad range resistance against necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens as well as abiotic stresses and herbivorous pests. Recently, the exposure of foliage to UV-C has been shown to induce resistance against B. cinerea on Arabidopsis thaliana. The horticultural applications of such treatments, however, have not been explored. Pre-harvest treatments of lettuce in the glasshouse showed variation in damage threshold and optimal treatment to control disease following LIUV and HIPPL treatment. Further sources of variation included the cultivar, pathogen of interest and the point that treatment was applied during the year. Using a controlled environment allowed seasonal variation to be mitigated and both HIPPL and LIUV treatments controlled disease against B. cinerea. For pre-harvest treatments to be a success in the glasshouse, further studies into how both biotic and abiotic factors influence treatment is required. To circumvent the problems associated with pre-harvest treatments and environmental variation in the glasshouse, LIUV seed treatments were performed on tomato. Control of B. cinerea was established with an approximately 10% reduction in incidence and disease progression with a 4 kJ/m2 treatment. When monitoring the effect of treatment on germination and early seedling development it was also identified that an 8 kJ/m2 treatment led to biostimulation of germination and root and shoot growth.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-05-03T14:05:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marco Antonio Basso Filho - 2018.pdf: 1179214 bytes, checksum: c42f7002852698e32ce9c89e0baff62d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-03T15:41:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marco Antonio Basso Filho - 2018.pdf: 1179214 bytes, checksum: c42f7002852698e32ce9c89e0baff62d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-03T15:41:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marco Antonio Basso Filho - 2018.pdf: 1179214 bytes, checksum: c42f7002852698e32ce9c89e0baff62d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Introduction: Studies show that high intensity interval training (HIIT) promotes improvements equivalent or even superior to continuous moderate intensity training (IMT). However, HIIT has divergent applications, approaches and results in the literature regarding its physiological repercussions and the parameters that may bring more safety in its prescription. In this context kinetics and heart rate variability (HRV) represent the physiological responses of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in cardiac autonomic heart rate (HR) modulation, as well as VO2max represents the aerobic functional capacity and, in the rest-exercise transitions and exercise-recovery, can demonstrate the efficiency of different physical training in fitness, adaptation, vagal withdrawal and sympathetic hyperactivity. Objective: To compare the acute effects of different intensities of physical training on the kinetics of HR and HRV, and functional capacity in healthy physically active youngsters. Objective: To compare the acute effects of different intensities of physical training on the kinetics of HR and HRV, and functional capacity in healthy physically active youngsters. Methodology: Clinical crossover performed with 12 physically active young males. The procedure to obtain the data occurred for 4 days with an interval of 48 hours between those days. On the 1st day the participants were submitted to evaluations including the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPT) for the purpose of verifying VO2max, identifying their aerobic functional capacity, as well as prescribing the protocols. Between the 2nd and 4th day, the three exercise protocols were performed: TCMI (exercise = 21 minutes continuous at 70% of vVO2max), short HIIT (exercise = 29 repetitions of 30 seconds at 100% of vVO2max and recovery = 30 seconds passive to 50% of vVO2max) and long HIIT (exercise = 3 replicates of 4 minutes to 90% of vVO2max and recovery = 3 minutes to 60% of vVO2max). Participants performed 5 minutes of heating at 55% of vVO2max and at the end of the session 3 minutes of recovery at 50% of vVO2max. The recording data of the R-R intervals were recorded with the participant lying in the supine position for 10 minutes before the start of the tests and immediately after the recovery of the sit-in tests for 3 minutes. The behavior of the HR, HRV and VO2max variables were verified in the rest-exercise transition, during exercise and in the exercise-recovery transition. Statistical analysis: The normality of the data was evaluated by the Komolgorov-Smirnov test. In order to evaluate the correlation between HRV indexes after each exercise protocol and VO2peak, the Pearson Correlation Test or the Spearman Correlation Test were used. Two-way ANOVA was used to verify the differences between the variables obtained in each exercise protocol (HRV indices and cardiorespiratory fitness variables). Values of p <0.05 were considered significant. Results: The systolic blood pressure (SBP) variable showed a lower value in the short HIIT when compared to the long HIIT (p = 0.003). The analysis of FCon kinetics showed a statistical difference for the delta time variable (∆T) when we compared the IMT and the long HIIT (p = 0.041), observing that the IMT promoted a greater slowness in the HR response in the rest-exercise transition. The analysis of the HRV during the exercise-recovery phase (off) was different between the long HIIT versus the IMT and the long HIIT versus the short HIIT (p <0.005 and p = 0.012, respectively), and the long HIIT showed greater sympathetic modulation and lower parasympathetic modulation. The comparison of the differences between the deltas of FCoff, the long HIIT showed a lower HR reduction in the initial 60 seconds of recovery when compared to the short HIIT and IMT respectively, presented by delta 30 (p <0.001 and p = 0.034, respectively) and Delta 60 (p = 0.012 and p = 0.037, respectively). The VO2peak variable had a higher value in the long HIIT when compared to the IMT and the short HIIT (p = 0.028 and p <0.001, respectively). Conclusion: In the intergroup comparison the IMT presented better HR values in the rest-exercise transition and the long HIIT obtained better results in the variables VO2peak and FCpeak. In terms of HRV in the exercise-recovery transition the short HIIT demonstrated better adaptation in the autonomic modulation while the long HIIT showed greater sympathetic hyperactivity and consequent cardiac overload. / Introdução: Estudos demonstram que o treino intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) promove melhorias equivalentes ou até mesmo superiores ao treinamento contínuo de moderada intensidade (TCMI). No entanto, o HIIT tem aplicações, abordagens e resultados divergentes na literatura em relação as suas repercussões fisiológicas e dos parâmetros que possam trazer mais segurança em sua prescrição. Neste contexto, a cinética e a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) representam as respostas fisiológicas do sistema nervoso autônomo (SNA) na modulação autonômica da frequência cardíaca (FC), assim como o VO2máx representa a capacidade funcional aeróbia e, nas transições repouso-exercício e exercício- recuperação, podem demonstrar a eficiência de diferentes treinos físicos na aptidão, adaptação, retirada vagal e hiperatividade simpática. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos agudos de diferentes intensidades de treinamento físico sobre a cinética da FC e VFC, e capacidade funcional em jovens saudáveis fisicamente ativos. Metodologia: Ensaio clínico crossover realizado com 12 jovens do sexo masculino ativos fisicamente. O procedimento para obtenção dos dados ocorreu por 4 dias com intervalo de 48 horas entre esses dias. No 1º dia os participantes foram submetidos a avaliações, entre elas o teste de esforço cardiopulmonar (TECP), com a finalidade de verificar VO2máx, identificar sua capacidade funcional aeróbia, bem como para prescrever os protocolos. Entre o 2º e o 4º dia foram realizados os três protocolos de exercícios: TCMI (exercício = 21 minutos contínuos a 70% da vVO2máx), HIIT curto (exercício = 29 repetições de 30 segundos a 100% da vVO2máxe recuperação = 30 segundos passivos a 50% da vVO2máx) e HIIT longo (exercício = 3 repetições de 4 minutos a 90% da vVO2máx e recuperação = 3 minutos a 60% da vVO2máx). Os participantes realizaram 5 minutos de aquecimento a 55% da vVO2máx e ao término da sessão 3 minutos de recuperação a 50% da vVO2máx.Os dados da gravação dos intervalos R-R foram registrados com o participante deitado em posição supina por 10 minutos antes do início dos testes e imediatamente após o término da recuperação dos testes em postura sentada por 3 minutos. O comportamento das variáveis FC, VFC e VO2máx foram verificados na transição repousoexercício, durante o exercício e na transição exercício-recuperação. Análise estatística: A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo Teste de Komolgorov-Smirnov. Para avaliar a correlação entre os índices da VFC após cada protocolo de exercício e o VO2pico foram utilizados o Teste de Correlação de Pearson ou o Teste de Correlação de Spearman. A ANOVA twoway foi utilizada para verificar as diferenças entre as variáveis obtidas em cada protocolo de exercício (índices da VFC e variáveis da aptidão cardiorrespiratória). Foram considerados significativos valores de p < 0,05. Resultados: A variável pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) mostrou menor valor no HIIT curto quando comparada ao HIIT longo (p = 0.003). A análise da cinética da FCon demonstrou diferença estatística para a variável delta tempo (∆T) ao compararmos o TCMI e HIIT longo (p = 0.041), observando que o TCMI promoveu maior lentificação na resposta da FC na transição repouso-exercício. A análise da VFC durante a fase de exercício-recuperação (off) mostrou-se diferente entre o HIIT longo versus TCMI e HIIT longo versus HIIT curto (p < 0.005 e p = 0.012, respectivamente), sendo que o HIIT longo mostrou maior modulação simpática e menor modulação parassimpática. A comparação das diferenças entre os deltas da FCoff, o HIIT longo apresentou menor redução da FC nos 60 segundos iniciais da recuperação quando comparados ao HIIT curto e TCMI respectivamente, apresentado pelo delta 30 (p < 0.001 e p = 0.034, respectivamente) e Delta 60 (p = 0.012 e p = 0.037, respectivamente). A variável VO2pico apresentou maior valor no HIIT longo quando comparado ao TCMI e ao HIIT curto (p = 0.028 e p < 0.001, respectivamente). Conclusão: Na comparação intergrupos o TCMI apresentou melhores valores de FC na transição repousoexercício e o HIIT longo obteve melhores resultados nas variáveis VO2pico e FCpico. Em termos de VFC na transição exercício-recuperação, o HIIT curto demonstrou melhor adaptação na modulação autonômica enquanto o HIIT longo mostrou maior hiperatividade simpática e consequente sobrecarga cardíaca.

High intensity interval training (HIIT) has become very popular due to the dissemination of experimental results. HIIT promotes similar adaptations to longterm and low-intensity exercises, such as improvement in cardiorespiratory capacity, VO2max, respi- ratory metabolism, increased pulmonary ventilation, among others. However, these adaptations are obtained with much lower duration at maximum or submaximal intensities, with seconds or few minutes of interval. However, frequent performance may increase susceptibility to injury, promote chronic fatigue and overtraining, partly because of the high synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Stress is a state of imbalance between oxidation and oxidation reactions. However, the effects of HIIT on oxidative status and muscle damage are still not well understood in the scientific literature. The objective of this dissertation was to verify the effects of short-term HIIT on biomarkers of oxidative stress and muscle damage in Wistar rats. Thus, three studies were elaborated: 1) The effects of short-term HIIT on the markers of oxidative stress and muscle damage were evaluated; 2) It was sought to characterize the responses of cardiac oxidative stress markers to HIIT in rats. 3) The effects of twelve consecutive sessions and on different days of HIIT on the markers of hepatic oxidative stress were verified. In studies 1 and 2 significant changes were found in only one marker of oxidative damage, a fact that did not happen in study 3. Still on study 1 there were no changes in the markers of muscle damage, however there was a significant reduction in a marker of defense antioxidant. In studies 2 and 3 there were no significant changes in antioxidant capacity. It is concluded that HIIT is performed on consecutive or distinct days, and depending on tissue it may or may not promote liver, heart and muscle damage in rats. / O treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) na comunidade científica tem se tornado muito notório em função da divulgação de estudos experimentais. O HIIT promove adaptações semelhantes aos exercícios de longa duração e baixa intensidade, tais como melhora da capacidade cardiorrespiratória, do metabolismo de respouso, aumento da ventilação pulmonar, entre outros. Porém, estas adaptações são obtidas com duração muito inferior em intensidades máximas ou submáximas, com segundos ou poucos minutos de intervalo. Contudo, a frequente realização pode aumentar a suscetibilidade a lesões, promover a fadiga crônica e overtraining, parcialmente em razão da elevada síntese de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs). Estresse oxidativo é um estado de desequilíbrio entre as reações de oxidação e de antioxidação. Entretanto, ainda existem lacunas a serem preenchidas acerca dos efeitos do HIIT sobre o estado oxidativo e danos musculares, sobretudo em modelo animal. O objetivo desta dissertação foi verificar os efeitos do HIIT de curto prazo sobre os biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo e danos musculares em ratos. Desta forma, foram elaborados três estudos: 1. Avaliou-se os efeitos do HIIT de curto prazo sobre os marcadores de estresse oxidativo e danos musculares; 2. Buscou-se caracterizar as respostas dos marcadores de estresse oxidativo cardíaco ao HIIT em ratos. 3. Verificou-se os efeitos de doze sessões consecutivas e em dias distintos de HIIT sobre os marcadores de estresse oxidativo hepático. Nos estudos 1 e 2 foram encontradas alterações significativas em apenas um marcador de dano oxidativo, fato este que não aconteceu no estudo 3. Ainda sobre o estudo 1 não houveram alterações nos marcadores de danos musculares, no entanto houve uma redução significativa num marcador de defesa antioxidante. Nos estudos 2 e 3 não houveram mudanças significativas na capacidade antioxidante. Conclui-se que o HIIT, seja realizado em dias consecutivos ou distinitos, e a depender do tecido pode ou não promover danos hepáticos, cardíacos e musculares em ratos. / São Cristóvão, SE

A principal reação de derivatização da quitina é a hidrólise dos grupos acetamido, que gera o polímero conhecido como quitosana. O foco do presente estudo é desenvolver um processo eficiente, reprodutivo e versátil para produção de quitosanas com características controladas. Nesse sentido, o processo de desacetilação de quitina assistida por irradiação do ultrassom de alta intensidade, denominado processo DAIUS, foi estudado. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo proposto, as seguintes etapas foram realizadas: i) extração, fracionamento e caracterização de beta-quitina extraída de gládios de lulas; ii) estudo quimiométrico visando determinar as variáveis mais importantes do processo DAIUS; iii) estudo quimiométrico visando a otimização do processo DAIUS empregando gráficos de superfícies de resposta e iv) estudo cinético da desacetilação de beta-quitina via processo DAIUS. A caracterização das quitosanas, obtidas pelo processo DAIUS com o auxílio do planejamento fatorial de experimentos revelou que a intensidade da irradiação de ultrassom é a variável menos importante durante a desacetilação da beta-quitina, e que a temperatura e o tempo de reação são as variáveis que mais afetam a despolimerização da beta-quitina. Desse estudo resultaram quitosanas com elevados <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GD (92%) e <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">Mv (5,42x105g/mol), enquanto o parâmetro de acetilação (PA) apresentou valores próximos de 1,0, que corresponde ao padrão randômico ideal de distribuição de unidades GlcN e GlcNAc, sugerindo que o processo DAIUS ocorre homogeneamente. A análise dos gráficos de superfícies de resposta permitiu observar que o aumento da temperatura e do tempo de sonicação gera quitosanas mais desacetiladas, porém com menores massas molares. Esta análise também permitiu avaliar os efeitos do processo DAIUS sobre <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GD, <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">Mv e PA, sendo que nesse estudo quitosanas com elevada <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">Mv (9,83x105g/mol) foram obtidas, porém o aumento da temperatura e do tempo de sonicação resultou em quitosanas mais despolimerizadas, e também mais desacetiladas. A seleção das principais variáveis do processo DAIUS, temperatura de reação e do tempo de sonicação, permitiu uma melhor compreensão da variação do <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GD e da <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">Mv, e permitiu a obtenção de quitosanas que apresentaram valores de PA&asymp;1,0, correspondente ao padrão randômico ideal de distribuição de unidades GlcN e GlcNAc. O estudo da cinética da desacetilação da beta-quitina via processo DAIUS revelou a ocorrência de duas etapas bem distintas quantos às suas velocidades, sendo a primeira, atuante nos primeiros 20 minutos, mais rápida (k=29,4 min-1 103) quando comparada com a segunda etapa (k=7,6 min-1 103). As quitosanas geradas no desenvolvimento do estudo cinético do processo DAIUS foram analisadas por difração de raios X, revelando que durante o processo DAIUS ocorre perda de água do retículo cristalino da beta-quitina, fato atribuído à cavitação gerada pela irradiação de ultrassom de alta intensidade. Assim, é proposto que o fenômeno da cavitação, que resulta em importantes alterações morfológicas, reduzindo as dimensões médias das partículas e aumentando sua rugosidade e uniformidade, também atue no interior do retículo cristalino da beta-quitina, resultando na expulsão de moléculas de água e facilitando o acesso do hidróxido de sódio aos grupamentos acetamido da beta-quitina mesmo nos domínios cristalinos. A utilização do ultrassom de alta intensidade na desacetilação de beta-quitina coloca em destaque a obtenção de quitosanas com características controladas. / The main reaction of chitin is the hydrolysis of its acetamido groups, which generates a polymer known as chitosan. The focus of the present study is the development of an efficient, reproductive and versatile process for chitosan production with controlled characteristics. In this sense, the chitin deacetylation assisted by high intensity ultrasound irradiation, called USAD process, was studied. The development of the proposed study was carried out in four steps: i) the extraction, fractionation and characterization of beta-chitin, extracted from squid pens; ii) the chemometric approach, aiming to determine the most important variables of the USAD process; iii) the chemometric approach aiming to the USAD process optimization, employing response surface and iv) the deacetylation kinetics studies of beta-chitin via USAD process. The characterization of the chitosans obtained by the USAD process, supported by factorial design, showed that the intensity of the ultrasound irradiation is the least important variable in the beta-chitin deacetylation, and the temperature and reaction time are the variables that most affect the beta-chitin depolymerization. From this study, chitosans with high <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">DD (92%) and <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">Mv (5.42 x105g/mol) were produced, with acetylation parameter (AP) values close to 1.0, which corresponds to an ideal random pattern of distribution of GlcNAc and GlcN units, suggesting that the USAD process occurs homogeneously. The analysis of response surfaces allowed to observe that the increase of temperature and sonication time generates more deacetylated chitosans, but with lower average molecular weights. This analysis also allowed us to evaluate the effects of USAD process in <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">DD, <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">Mv, and AP variations: chitosans with high <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">Mv (9.83x105g/mol) were obtained, but the increase of temperature and sonication time resulted in more degraded and more deacetylated chitosans. The selection of the main USAD process variables, temperature and sonication time, allowed a better understanding of <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">DD and <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">Mv variation, and allowed to obtain chitosan with PA&asymp;1.0, which corresponds to an ideal random pattern of distribution of GlcNAc and GlcN units. The study of beta-chitin deacetylation kinetics via USAD process revealed the occurrence of two stages: the first step, active in the first 20 minutes, is faster (k = 29.4 min-1 103) when compared with the second one (k = 7.6 min-1 103). The chitosans generated in the kinetic study of the USAD process were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, which revealed some water loss in the crystalline structure during the USAD process, which is attributed to the cavitation generated by irradiation of high intensity ultrasound. Thus, it is suggested that the phenomenon of cavitation, which results in significant morphological changes by reducing average particle size and increase uniformity and roughness, also act within the crystalline structure of beta-chitin, resulting in the expulsion of water molecules and facilitating the access of sodium hydroxide to beta-chitin acetamido groups even in the crystalline domains. The use of high intensity ultrasound in deacetylation of beta-chitin highlight the production of chitosans with controlled characteristics.

O treinamento resistido intervalado de alta intensidade (high intensity interval resistance training-HIIRT) tem se tornado cada vez mais popular nos últimos anos poispromoveresultados positivos com curtas sessões de treinamento. No entanto, sua alta intensidade pode causar efeitos adversos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se uma sessão de HIIRT causa dano muscular agudo e alterações nos biomarcadores de lesão renal. Cinquenta e oito voluntários saudáveis, divididos igualmente entre homens e mulheres com 24 anos de idade (mediana), participaram deste estudo. Nenhum deles usou suplementos dietéticos ou medicamentos. Eles foram submetidos a cinco minutos de aquecimento seguido de quatro minutos de HIIRT. Uma escala numérica de Borg para dor (CR10P), amostras de sangue e urina foram coletadas antes (basal), 2 e 24h após a sessão HIIRT. As amostras de sangue foram analisadas e dosadocreatinina sérica (CrS),lipocalina associada a gelatinase de neutrófilos (NGALS), creatinofosfoquinase (CPK) e mioglobina (Mio). As amostras urinárias foram analisadas e dosadoscreatinina (CrU),lipocalina associada a gelatinase de neutrófilos (NGALU), interleucina 18 (IL-18), calbindina, microalbuminúria (?albumina), trefoil factor-3(TFF3) e beta-2microglobulina (ß2M). O CR10 e CPK tiveramum aumento significativo e crescente após2 e 24h. Mioaumentou significativamente em 2h e continuouelevadaapós24h. CrSaumentou significativamente após24h e em três homens,o aumento atingiu os critérios para o diagnóstico de injúria renal aguda (IRA). Todos os biomarcadores urinários aumentaram significativamente 2 horas após o exercício e retornaram aos valores basais24h após HIIRT. Concluindo, uma única sessão de HIIRT em indivíduos jovens e saudáveis causou elevações precocese significativas em CPK, mioglobina, CrS,microalbuminúria e biomarcadores urinários, indicando lesão tubularrenal, sugerindo a ocorrência de rabdomiólise e danos funcionais eestruturais aos rins / High intensity interval resistance training (HIIRT) emerged as one of the fastest growing exercise programs in recent years because provides positive results with short training sessions. However, its high intensity might cause adverse effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate if a session of HIIRT causes acute muscle damage and changes in kidney injury biomarkers. Fifty-eight healthy volunteers, divided equally among men and women (median age 24 years), participated in this study. None of them used dietary supplements or medications. They were submitted to five minutes of warm-up followed by four minutes of HIIRT. A Borg CR10 Scale for pain (CR10P), and blood and urinary samples were collected before (baseline), 2 and 24h after HIIRT session. Blood samples were analyzed for serum creatinine (SCr), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (SNGAL), creatine kinase(CK) and myoglobin (Myo). Urinary samples were assessed for creatinine (UCr), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (UNGAL), interleukin 18 (IL-18), calbindin, microalbuminuria (ualbumin), trefoil factor-3 (TFF3) and beta-2 microglobulin (beta2M). CR10 had a significantly and crescent increase on 2 and 24h. CK increased significantly on 2h and further in 24h. Myo increased significantly on 2h and stayed elevated at 24h. SCr increased significantly on 24h and inthree men the increase met criteria for acute kidney injury diagnosis. All the other serum and urinary kidney injury biomarkers increased significantly at 2 hours and returned to basal values at 24h after HIIRT. In conclusion, a single session of HIIRT inyoung, healthy individuals caused early and significant elevations in CK, myoglobin, SCr, microalbuminuria and urinary biomarkers indicative of kidney tubular injury, suggesting the occurrence of rhabdomyolysis and functional and structural kidney damage

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No. of bitstreams: 2 anelita.dissertacao.final.2013.12.04a.pdf: 2072554 bytes, checksum: e3cf58b92127a94864f0503af16ab9ff (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / Sem bolsa / Introdução: Na prescrição do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) o tempo de recuperação entre esforços é aspecto relevante. No entanto, o tipo de recuperação tem se mostrado como determinante do desempenho subsequente, e a maioria dos estudos tem indicado que a recuperação ativa (RA) tende a ser superior à passiva (RP). Especificamente quanto à RA, ela pode ser com o mesmo grupo muscular exercitado, com segmento corporal oposto ou com região do tronco. No entanto, esta última estratégia tem sido pouco investigada. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos de dois tipos de RA nas respostas fisiológicas e no desempenho físico subsequente a treino intervalado de alta intensidade, considerando dois diferentes níveis de aptidão aeróbia. Materiais e métodos: O estudo foi desenvolvido com 25 homens, entre 18 e 35 anos, os quais foram alocados em um destes dois grupos: Alta Aptidão (AACR),Baixa Aptidão (BACR). Os envolvidos realizaram três dias de atividades. Na primeira visita foram mensurados: massa corporal, estatura, dobras cutâneas, frequência cardíaca, lactato sanguíneo e pressão sanguínea em repouso, além da realização de teste de potência máxima (Pmax) em cicloergômetro e teste de tempo limite (TLim a 120% da Pmax), quinze minutos após. A classificação em AACR ou BACR decorreu da Pmax obtida no teste progressivo em cicloergômetro, e alocação de acordo com a mediana. Nas vistas dois e três os sujeitos realizaram: i) aquecimento padronizado, ii) HIIT com dois blocos com quatro estímulos supramáximos cada (30 s a 60 rpm e com carga de 120% da Pmax, 30 s de recuperação passiva) e iii) TLim após o HIIT. Após aquecimento, entre os blocos do HIIT e antes do TLim, os envolvidos executaram um dos dois modos de recuperação ativa: recuperação ativa na bicicleta (bike) e recuperação ativa com exercícios estabilizadores do tronco (core). Na recuperação bike, pedalava-se a 30% da Pmax durante 3 min e na core, realizavamse três exercícios, com duração de 50 s cada um. Para análise dos dados, contou-se com estatística descritiva e os dados foram analisados com análise de variância de dois caminhos (nível de aptidão aeróbia e tipo de recuperação) com medidas repetidas. Assumiu-se p<0,05 como nível de significância. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante considerando nível de aptidão e tipo de recuperação para o TLim. Para recuperação core, BACR e AACR atingiram, respectivamente, 118±25 s e 142±62 s. Na recuperação bike, os valores foram de 110±24 s e 134±72 s. A recuperação bike proporcionou valores inferiores de lactato sanguíneo, mas apenas antes da segunda série de esforços (BACR: 3,62±0,76mmol para core e 2,99±0,90mmol para bike; AACR: 3,23±0,52mmol para core e 2,83±0,66mmol para bike, F=6,38, p=0,01). A9 recuperação core, por sua vez, diminui a frequência cardíaca de modo mais pronunciado antes da primeira e da segunda série do HIIT, bem como antes do TLim(F≥33,8, p<0,001). Conclusão: Considerando-se dois tipos de recuperação ativa e dois níveis de aptidão física aeróbia, não se observaram diferenças significantes no tempo limite após exercício intervalado de alta intensidade. A recuperação com uso de bicicleta apresentou maior remoção de lactato após a segunda série de esforço e a recuperação com exercícios do core exibiu maior contribuição na diminuição da frequência cardíaca durante os períodos de recuperação entre os dois blocos de esforços. / Introduction: In the prescription of high intensity interval training (HIIT) the recovery time between efforts is relevant aspect. However, the type of recovery has been shown to be a determinant of subsequent performance, and most studies have indicated that active recovery (RA) tends to be superior to passive (PR) recovery. Specifically regarding RA, it can be with the same muscle group exercised, with opposite body segment or with trunk region. At the However, the latter strategy has been little investigated. Objective: To investigate the effects of two types of RA on physiological responses and physical performance subsequent to high intensity interval training, considering two different levels of aerobic fitness. Materials and methods: The study was developed with 25 men, aged between 18 and 35 years, who were allocated in one of two groups: High Aptitude (AACR), Low Aptitude (BACR). Those involved had three days of activities. At the first visit, body mass, height, skinfolds, heart rate, blood lactate and resting blood pressure were measured, Of maximum power test (Pmax) on cycle ergometer and time-out test (TLim to 120% of Pmax), fifteen minutes after. The classification in AACR or BACR was from the Pmax obtained in the progressive test in cycle ergometer, and allocation according to the median. In the two and three views the subjects performed: i) standardized heating, ii) HIIT with two blocks with four supramaximal stimuli each (30 s at 60 rpm and with 120% load of Pmax, 30 s of passive recovery) and iii) TLim after Or HIIT. After heating, between the HIIT blocks and before the TLim, participants performed one of two modes of active recovery: active bike recovery and active recovery with core stabilization exercises. In the bike recovery, 30% of the Pmax was cycled for 3 min and in the core, three exercises were performed, each lasting 50 s. To analyze the data, we counted With descriptive statistics and data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance (aerobic fitness level and recovery type) with repeated measurements. We assumed p <0.05 as a level of significance. Results: There was no statistically significant difference considering the level of fitness and type of recovery for TLim. For core recovery, BACR and AACR reached, respectively, 118 ± 25 s and 142 ± 62 s. In bike recovery, the values ​​were 110 ± 24 s and 134 ± 72 s. The bike recovery provided lower values ​​of blood lactate, but only before the second series of efforts (BACR: 3.62 ± 0.76mmol for core and 2.99 ± 0.90mmol for bike; AACR: 3.23 ± 0.52mmol for core and 2.83 ± 0.66mmol for bike, F = 6.38 , P = 0.01). A9 core recovery, in turn, decreases heart rate more pronouncedly before the first and second series of HIIT, as well as before TLim (F≥33.8, p <0.001). Conclusion: Considering two types of active recovery and two levels of aerobic physical fitness, no significant differences were observed in the time limit after high intensity interval exercise. Recovery with bicycle showed greater lactate removal after the second effort series and recovery with core exercises showed a greater contribution in decreasing heart rate during the recovery periods between the two blocks of effort.

Les ultrasons focalisés de haute intensité (HIFU) représentent une modalité de traitement du cancer de la prostate dont la place est en évolution. La première partie de ce travail a porté sur l'étude des résultats cliniques obtenus d'une part en traitement de première intention, d'autre part en situation de rattrapage et enfin en situation clinique complexe. Ces résultats ont également été évalués en fonction des différentes évolutions techniques des appareils. Les données obtenues ont permis de préciser les résultats oncologiques et fonctionnels et de définir les points faibles des traitements par HIFU. La seconde partie de ce travail a porté sur le développement préclinique et clinique d'une nouvelle sonde de traitement à focalisation dynamique. Pour cela, un modèle animal a été mis au point afin de tester la capacité du système à préserver la paroi rectale tout en permettant de réaliser des traitements profonds et/ou de grand volume. Il s'agissait d'un modèle porcin avec utilisation du caecum détubulisé et fixé sur le foie. Les traitements par HIFU étaient appliqués au foie à travers le caecum vascularisé. Ces essais ont permis de définir les paramètres de traitement global de la glande et les paramètres de traitement focal avec tirs suspendus. Grâce à ces résultats, des études cliniques ont débuté d'abord avec un prototype puis avec la dernière version d'appareil de traitement par HIFU : le Focal One / High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is a therapeutic option for localized prostate cancer with an evolving place. The first part of this work include the clinical results of HIFU for prostate cancer as the first line treatment, salvage treatment, and in challenging clinical cases. Those results were also evaluated according to the technical evolution of the devices. Oncological, functional outcomes as well as weak point of HIFU have been drawn with the obtained data. The second part of this work was the preclinical and clinical development of the new dynamic focusing probe. For this, an animal model has been developed in order to evaluate the capacity of the probe to spear the rectal wall while treating large and deep lesion. It was a porcine model with a part of the caecum fixed onto the liver. HIFU treatments were applied on the liver through the vascularized colon. Treatment parameters for whole gland ablation as well as focal treatment were developed based on the pathology report. Clinical trial have been started based on those treatment parameters, first with the prototype and then with the Focal One®

The high intensity exercise produces physiological, neural and cognitive benefits. Caffeine has been considered an important ergogenic resource in exercise, due to its ability to block adenosine receptors. Due to fact the mechanisms related to effect of caffeine on physical exercise has not yet been fully elucidated, in this study we evaluated the effects of caffeine treatment alone or in association with high intensity exercise on the enzymes NTPDase, 5´- nucleotidase, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in brain of rats. Animals were divided into six groups: I (Control untrained); II (untrained plus caffeine 4 mg/kg); III (untrained plus caffeine 8 mg/kg); IV- (only trained) V- (trained plus caffeine 4 mg/Kg) and VI (trained plus caffeine 8 mg/Kg). Swimming was used as a model of intermittent exercise. Animals were trained three times a week, gradually increasing the workload up to 2.5% of the animal's body weight per week. Caffeine was administered by gavage one hour before the training for 5 days a week. Animals were submitted to a period of six weeks to protocol exercise and caffeine treatment. Results showed no alterations in the ATP (10,14%), ADP (23,2%), AMP (45,89%) hydrolysis and ADA (27,33) activity in synaptossomes of cerebral cortex of trained rats (Grupo IV). However, when trained rats were treated with caffeine we observed a significant increase in the ADP, AMP hydrolysis and ADA activity in synaptosomes of the cerebral cortex (V and VI) when compared to other groups (P<0.05). In relation to the AChE activity, we observed a decrease in the activity of this enzyme in synaptosomes from cerebral cortex in the trained group (IV) and in the animals from the groups V and VI when compared to the control group (P <0.05). Exercise alone did not alter the AChE activity in homogenates from cerebral cortex, striatum, cerebellum or hippocampus (group IV). Group V showed a decrease in the AChE activity in hippocampus and an increase in the activity of this enzyme in striatum and cerebral cortex in relation to control (P<0.05). In the animals from group VI, caffeine increased the AChE activity in cerebral cortex and in cerebellum in relation to other groups (P<0.05). These findings suggest that caffeine modulates the purinergic and cholinergic signaling associated with high intensity exercise. / O exercício físico de alta intensidade produz benefícios fisiológicos, cognitivos e neurais. A cafeína tem sido considerada um recurso ergogênico associada ao exercício, devido a sua capacidade de bloquear os receptores de adenosina. Devido ao fato dos mecanismos relacionados ao efeito da cafeína no exercício físico ainda não serem totalmente elucidados, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da cafeína per se ou em associação ao exercício de alta intensidade na atividade das enzimas NTPDase, 5´-nucleotidase, adenosina desaminase (ADA) e acetilcolinesterase (AChE) em encéfalo de ratos. Os animais foram divididos em seis grupos: I (controle/sedentário); II (sedentário tratado com cafeína 4mg/kg); III (sedentário tratado com cafeína 8mg/kg); IV (treinado); V(treinado e tratado com cafeína 4mg/kg) e VI (treinado e tratado com cafeína 8mg/kg). A natação com adição de sobrecarga ao dorso de ratos foi utilizada como modelo de exercício sendo que os ratos foram treinados 3 vezes por semana com aumentos progressivos (2,5% do peso corporal) a cada semana até 23% do peso corporal. Cafeína foi administrada durante cinco dias na semana por gavagem uma hora antes do exercício. Os ratos foram submetidos ao tratamento com cafeína associado ao protocolo de exercício durante seis semanas. Os resultados demonstraram que não houve alterações na hidrólise do ATP (10,14%), ADP (23,2%) e AMP (45,89%) bem como na atividade da ADA (27,33%) em sinaptossomas de córtex cerebral do grupo treinado (IV). Quando ratos treinados foram tratados com cafeína ocorreu um aumento na hidrólise do ADP, AMP e na atividade da ADA em sinaptossomas de córtex cerebral (grupos V e VI) (P<0.05). Em relação a AChE, uma diminuição aproximada de 40% na atividade dessa enzima ocorreu em sinaptossomas de córtex cerebral de ratos treinados e/ou tratados com cafeína (grupo IV, V e Vl) (P<0.05). O exercício per se não alterou a atividade da AChE em homogeneizado de córtex cerebral, estriado, cerebelo e hipocampo (grupo IV). Nos ratos do grupo V foi observado uma diminuição na atividade da AChE em hipocampo e um aumento em estriado e córtex cerebral (P<0.05) enquanto que nos animais do grupo VI ocorreu um aumento na atividade da AChE em córtex cerebral e cerebelo quando comparado com outros grupos (P<0.05). Esses resultados sugerem que a cafeína per se ou associada ao exercício de alta intensidade modula a sinalização purinérgica e colinérgica em ratos.

During the past decades, the development of laser technology has produced pulses with increasingly higher peak intensities. These can now be made such that their strength rivals, and even exceeds, the atomic potential at the typical distance of an electron from the nucleus. To understand the induced dynamics, one can not rely on perturbative methods and must instead try to get as close to the full machinery of quantum mechanics as practically possible. With increasing field strength, many exotic interactions such as magnetic, relativistic and higher order electric effects may start to play a significant role. To keep a problem tractable, only those effects that play a non-negligible role should be accounted for. In order to do this, a clear notion of their relative importance as a function of the pulse properties is needed.  In this thesis I study the interaction between atomic hydrogen and super-intense laser pulses, with the specific aim to contribute to the knowledge of the relative importance of different effects. I solve the time-dependent Schrödinger and Dirac equations, and compare the results to reveal relativistic effects. High order electromagnetic multipole effects are accounted for by including spatial variation in the laser pulse. The interaction is first described using minimal coupling. The spatial part of the pulse is accounted for by a series expansion of the vector potential and convergence with respect to the number of expansion terms is carefully checked. A significantly higher demand on the spatial description is found in the relativistic case, and its origin is explained. As a response to this demanding convergence behavior, an alternative interaction form for the relativistic case has been developed and presented. As a guide mark for relativistic effects, I use the classical concept of quiver velocity, vquiv, which is the peak velocity of a free electron in the polarization direction of a monochromatic electromagnetic plane wave that interacts with the electron. Relativistic effects are expected when vquiv reaches a substantial fraction of the speed of light c, and in this thesis I consider cases up to vquiv=0.19c. For the present cases, relativistic effects are found to emerge around vquiv=0.16c .

Il a été montré que la cavitation acoustique pouvait se révéler utile dans l'administration de médicaments pour de nombreuses applications biologiques et médicales. Cette thèse commence par une présentation de la cavitation ultrasonore et des mécanismes d'action mis en jeu pour la délivrance de médicaments. A la fin de ce cette synthèse, un dispositif à deux transducteurs ultrasonores disposés de manière confocale est présenté pour résoudre certains des problèmes actuels dans le domaine. Il est ensuite mis en oeuvre dans différentes études de faisabilité. La thèse est organisée en 5 chapitres : 1. L'utilisation de la cavitation acoustique dans un contexte biomédical est présentée ici dans une revue générale. Ce chapitre comprend l'état de l'art pour la génération de cavitation, les techniques expérimentales qui sont actuellement mises en oeuvre pour la mesure de la cavitation, et les approches cliniques et précliniques pour l'utilisation de la cavitation in vivo pour différents types de tissu biologique. 2. Le dispositif ultrasonore utilisé pour toutes les études de cette thèse est ensuite décrit. Il est caractérisé acoustiquement et comparé avec un simple transducteur dans le but de démontrer son efficacité pour la génération de la cavitation. Cette comparaison est d'abord faite par une quantification chimique du niveau de cavitation. A puissance constante, le dispositif à deux transducteurs confocaux est bien plus efficace pour générer de la cavitation. Les causes de cette observation, notamment la réduction de la propagation non-linéaire et la stabilisation du nuage des bulles par les forces Bjerknes, sont ensuite étudiées par des mesures acoustiques, des simulations de pression en régime linéaire et un suivi par une caméra ultra rapide des nuages de bulles induits. 3. Le prototype confocal est utilisé in vivo sur des tumeurs sous cutanées en conjonction avec des liposomes. Dans un premier temps, des essais sous IRM démontrent la possibilité de larguer le contenu des liposomes localement par la cavitation inertielle délivrée par le dispositif. Une seconde étude avec une formulation liposomale de doxorubicine a permis de démontrer l'amélioration de la réponse thérapeutique de la chimiothérapie après application de la cavitation inertielle.. 4. Une étude de faisabilité de l'interférence de l'ARN (RNAi) sur un petit nombre d'animaux est réalisée avec le dispositif confocal et des molécules de siRNA encapsulées dans des liposomes Les expériences sont conduites in vivo avec une xénogreffe de tumeur de sein humain. Après une phase de réglage des paramètres ultrasonores pour limiter la toxicité du traitement, on observe une inhibition significative du gène ciblé. 5. Une deuxième étude de faisabilité est réalisée pour étudier la potentialisation de la chimiothérapie avec l'évérolimus dans un modèle de chondrosarcome de rat. Les traitements ultrasonores et les chimiothérapies sont répétés. Sur un petit nombre d'animaux, on montre l'innocuité du traitement ultrasonore, et l'efficacité en conjonction avec l'agent anti tumoraux, évérolimus / Acoustic cavitation has been shown to be a useful tool in drug delivery for many different biological tissues and indications, and this thesis aims to contribute to the knowledge of cavitation from a drug delivery perspective. This thesis seeks to synthesize the current knowledge and practice concerning acoustic cavitation in a biomedical context, and to present a high intensity confocal ultrasound (US) prototype to address some of the current problems in the field and to give a proof of concept for the therapeutic efficacy of such a prototype. The thesis is organized in 5 chapters: 1. The use of acoustic cavitation in a biomedical context is presented here in a general review. This review comprises the state of the art for cavitation generation, experimental techniques currently being implemented for the measurement of cavitation, and the clinical and preclinical approaches to the use of cavitation in vivo on a tissue by tissue basis. 2. The high intensity confocal US prototype used for all studies in this thesis is presented here. It is characterized in terms of the advantages it gives for the generation of cavitation. Enhancement of cavitation is first demonstrated chemometrically with a fluorescent dosimeter compared to a single transducer at the ultrasonic focus. The mechanisms for cavitation enhancement are then investigated with acoustic measurements, linear pressure simulations, and high speed camera data. 3. The confocal US prototype in used in conjunction with a liposomal formulation of doxorubicin is performed in which a therapeutic enhancement of tumor inhibition is presented. The mechanism of this enhancement is investigated with liposomally encapsulated lanthanide contrast agents and magnetic resonance imaging. 4. A small scale proof of concept for the use of RNA interference using the confocal prototype, and liposomally encapsulated siRNA molecules. The experiments are performed In vivo with a xenograft of human breast tumor. This study also includes data for the safety of the US exposure on a mouse treated one time. 5. Another small scale proof of concept of the use of the confocal device on potentiating chemotherapy with the drug everolimus in a rat chondrosarcoma model. The studies presented here also investigate the use of multiple US exposures on the same tumor in a combined drug / US treatment regimen