Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University / The purpose of this study is to examine current world history textbooks to distinguish the points of emphasis, to examine the leading articles in professional historical publications to ascertain what broad areas have concerned the historians, and to compare the findings.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T23:44:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_8689_PERPÉTUO, César - Dissertação - entregue em 05-07-201720170713-101816.pdf: 1569896 bytes, checksum: ce87e53125fc7de0ba937b605517917b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-05 / A American Historical Review (AHR) foi criada em 1895 por um pequeno grupo de intelectuais que, motivados pelo surgimento de diversos outros periódicos no século XIX, buscavam criar uma nova plataforma para que todos os historiadores norte-americanos pudessem publicar os seus trabalhos e criar novos laços profissionais com os seus colegas. Na AHR eram publicadas uma série de resenhas, documentos, artigos autorais e outros tipos de comunicados e textos que foram responsáveis por facilitar o debate e o contato entre historiadores e outros intelectuais. Neste trabalho de dissertação, pretendo mostrar como é possível a realização de uma profunda análise sobre a historiografia de uma determinada época a partir do estudo das revistas de história, pegando como exemplo os primeiros vinte anos de existência da American Historical Review, compreendendo sua história, conjuntura, e mapeando os artigos autorais publicados na mesma para encontrar um padrão de principais recortes, temáticas e objetos de estudo que possam nos mostrar qual era a fisionomia da AHR naquela época.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine Holocaust denial and professional historiography. Although much has been written about both subjects, the issue of distinguishing between them seems to have been largely ignored. They are, however, linked because of the way deniers conduct their business: in the attempt to make credible the claim that the Holocaust never happened, deniers mimic the styles and conventions traditionally employed by professional historians. Using footnotes and writing in the third person, deniers hope to get the surface right and make their readers believe their work. But appearances are deceiving, for deniers do not do history and are not historians. Theirs is a claim that defies morality and any sense of historical reality. Professional historians, while undoubtedly recognizing the moral bankruptcy of deniers and certainly not accepting their work as historical writing, have failed to make evident enough that deniers are not historians. Moreover, those who have attempted to refute deniers and not often have these been professional historians have usually done so on the basis of evidence: they have gone back to the data and shown how deniers have falsified or misrepresented it. While there is nothing necessarily wrong with that method, my own tack is different. At the same time as I take for granted the fact that deniers are not historians, what I aim to do is show how that is the case. Thus, this is partly a way beyond factual analysis, and partly the framework for factual refutation should it ever become necessary. Until deniers do history, however, evidence-based refutation is not necessary, and this very recognition should be implicit and explicit in any examination of Holocaust denial. My hope is to make this clear in three distinct but nevertheless related chapters. The first is about the evolution of Holocaust denial and how deniers have, especially in recent years, attempted to convey the appearance of legitimate scholarship. In the second, I focus on competing narratives as part of my effort to show that the appearance of denial literature is just part of deniers mode of deception. There is a major difference between competing narratives that are compatible historical narratives vs. historical narratives and between competing narratives that are incompatible historical narratives vs. denial literature. Drawing comparisons between the two should make more evident the genre-specific characteristics of history-writing and Holocaust denial. They are not, and can never be, the same, no matter how much deniers may try to convince us otherwise. But what to do about this dichotomy? That question is largely the basis for my third chapter. It is my contention that turning to the evidence cannot be the only method by which to distinguish between history and denial. More is required to convince others of the falsity of deniers claims, and for me this is a larger issue, one that must take into account not just how but also why we write about the past. Lost is the sense that there is an ethical component to history-writing, specifically as this relates to events like the Holocaust, the issues surrounding which seem to require no less than a general notion of right-wrong. Judging between accounts thereby takes on a more meaningful role in the sense that focusing solely on issues of true-false tends to minimize the importance of the Holocaust as lesson. So, too, I think, does this lend itself rather easily to the disconcerting placement of post-modernism/relativism and Holocaust denial under the same sign. That is, Holocaust denial is untrue, and because post-modernists are often condemned precisely because they question the very notions of truth and objectivity in historical writing, deniers and post-modernists are often linked. However, such a narrow focus risks missing the forest for the trees. Instead of looking solely at how post-modernism threatens the truth, history would be better served through the use of post-modern concepts in order to make more evident the ethical component of the discipline of history. In fact, this is what a number of scholars from other disciplines have suggested, for it is in the meaning of the Holocaust the Holocaust as lesson that we have the best prevention against denial. Our discipline, after all, is comprised of much more than facts. The more effectively we impart this to students and readers, the better the chance they will understand who historians really are, what they really do, and why it is important. This alone should make clearer the idea that deniers are not historians, and that what they say is wrong on much more than just a factual level.

This paper examines contemporary American politics through the lens of The Federalist Papers, focusing on two specific issues: factionalism as addressed in Federalist Papers 9-10 and taxation, the subject of Federalist Papers 30-36.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine Holocaust denial and professional historiography. Although much has been written about both subjects, the issue of distinguishing between them seems to have been largely ignored. They are, however, linked because of the way deniers conduct their business: in the attempt to make credible the claim that the Holocaust never happened, deniers mimic the styles and conventions traditionally employed by professional historians. Using footnotes and writing in the third person, deniers hope to get the surface right and make their readers believe their work. But appearances are deceiving, for deniers do not do history and are not historians. Theirs is a claim that defies morality and any sense of historical reality. Professional historians, while undoubtedly recognizing the moral bankruptcy of deniers and certainly not accepting their work as historical writing, have failed to make evident enough that deniers are not historians. Moreover, those who have attempted to refute deniers and not often have these been professional historians have usually done so on the basis of evidence: they have gone back to the data and shown how deniers have falsified or misrepresented it. While there is nothing necessarily wrong with that method, my own tack is different. At the same time as I take for granted the fact that deniers are not historians, what I aim to do is show how that is the case. Thus, this is partly a way beyond factual analysis, and partly the framework for factual refutation should it ever become necessary. Until deniers do history, however, evidence-based refutation is not necessary, and this very recognition should be implicit and explicit in any examination of Holocaust denial. My hope is to make this clear in three distinct but nevertheless related chapters. The first is about the evolution of Holocaust denial and how deniers have, especially in recent years, attempted to convey the appearance of legitimate scholarship. In the second, I focus on competing narratives as part of my effort to show that the appearance of denial literature is just part of deniers mode of deception. There is a major difference between competing narratives that are compatible historical narratives vs. historical narratives and between competing narratives that are incompatible historical narratives vs. denial literature. Drawing comparisons between the two should make more evident the genre-specific characteristics of history-writing and Holocaust denial. They are not, and can never be, the same, no matter how much deniers may try to convince us otherwise. But what to do about this dichotomy? That question is largely the basis for my third chapter. It is my contention that turning to the evidence cannot be the only method by which to distinguish between history and denial. More is required to convince others of the falsity of deniers claims, and for me this is a larger issue, one that must take into account not just how but also why we write about the past. Lost is the sense that there is an ethical component to history-writing, specifically as this relates to events like the Holocaust, the issues surrounding which seem to require no less than a general notion of right-wrong. Judging between accounts thereby takes on a more meaningful role in the sense that focusing solely on issues of true-false tends to minimize the importance of the Holocaust as lesson. So, too, I think, does this lend itself rather easily to the disconcerting placement of post-modernism/relativism and Holocaust denial under the same sign. That is, Holocaust denial is untrue, and because post-modernists are often condemned precisely because they question the very notions of truth and objectivity in historical writing, deniers and post-modernists are often linked. However, such a narrow focus risks missing the forest for the trees. Instead of looking solely at how post-modernism threatens the truth, history would be better served through the use of post-modern concepts in order to make more evident the ethical component of the discipline of history. In fact, this is what a number of scholars from other disciplines have suggested, for it is in the meaning of the Holocaust the Holocaust as lesson that we have the best prevention against denial. Our discipline, after all, is comprised of much more than facts. The more effectively we impart this to students and readers, the better the chance they will understand who historians really are, what they really do, and why it is important. This alone should make clearer the idea that deniers are not historians, and that what they say is wrong on much more than just a factual level.

(On the shift of responsibility for compulsory schooling. The path to management by objectives and results and some of its consequences). The aim with this thesis is to contribute to the discussion about the responsibility for compulsory schooling in the 1990s. The decade began with a shift of responsibility for the compulsory school, a process generally referred to as 'municipalization', which on an everyday basis makes it perfectly clear where the responsibility lies. This thesis probes a little further into the problems of the distribution of responsibility, through investigating how the issue of responsibility for the nine-year comprehensive compulsory school has been discussed and motivated over time, in order to analyse more precisely the conditions at hand as the municipalities were to take over responsibility for the different schools in the 1990s. As a sequel to the fundamental direction of this study it enters into a discussion about the consequences following the distribution of responsibility: the effects of management by objectives and results on the school's cognitive approach and problematizing the issue of power and influence under the new model of responsibility. The thesis contains an analysis of how the issue of responsibility for compulsory schooling has been discussed in official commission reports over time, with the purpose of gaining a better understanding of the compulsory school in the 1990s, and its conditions. The historical study thus focuses on the school reform conducted in the early 90s and the three concepts seen as central to the discussion about responsibility for the compulsory school towards the end of the twentieth century: municipalization, decentralization and turning the school into a goals and achievement-related organisation. The analysis is founded upon an outlook based on discourse, aiming to distinguish any changes in the meaning of those three key expressions as well as to define shifts and discursive breaks in textual references to the responsibility for comprehensive school.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Pineiro Fidalgo.pdf: 1029233 bytes, checksum: 7491430cb08103dbb79e6e472c7423da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this dissertation was to evaluate how the verbal behavior study, based on the Skinner (1957) proposal, was established and conducted in Brazil. For that, this study performed a historical revision of Brazilian dissertations and theses related to the subject and carried out from 1969 to 2007. The aspects investigated include: (a) number of dissertation and thesis related to the subject, (b) thesis advisor, (c) type of research (descriptive or experimental), (d) line of research (basic, applied, conceptual and historical), (e) concepts of the Behavior Analyses, (f) area of application, (g) subjects, (h) units of analyses and measures, (i) designs of single subject or group design, and (j) participants. It was analyzed how such aspects varied over the years and the appropriateness of the methodological aspects employed in research, based on Skinner's propositions (1957). The publications (articles, abstracts in scientific events and book chapters) based on dissertations and theses were also investigated in order to estimate the diffusion of knowledge. In total, 141 dissertations and 41 theses related to the subject were identified. The Universidade de São Paulo produced the largest number of studies, and was primarily responsible for expanding such research field in the country; forming and exporting thesis advisors for other institutions of higher education. Other major research centers identified were: UnB, UFSCar, UFPA, PUC-SP, UCG and UEL. The researchers identified by the large number of orientations in this field of study are: Carolina Bori, Deisy das Graças, Emmanuel Tourinho, Maria Amália Andery, Roberto Banaco, Maria Amélia Matos, Antônio Ribeiro, and Júlio de Rose. Of the 182 studies reviewed, 104 were applied research, 63 were basic, and 15 were historical and conceptual research. The most recurrent themes were: operant control of verbal behavior, rule-governed behavior, stimulus equivalence, correspondence between verbal and nonverbal behavior, and finally, functional hypotheses about the possible control variables involved in verbal behavior. Generally, Brazilian dissertations and theses about verbal behavior have followed the methodological model proposed by the Behavior Analysis field, consisting of experimentation, design of single subject, and unit of functional analysis. Only 51% of the analyzed studies were published, indicating the need to expand the dissemination of the knowledge produced by behavior analysts. The results obtained in this research allow to say that the study of verbal behavior in Brazil was established as a research program and has grown over the years, following the expansion of the Behavior Analysis through the country / A fim de avaliar como o estudo do comportamento verbal se estabeleceu e vem sendo conduzido no Brasil, com base na proposta de Skinner (1957), o presente trabalho realizou uma revisão histórica de dissertações e teses brasileiras sobre o tema, produzidas entre 1969 e 2007. Foram investigados: (a) número de dissertações e teses sobre o tema, (b) orientador, (c) tipo de pesquisa (descritiva ou experimental), (d) linha de pesquisa (básica, aplicada ou históricoconceitual), (e) conceitos da Análise do Comportamento, (f) área de aplicação, (g) tema, (h) unidade de análise e medida, (i) delineamento de sujeito único ou de grupo e (j) participantes. Analisou-se como tais fatores variaram ao longo dos anos, bem como a adequação dos aspectos metodológicos empregados nas pesquisas, à luz das proposições de Skinner (1957). Foram investigadas também as publicações (artigos, resumos em anais de eventos científicos e capítulos de livro) decorrentes das dissertações e teses, com o objetivo de avaliar a divulgação do conhecimento produzido. No total, identificaram-se 141 dissertações e 41 teses sobre o tema. A USP produziu o maior número de trabalhos, sendo a principal responsável pela expansão deste campo de pesquisa no país, ao destacar-se na formação e na exportação de orientadores para outras instituições de ensino superior. Outros importantes centros de pesquisa identificados foram: UnB, UFSCar, UFPA, PUC-SP, UCG e UEL. Entre os principais pesquisadores na área, sobressaíram Carolina Bori, Deisy das Graças, Emmanuel Tourinho, Maria Amália Andery, Roberto Banaco, Maria Amélia Matos, Antônio Ribeiro e Júlio de Rose. Dos 182 trabalhos analisados, 104 foram pesquisas aplicadas, 63 pesquisas básicas e 15 pesquisas históricoconceituais. Os temas mais recorrentes foram: controle operante do comportamento verbal, comportamento governado por regras, equivalência de estímulos, correspondência entre comportamento verbal e comportamento não verbal e, por fim, hipóteses funcionais a respeito das possíveis variáveis de controle envolvidas no comportamento verbal. De modo geral, dissertações e teses brasileiras sobre comportamento verbal têm respeitado à metodologia proposta pela Análise do Comportamento, composta por experimentação, delineamento de sujeito único e unidade de análise funcional. Apenas 51% dos trabalhos analisados foram publicados, indicando a necessidade de ampliar a divulgação do conhecimento produzido pelos analistas do comportamento. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho permitem afirmar que o estudo do comportamento verbal, no Brasil, estabeleceu-se como programa de pesquisa e cresceu ao longo dos anos, acompanhando a expansão da Análise do Comportamento pelo país

The present article aims to provide a historical review about the rise of the International Labour Organization and its evolution over time to reach to the position where it is today, and his work as protector of the worker as a human being worthy and not the machine. / En el presente artículo se pretende realizar una revisión histórica acerca del surgimiento de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, así como su evolución con el paso del tiempo hasta llegar a la posición en la que se encuentra hoy en día, y su labor como protector del trabajador en tanto ser humano digno y no de la máquina.

[pt] Esse trabalho de mestrado visa localizar historicamente e pensar em termos críticos a produção em desenho de Ivens Machado. O autor considera que a contribuição do artista para a história da arte, em especial no contexto brasileiro, é evidenciada pelas temáticas abordadas, além das inovações formais contidas em suas obras. A ditadura civil-militar, contexto no qual o artista produziu, também é fator decisivo para essa constatação, uma vez que muitos trabalhos explicitam a relação da subjetividade com a opressão do sistema educacional e político a época. Essa dissertação delimita sua análise aos trabalhos produzidos da década de 1960 ao ano de 1980. Apesar do foco serem os desenhos, entram em pauta trabalhos em escultura e vídeo como forma de pensar o princípio norteador da poética de Machado. Os assuntos abordados nos desenhos, assim como alguns elementos formais, são apreciados a luz de teorias antropológicas e históricas, assim como são pensados em paralelo a produção de artistas contemporâneos a Ivens Machado. / [en] The dissertation aims to historically locate and think in critical terms the production in drawing by Ivens Machado. The author considers that the artist s contribution to the history of art, especially in the Brazilian context, is evidenced by the themes addressed, in addition to the formal innovations contained in his works. The civilmilitary dictatorship, the context in which the artist produced, is also a decisive factor for this observation, since many of his works explain the relations between subjectivity and the oppression of the educational and political system of the time. The author focuses its analysis on works produced from the 1960s to the year 1980. Despite the focus being placed on the drawings, works in sculpture and video are also approached, as a way of thinking the guiding principle of Machado s poetics. The subjects covered in the drawings, as well as some formal elements, are appreciated in the light of anthropological and historical theories, as well as thought in parallel with the production of contemporary artists to Ivens Machado. The text follows an essayistic approach, respecting, to a largeextent, the order of appearance of the insights and approximations made.

Trabalhos de cunho historiográfco que visam resgatar a produção científica e tecnológica de um país tem auxiliado a compreender e a classificar seu nível de desenvolvimento frente a estas questões. Com este trabalho, espera-se dar início no Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento (SHS) da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, a um levantamento historiográfico da produção tecnológica e científica de seus pós-graduandos e professores. Para tanto, resgata-se um trabalho realizado entre o final da década de 1960 e início da década de 1970, pela Cátedra de Mecânica dos Fluidos (precursora do SHS), que teve como objetivo prever a vazão de água do túnel 2 do Sistema Cantareira de abastecimento de água para a região metropolitana de São Paulo. Nesta galeria foi realizado um ensaio original com circulação de ar, para o qual foram desenvolvidos métodos e técnicas a fim de verificar a vazão e auxiliar no seu dimensionamento, para garantir uma adução de 33 \'M POT.3\'/s. Mediante o levantamento, organização cronológica e análise dos documentos produzidos pelos autores do referido ensaio, resgatam-se as influências teóricas que nortearam as metodologias, as técnicas e tecnologias e analisam-se, de acordo com os registros documentais, a execução e resultados alcançados pelos ensaios. / Works that have as objective to review the scientific and technological production of a country have helped to understand and to measure its level of development regarding these questions. With this work, hopefully a historical survey of the technological and scientific production of its graduate students and teachers begins at the Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento (SHS) at the Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos. In this way, a work that was carried out between the end of the 1960\'s and beginning of the 1970\'s, by the chair of fluid mechanics (precursor of the SHS), which had as objective to foresee the water flow rate at tunnel 2 of the Cantareira water project for the metropolitan area of São Paulo. An original test using air circulation was carried out in the tunnel. Methods and techniques were developed in order to verify the flow rate and check its size, to guarantee 33 \'M POT.3\'/s of flow. The documents produced by the authors of the test were surveyed, organized chronologically and analyzed, seeking to infer the theoretical influences that had guided the methodologies, to describe the techniques and technologies and to analyze, in accordance with the document registers, the execution and results reached from the tests.