Cette thèse porte sur la problématique des rapports entre la mémoire écrite et la construction d'une identité urbaine spécifique à travers l'histoire des hommes et des textes qui ont passé cette mémoire durant les 350 premières années d'existence du port et de la ville du Havre (1517-1861).

There has always been some sort of power struggle between children and adults in children’s literature. My essay is an analysis of the German children’s fantasy novel The Neverending Story (swe. Den oändliga historien, ger. Die unendliche Geschichte) with focus on the child’s power and power related relationships between the child and adults. The power dynamics play a large part in the novel that is rarely, or never, talked about. I will use a close reading analysis regarding the main character Bastian’s relationship to different adult characters, his journey to power, how the novel fits Bachtin’s carnival theory and the true ruler of Bastian’s world as well as the world of Fantastica (swe. Fantásien, ger. Phantásien). The study shows among other things that while Bastian gains power throughout the novel, he is somewhat punished for using that power and ultimately loses it. He is subordinate to the adults around him; however, holds some sort of power over them at different points in the novel. His journey to power can be described with Clémentine Beauvais’ concepts of authority and might, where the mighty child gains authority in Fantastica. The journey can also be described as a carnival, though that can also be questioned regarding the fact that Bastian is punished for using his power. In my analysis, I also question who, or what, holds the mightiest position in Bastian’s world and Fantastica respectively. At the end of the day, Bastian is just a child with the potential of being mighty, but his age makes him subordinate to the adult world.

Le présent document propose un dépouillement portant sur les œuvres imprimées de l'abbé GREGOIRE, aussi bien que sur ses inédits, et il fait preuve également d'une bonne connaissance de la littérature abondante consacrée à l'évêque constitutionnel de Blois.<br />Le plan de la thèse traite des activités politiques, religieuses et philanthropiques de GREGOIRE de 1775 à 1831.<br />En matière politique, l'auteur montre l'influence indéniable exercée tant par Montesquieu que par Rousseau sur le curé d'Emberménil, mais aussi la volonté de GREGOIRE de faire passer dans les institutions et dans les faits les idées des philosophes; témoignant ainsi qu'il appartient à la génération dite des «secondes lumières».<br />Son talent oratoire ainsi que son courage personnel ont permis à GREGOI RE de jouer un rôle non négligeable dans les assemblées révolutionnaires, encore qu'il n'ait pas eu l'envergure politique d'un SIEYES ou d'un MIRABEAU.<br />Sur le plan ecclésiastique, GREGOIRE, dont la vocation sacerdotale solide traversera intacte la tourmente révolutionnaire et dont la dignité de vie sera reconnue par tous - est un gallican convaincu qui accepte sans difficultés la Constitution civile du clergé et qui croit sincèrement à l'avenir de l'Eglise constitutionnelle. Il est un des piliers de celle-ci et adoptera lors des graves difficultés qui l'assailliront une attitude des plus courageuses.<br />Partisan d'abord d'une Eglise d'Etat, GREGOIRE, dont la pensée ecclésiastique n'est pas exempte de quelques flottements, est un adversaire résolu et irréductible du Concordat pour des motifs plus nobles d'ailleurs que TAYLLERAND et FOUCHE.<br />GREGOIRE, nomme politique, homme d'Eglise, historien à la plume infatigable, est enfin, et je dirai peut-être surtout, un philanthrope convaincu qui se dévouera inlassablement en faveur de certains individus qu'il considère comme exclus de la société de son temps: les juifs et les hommes de couleur.

This dissertation concerns Sveriges Kommunistiska Parti (SKP) [the Swedish Communist Party] – in 1967 renamed Vänsterpartiet kommunisterna (VPK) [the Left Party – the Communists] and in 1990 renamed Vänsterpartiet (V) [the Left Party] – and the Party's process of coming to terms with history and its communist legacy. The aim of the study is to describe and analyse the SKP/VPK/V's process of coming to terms with history for the period 1956-2006, and to set out and problematise the driving forces and constraining mechanisms of this process. The theoretical framework of the study consists of Gunnar Sjöblom’s theory about party strategies of political parties in multi-party systems and Michael Freeden’s conceptual approach to ideology analysis.      During the period of study the SKP/VPK/V has, like no other political party in Sweden, been ascribed historical guilt regarding its own party history but also regarding the effects of world communism. The Party has thus found itself in a situation where it has had history as an adversary. The process of coming to terms with history has mainly revolved around three issues: independence (1956-1977), international ties (1977-1989) and a broadening beyond the communist tradition (1986-2006). The internal debate within the Party has linked these issues to calls for change aimed at ridding the party of what is considered undesirable elements of the Communist legacy. By analysing the arguments pursued in favour of these calls, it is possible to pick out a number of the driving forces behind the Party's process of coming to terms with history, namely an ambition to obtain vote maximisation, programme realisation and maximisation of parliamentary influence. The urge to distance the Party from certain aspects of its communist past has thus been related to fundamental goals that political parties in multi-party systems seek to obtain.      The results of the dissertation show that it is possible to pick out five main constraining mechanisms in the Party's process of coming to terms with history. 1) The safeguarding of Party cohesion. 2) The safeguarding of the distinctive character of the Party.  3) The need to resist external pressure. 4) The desire to avoid unfair apportioning of blame. 5) The safeguarding of the right to define the substance of one's own ideology. The existence of these constraining mechanisms help to explain why the process of coming to terms with history lingered on for several decades, and also why it seems to have been a process of such complexity for the Swedish Communist and Post-Communist Party.