The mouse xenobiotic-inducible Cyp2a5 gene is both transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally regulated. One of the most potent Cyp2a5 inducers, the hepatotoxin pyrazole, increases the CYP2A5 mRNA half-life. The induction is accomplished through the interaction of a pyrazole-inducible protein with a 71 nt long, putative hairpin-loop region in the 3' UTR of the CYP2A5 mRNA. The aims of this thesis have been to identify the pyrazole-inducible protein, to investigate its role in the Cyp2a5 expression and the significance of the 71 nt hairpin-loop region for the Cyp2a5 expression, and to examine a possible coupling between transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes in Cyp2a5 expression. The pyrazole-inducible protein was identified as the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1. Studies performed in mouse primary hepatocytes overexpressing hnRNP A1, and in mouse erythroleukemia derived cells lacking hnRNP A1, revealed that the 71 nt region in the 3' UTR of the CYP2A5 mRNA is essential for Cyp2a5 expression. The hnRNP A1 is a multifunctional nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, with the ability to bind both RNA and DNA. These properties make it an interesting candidate mediating a coupling between nuclear and cytoplasmic gene regulatory events, which was investigated for the Cyp2a5. In conditions of cellular stress hnRNP A1 translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The accumulation of cytoplasmic hnRNP A1 after RNA polymerase II transcription inhibition, resulted in an increased binding of hnRNP A1 to the CYP2A5 mRNA, parallel with a stabilization of the CYP2A5 mRNA. Treating primary mouse hepatocytes with phenobarbital (PB), a Cyp2a5 transcriptional inducer, resulted in a mainly nuclear localization of the hnRNP A1. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with nuclear extracts from control or PB-treated mice, revealed that hnRNP A1 interacts with two regions in the Cyp2a5 proximal promoter, and that the interaction to one of the regions was stimulated by PB treatment. In conclusion, the change in hnRNP A1 subcellular localization after transcriptional inhibition or activation, together with the effects on the interaction of hnRNP A1 with the CYP2A5 mRNA and Cyp2a5 promoter, suggest that hnRNP A1 could couple the nuclear and cytoplasmic events of the Cyp2a5 expression. The presented studies are the first showing involvement of an hnRNP protein in the regulation of a Cyp gene. Moreover, it is the first time an interconnected transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation has been suggested for a member of the Cyp gene family.

High-risk type human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with cancer. HPVs are strictly epitheliotropic and infect basal cell layers, establishing a life cycle strongly linked to the differentiation stage of the infected cells. The viral capsid late genes, L2 and L1, are only expressed in terminally differentiated epithelium. Late gene expression involves regulation of most gene processing events including transcription, splicing, polyadenylation, mRNA stability and translation. Both L2 and L1 have elements present in the open reading frames (ORFs) negatively affecting mRNA levels and translation. The negative elements in L1 were mapped to the first 514 nucleotides, with the strongest inhibitory effect located in the first 129 nucleotides. The negative elements in the L2 sequence were concentrated in two locations on the gene. Both genes were mutated by changing the nucleotide sequence while retaining the amino acid sequence. Mutating the first 514 nucleotides in L1 deactivated the negative elements while the entire L2 gene had to be mutated to achieve the same result. The L2 protein was found to localise the L1 protein into a punctuated pattern in the nucleus. In the HPV-16 genome the negative elements reside in regions important for regulation of polyadenylation and splicing, critical for late gene expression. By exchanging parts of the L2 gene in subgenomic constructs with the corresponding mutant sequence we show that certain features of the L2 elements direct splicing to the L1 splice acceptor, and also regulate the efficiency of the early polyadenylation site. Cumulative binding of hnRNP H to the L2 mRNA gradually increased polyadenylation efficiency. Most interestingly, hnRNP H levels were downregulated in more differentiated epithelial cells. Elucidation of how expression of the immunogenic late proteins is regulated would be greatly beneficial in prevention and treatment of HPV infection and thereby cancer.

PTB (HnRNP I) is a multifunctional RNA binding protein which participates in a variety of RNA metabolic processes put together called as post transcriptional gene regulation. It interacts with shuttling hnRNPs L, K and E2 of the spliceosomal machinery and also with other RNA binding proteins like PSF, Raver1 and Raver2, which assists PTB in splicing. Based on the complexity of these processes and multifunctional nature of PTB, we hypothesized that; it might interact with various additional proteins not identified till date. Keeping this objective in mind, we set out to screen the custom made 18 day old mouse testes cDNA library in pGAD10 vector available in the laboratory, to hunt for novel interacting partners of PTB using the Clontech’s Matchmaker Gal4 yeast two hybrid system III. PTB1, the prototype of PTB was chosen and the above mentioned cDNA library was screened for novel PTB interacting partners. Twenty five large scale library transformations (spanning 8*106 independent clones) were performed and 99 putatives were obtained. By re-transformation of these library plasmids with bait construct to check for the interaction phenotype and eliminating bait independent activation of reporter genes and elimination of known false positives, only 5 clones were consistent with the interaction phenotype. All these library plasmids were sequenced with vector specific primers, ORF was identified and BLAST analysis for the identification of insert was done. Two of these clones encoded the partial CDS of mouse Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT3-PIAS3. One of these encoded the partial CDS of mouse TOLL Interacting Protein-TOLLIP. The other two encoded the partial CDS of mouse importin-α and mouse hnRNP K, both of which were already known interacting partners of PTB. GST pull down assay and mammalian matchmaker co-immunoprecipitation was used for confirming the in vitro one to one physical interaction between PTB and these newly identified protein partners. Indirect Immunofloresence was used for demonstrating the co-localization of PTB and PIAS3 in Gc1Spg mouse spermatogonial cell line. The fact that PIAS3 an E3 SUMO ligase was picked up as an interacting partner of PTB was interesting and we hypothesized that PTB might be a sumoylation substrate. Towards this, we first resorted to the prediction of sumoylation consensus motif by using SUMOPLOT. PTB indeed was found to have sumoylation consensus sites. Subsequently, in vivo sumoylation of PTB was demonstrated, where in over expression of donor protein [SUMO-1] and acceptor protein [PTB] in RAG-1 mouse kidney cell line had resulted in the identification of an approximately 67 kDa slow moving SUMO modified myc tagged PTB band apart from the bulk of unmodified 57 kDa myc-PTB. This confirmed the fact that PTB is SUMO modified only at a single consensus target site in vivo and attempts are made to map this site of modification. SUMOylation regulates diverse biological processes in vivo ranging from nucleo- cytoplasmic shuttling, alteration of protein-protein interaction, DNA protein interaction etc. PTB shuttles rapidly between the nucleus and cytoplasm in a transcription sensitive manner and the translocation of PTB to the cytoplasm, happens under the conditions of cell stress, viral infections, apoptosis and exposure of cells to genotoxic agents like doxorubicin. Phosphorylation of PTB at Ser-16 residue has been shown to modulate the nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of PTB, albeit shuttling can also occur irrespective of this modification. Interaction of PTB with an E3 SUMO ligase-PIAS3 and the fact that it is SUMOylated in vivo, we hypothesize that K-47 residue present in the NLS/NES might be the most probable site of this SUMO modification and SUMOylation of PTB by PIAS3 might regulate the nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of PTB.

TDP-43 est une protéine multifonctionnelle possédant des rôles dans la transcription, l'épissage des pré-ARNm, la stabilité et le transport des ARNm. TDP-43 interagit avec d'autres hnRNP, incluant hnRNP A2, via son extrémité C-terminale. Plusieurs membres de la famille des hnRNP étant impliqués dans la réponse au stress cellulaire, alors nous avons émis l’hypothèse que TDP-43 pouvait y participer aussi. Nos résultats démontrent que TDP-43 et hnRNP A2 sont localisés au niveau des granules de stress, à la suite d’un stress oxydatif, d’un choc thermique, et lors de l’exposition à la thapsigargine. TDP-43 contribue à la fois à l'assemblage et au maintien des granules de stress en réponse au stress oxydatif. TDP-43 régule aussi de façon différentielle les composants clés des granules de stress, notamment TIA-1 et G3BP. L'agrégation contrôlée de TIA-1 est perturbée en l'absence de TDP-43. En outre, TDP-43 régule le niveau d`ARNm de G3BP, un facteur de granule de stress de nucléation. La mutation associée à la sclérose latérale amyotrophique, TDP-43R361S, compromet la formation de granules de stress. Ainsi, la fonction cellulaire de TDP-43 s'étend au-delà de l’épissage; TDP-43 est aussi un composant de la réponse cellulaire au stress central et un acteur actif dans le stockage des ARNs. / TDP-43 is a multifunctional protein with roles in transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA stability and transport. TDP-43 interacts with other hnRNPs, including hnRNP A2, via its C-terminus and several hnRNP family members are involved in the cellular stress response. This relationship led us to investigate the role of TDP-43 in cellular stress. Our results demonstrate that TDP-43 and hnRNP A2 are localized to stress granules, following oxidative stress, heat shock, and exposure to thapsigargin. TDP-43 contributes to both the assembly and maintenance of stress granules in response to oxidative stress and differentially regulates key stress granules components including TIA-1 and G3BP. The controlled aggregation of TIA-1 is disrupted in the absence of TDP-43. In addition, TDP-43 regulates G3BP mRNA levels, a stress granule nucleating factor. A mutation associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, TDP-43R361S, compromises stress granule formation. Thus, the cellular function of TDP-43 extends beyond splicing and places TDP-43 as a participant of the central cellular response to stress and an active player in RNA storage.

Lors de l'infection par le virus herpès simplex de type 1 (VHS-1), quatre types de capsides nucléaires sont créés : les procapsides et les capsides A, B, et C. Sur les quatre capsides, seules les capsides C contiennent de l'ADN viral et deviendront des particules infectieuses. Un niveau de régulation se produit lors de la sortie du noyau qui favorise la sortie d’es capsides C du noyau. Le mécanisme qui sous-tend ce phénomène est actuellement inconnu. Les recherches actuelles suggèrent que l'interaction entre la protéine virale pUL25 modifie la conformation de la couche hexamérique plane du complexe de sortie nucléaire (NEC) pour y introduire des pentamères et donc causer un arrondissement de la membrane et le bourgeonnement des capsides. Cependant, des questions subsistent quant à la manière dont les capsides A, B et C sont différenciées au sein du noyau pour assurer une sortie spécifique de la capside C puisque pUL25 se retrouve dans tous les types de capsides. Nous étudions ici comment les protéines de l'hôte peuvent agir dans la sortie nucléaire des capsides C. En se basant sur une étude précédente du laboratoire où la protéine hôte poly(C)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) a été trouvée spécifiquement sur les capsides C par spectrométrie de masse, nous explorons le rôle de la PCBP1 dans l'infection par le VHS-1. À l'aide d’essaies de plaques, nous montrons que la PCBP1 est importante pour l'infection virale, car en son absence, les titres diminuent et lorsque la PCBP1 est sur-exprimée, les titres augmentent. Ce résultat ne semble pas être dû au fait que les PCBP1 affectent l'expression génique de sous-ensembles de gènes viraux immédiats précoces, précoces ou tardifs, ni qu'ils affectent la réplication du génome ou son encapsidation. La réduction des PCBP1 ne provoque pas d'accumulation de capsides ou de particules matures tel qu’évalué par la microscopie électronique, mais elle augmente le nombre de capsides B enveloppées dans l'espace périnucléaire (PNS). L'inhibition de PCBP1 diminue également le niveau de protéine pUL24, une protéine virale importante pour la sortie du virus du noyau. Nos résultats démontrent que la PCBP1 pourrait réguler l’activité de pUL24, de sorte que lorsque la PCBP1 est épuisée, pUL24 permet à plus de capsides B de se rendre dans l'espace périnucléaire. Cette recherche constitue un point de départ pour une analyse plus approfondie du mécanisme exact des PCBP1 dans les infections à HSV-1. En outre, elle pourrait fournir des indices importants pour élucider comment le pUL24 favorise la sortie du nucléaire. / During herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, four types of nuclear capsids are made: procapsids and A-, B- and C-capsids. Of the four capsids, only C-capsids contain the viral DNA and will become infectious progeny. A level of regulation occurs during nuclear egress that ensures only C-capsids exit the nucleus. The mechanism that underlies this phenomenon is presently unknown. Current research suggests the viral protein pUL25 alters the conformation of the viral nuclear egress complex (NEC) that forms a flat hexameric coat on nuclear membranes by the introduction of pentamers and therefore the induction of membrane rounding and viral budding. However, questions remain for how A-, B-, and C-capsids are differentiated within the nucleus to ensure C-capsid specific egress since pUL25 is found on all capsid types. Here we investigate how host proteins may play a role in nuclear egress of C-capsids. Based on the lab’s previous study where host protein poly(C)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) was found specifically on C-capsids via mass spectrometry, we explore the role of PCBP1 in HSV-1 infection. Using plaque assays we show that PCBP-1 is important for viral infection, as in its absence titers decrease and when PCBP1 is over expressed titers increase. This result does not seem to be due to PCBP1 affecting gene expression of immediate early, early, or late viral gene subsets, nor does it seem to affect genome replication or encapsidation. PCBP1 knockdown does not cause an accumulation of capsids or mature particles as assessed by electron microscopy, but it does increase the number of enveloped B-capsids observed in the perinuclear space (PNS). Depletion of PCBP1 also decreases the level of pUL24, a viral protein implicated in viral nuclear egress. Our results suggest that PCBP1 could be regulating pUL24 for proper activity in nuclear egress, such that when PCBP1 is depleted, more B-capsids are able to bud through the PNS. This research constitutes a starting point for further analysis into the exact mechanism of PCBP1 in HSV-1 infections. In addition, it may provide important clues to elucidate how pUL24 supports nuclear egress.

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Le laboratoire a identifié récemment la protéine DDB2 comme ayant une activité dans la régulation de l’expression de gènes cibles tels que SOD2, BCL2 et NFKBIA, conférant ainsi à cette protéine un rôle dans le contrôle de la progression métastatique et dans la réponse thérapeutique des cellules tumorales mammaires. Cependant, l’activité réelle de DDB2 dans la transcription génique reste à définir, car sa structure ne permet pas d’expliquer son influence sur l’expression de ses gènes cibles. Cette activité peut être soit inhibitrice comme pour SOD2 et BCL2, soit activatrice comme NFKBIA qui code la protéine IκBα, suggérant que DDB2 doit s’associer avec des inhibiteurs ou des activateurs de la transcription génique, ou en favoriser le recrutement. Afin d’identifier ces partenaires potentiels, susceptibles de participer à son activité transcriptionnelle, nous avons développé une approche de « DNA pull-down », couplée à une analyse protéomique globale par spectrométrie de masse à partir des cellules tumorales mammaires MCF-7 surexprimant naturellement DDB2. Nous avons révélé la présence du complexe UV-DDB (DDB2, DDB1 et Cul4A) sur le promoteur des gènes SOD2 et NFKBIA. Nous avons également mis en évidence que ce complexe, connu pour participer aux premières étapes de la réparation de l’ADN lésé par des rayonnements UV, favorise le recrutement de l’histone acétyl transférase p300 sur le promoteur du gène NFKBIA, expliquant en partie le rôle activateur de DDB2 sur ce gène cible. Notre analyse protéomique à révéler, avec un score élevé, la présence des protéines hnRNP K et J sur le promoteur du gène NFKBIA et d’une manière indépendante de toute interaction physique avec DDB2. La forme J, très peu décrite, présente une affinité plus grande pour le promoteur du gène NFKBIA que la forme K. De plus, nous l’avons observée strictement nucléaire et liée à la chromatine. De manière intéressante, nous montrons que la forme J est surexprimée dans le noyau des cellules tumorales MDA-MB231 métastatiques, comparativement aux cellules T47D non métastatiques. Par la suite, nous avons évalué l’importance des hnRNP K et J dans la transcription du gène NFKBIA par rapport à DDB2 et un régulateur bien décrit tel que le facteur de transcription Sp1. Nos résultats indiquent que les protéines hnRNP K et J, lorsqu’elles sont surexprimées, jouent un rôle de répresseur du gène NFKBIA et ce même en présence des activateurs DDB2 et Sp1. L’ensemble de ce travail a contribué à montrer la présence de protéines, pouvant participer à l’activité transcriptionnelle de DDB2, telles que le complexe UV-DDB et p300. En dehors de tout partenariat avec DDB2, il a été mis en évidence une relation entre les hnRNP K et J et l’activité constitutive de NF-κB, en particulier avec la forme J, qui, par son expression corrélée à l’agressivité des cellules tumorales mammaires, présente un intérêt clinique potentiel en tant que marqueur prédictif de la progression métastatique, tout comme DDB2 / The laboratory has recently identified the DDB2 (Damaged-DNA Binding 2) protein as a regulator of target gene expression like SOD2, BCL2 and NFKBIA, thus conferring to this protein a role in control of metastatic progression and therapeutic response of breast cancer cells. However, the real activity of DDB2 in gene transcription remains to be defined because its structure cannot entirely explain its influence on target gene expression. This protein can act either as an inhibitor like for the SOD2 and BCL2 genes or as an enhancer like for the NFKBIA gene, encoding IκBα protein. This suggests that DDB2 must associate with, or promote recruitment, of inhibitors or activators of gene transcription. In order to search and identify potential partners that could participate in its transcriptional activity, we developed a “DNA pull-down” approach associated with a global proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry from MCF-7 breast cancer cells overexpressing naturally DDB2. With this approach, we reveal the presence of the UV-DDB complex composed by DDB2, DDB1 and Cullin 4A proteins on the SOD2 and NFKBIA gene promoters. We also highlighted that this complex, known for its role in first steps of UV-induced DNA lesion repair, promotes the recruitment of the p300 histone acetyl transferase on the NFKBIA gene promoter, which may explain, in part, the enhancer activity of DDB2 on this target gene. The proteomic analysis from the “DNA pull-down” also reveals, with originality, the presence of heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins K and J (hnRNP K and J) on the NFKBIA gene promoter with a high recovery score among many other proteins and independently of any physical interaction with DDB2. The J form, very poorly described, shows a higher affinity for NFKBIA gene promoter than the K form. Furthermore, we observed that the J form is strictly nuclear and mostly bound to chromatin, while the K form is also found in cytoplasm. Interestingly, we show that the J form is overexpressed in nucleus of metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells by comparison with non-metastatic breast cancer T47D cells. Then, we evaluated the importance of hnRNP K and J proteins in NFKBIA gene transcription compared with DDB2 and with a well-known regulator, the Sp1 transcription factor. Our results show that hnRNP K and J proteins, when they are overexpressed, play a repressor role on NFKBIA gene expression by binding on its promoter even in presence of DDB2 and Sp1 activators. Taken together, these data show that some proteins could participate in DDB2 transcriptional activity, like the UV-DDB complex and the p300 protein. Outside of any interaction with DDB2, this work highlights a relationship between the hnRNP K and J proteins, and NF-κB constitutive activity, especially with the J form. This latter has an expression correlated with aggressiveness of breast cancer cells and a potential clinical interest as a predictive marker of metastatic progression, like DDB2

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