This thesis aims to discuss the Surveillance Society discourse, especially in relation with political analysis in a historical framework by means of new technologies. This study also analyzes the use of so-called revolutionary information and telecommunication technologies for data recording and tracking is analyzed, which is used to regulate the order of the system by the power holders. The limits of thought are traced to Foucault and Lyon. To this context an attempt is made to show that surveillance/ monitoring is growing as a result of the developments in information and communication technologies. Dataveillance is being carried out by Internet, ID cards, and bank credit cards. Focus is on awareness as a midway between paranoia and utopic futurism against surveillance suppression.

Nearing the end of the 20th century, countries across the world have gradually been going into depression, without exception, this effect has also influenced Taiwan. Moreover, with the coming of age of knowledge management and change of the industry structure of the 21st century, thus the industry structure in Taiwan has also gone through some changes, adding many new non-typical jobs into the job market. Some examples include Leased Employess, Telex of Labor, part-time work, multiple job holders. Previous study on part-time work has been focused on the characteristics of the part-time workers and the influence on female part-time workers¡¦ employment and the reasons why companies use part-time work. Less research has been made on the comparison between part-time workers and regular workers. In the Human Resources of Managenment survey made by the Minster of Affairs in1997, the content regarding multiple job holders describes the distribution situation of multiple job holders. Moreover, with the fast growth of knowledge management, there exists a non-equivalency between the structure of knowledge management and the need of such a structure. Does the increasing numbers of part-time workers and multiple job holders mean that the labor market will take on a more important role? What is the difference between the education level, occupations, industry and income of these workers and regular workers? After a comparison between these two, which gains more profit? These are the questions to be answered in this research. The statistical information used in this research is secondary information from Directorate General of Budget Accounting and Statistics Executive Yuan, R.O.C regarding the Taiwan region Human Resources of Managenment statistical information, which divides labor into three groups, using work time and income level as a basis to find the characteristics between these three groups. Some implications made from the result of this research has been made for reference for the government. The results of this research are as the following: Part-time work 1¡BHighly educated part-time work are more better off than low educated part-time work because they have relatively higher pay for lesser work. 2¡BThe part-time workers of the higher level labor market are better off than the those from the agricultural, forest, fish and pasture and manufacturing. 3¡BThere is an increase of the laborers in the service sector, and a decrease of those from the agricultural, forest, fish and pasture sector, not much change in the manufacturing and industry sector. 4¡BFrom a comparison of the income of these sectors, those in industry have the highest income, and those in services are second ranking, from the level manufacturing gains the most and industry the least. Multiple job workers 1¡BThese are the least luckiest of the group because they have the highest work hours, but have the same income level as normal workers 2¡BNo matter which profession, multiple job workers are the most laborious because they have more work hours than normal workers but less income than normal workers. 3¡BNo matter which industry, multiple job workers are the most laborious because they have more work hours than normal workers but less income than normal workers. 4¡BThere is an increase of the laborers in the service sector, and a decrease of those from the agricultural, forest, fish and pasture sector, not much change in the manufacturing and industry sector. From a comparison of the income of these sectors, those in manufacturing have the highest income, and those in industry are second ranking, from the level manufacturing gains the most and services the least.

Η ζήτηση για την απόκτηση διδακτορικού διπλώματος στην Ελλάδα κατά την τελευταία τριακονταετία αυξάνεται με εντυπωσιακούς ρυθμούς. Το εν λόγω ερευνητικό έργο διερευνεί την ελληνική αγορά εργασίας των κατόχων διδακτορικού διπλώματος και τις συνθήκες απασχόλησης τους. Ειδικότερα, με τη χρήση πρωτογενών δεδομένων όπως η Απογραφή της Ελλάδος του έτους 2001, η Έρευνα Εργατικού Δυναμικού 1998-2013, οι Κοινοτικές Στατιστικές για το Εισόδημα και τις Συνθήκες Διαβίωσης 2003-2008 καθώς και η Στατιστική της Εκπαίδευσης 1981-2010, διερευνήθηκαν:1)Οι προσδιοριστικοί παράγοντες της απασχόλησης ανά κλάδο οικονομικής δραστηριότητας, η επαγγελματική επιλογή, η απασχόληση στον ακαδημαϊκό τομέα και ο προσδιορισμός των αμοιβών για τους κατόχους διδακτορικού διπλώματος, 2)Οι διακρίσεις και οι διαφοροποιήσεις στην αγορά εργασίας ανά φύλο, εργασιακή εμπειρία, απασχόληση στον ακαδημαϊκό και μη ακαδημαϊκό τομέα, ιδιωτικό και δημόσιο τομέα, καθώς και ο προσδιορισμός των πηγών διάκρισης και 3)Οι προσδιοριστικοί παράγοντες της αντιστοίχησης αντικείμενου σπουδών και ασκούμενου επαγγέλματος, καθώς και οι προσδιοριστικοί παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν τη ζήτηση για διδακτορικά διπλώματα, όπως η επίδραση θεσμικών παρεμβάσεων και η πρόσβαση σε ερευνητικούς πόρους. / The number of Ph.D. graduates in Greece has been growing continuously over the last thirty years. The objective of this research is to investigate the labour market of Ph.D. holders in Greece. Using data of Greek Census 2001, LFS 1998-2013 and EU-SILC 2003-2008, as well as the Statistics of Education 1981-2010, we investigate: 1) the factors influencing the employment in industry, the occupational choice, the employment in academia, and the factors affecting earnings for Ph.D. holders in Greece, 2) wage discrimination by gender, experience, employment in academic and non-academic sector, as well as by employment in private and public sector, and 3) the factors influencing the education and job matching, as well as the factors influencing the demand for Ph.D.s.

The promise of a vast source of energy to power the world and protect our planet using fusion technology has been the driving force for scientists and engineers around the globe for more than sixty years. Although the materialization of this ideal still in the distance, multiple scientific and technological advances have been accomplished, which have brought commercial fusion power closer to a reality than it has ever been. As part of the collaborative effort in the pursuit of realizable fusion energy, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is being developed by a coalition of nations of which the United States is a part of. One critical technological challenge for ITER is the development of adequate plasma facing materials (PFMs) that can withstand the strenuous conditions of operation. To date, high heat flux (HHF) testing has been conducted mainly on non-irradiated specimens due to the difficulty of working with radioactive specimens, such as instrument contamination. In this thesis, the new Irradiated Material Target Station (IMTS) facility for fusion materials at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), in which the HHFs are provided by water-wall plasma-arc lamps (PALs), is considered for neutron-irradiated specimens, especially tungsten. The facility is being used to test irradiated plasma-facing components materials for magnetic fusion reactors as part of the US-Japan plasma facing components evaluation by tritium plasma, heat and neutron irradiation experiments (PHENIX). In order to conduct HHF testing on the PFMs various sample holders designs were developed to accommodate radioactive specimens during HHF testing. As part of the effort to design sample holders that are compatible with the IMTS facility, numerical simulations were performed for different water-cooled sample holder designs with the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package, ANSYS™ FLUENT®. The numerical models are validated against experimental temperature measurements obtained from the IMTS facility. These experimentally validated numerical models are used to assess the thermal performance of two sample holder designs and establish safe limits for HHF testing under various operating conditions. The limiting parameter for the current configuration was determined for each sample holder design. For the Gen 1 sample holder, the maximum temperature reached within the Copper rod limits the allowable incident heat flux to about 6 MW/m². In the case of the Gen 2 sample holder, the maximum temperature reached within the Molybdenum clamping disk limits the allowable incident heat flux to about 5 MW/m². In addition, the numerical model are used to parametrically investigate the effect of the operating pressure, mass flow rate, and incident heat flux on the local heat flux distributions and peak surface temperatures. Finally, a comparative analysis is conducted to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages associated with the main design modifications between the two sample holder models as to evaluate their impact in the overall thermal performance of each sample holder in order to provide conclusive recommendations for future sample holder designs.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1932213 bytes, checksum: 9e24f1a24cc6f7b4eff28e82f497f576 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study is inserted into the context of Affirmative Action (AA) from racial quotas type in public higher education institutions. Thus, towards the profound discrimination against blacks in Brazil, the objective of this dissertation was to investigate the possible relationship between the discursive repertories about racial quotas and the perception of discrimination against black quota holders. For this purpose, it was developed two studies supported by theoretical constructs about the new forms of prejudice and racism. In Study 1, it was investigated the discursive repertories of university students about quotas for blacks in public higher education institutions. University students (n = 105), most female (55%) aged between 18 and 58 years (m = 23.6, sd = 6.79) answered a questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic questions, and an open question, considering the students opinion facing racial quotas. The Alceste software analysis revealed three major discursive classes showing opposition to racial quotas. The more representative speech (Class 3 63.20%) explained the opposition to quotas based on the idea that blacks and whites are equal. Study 2, with an almost experimental profile, aimed to analyze how discursive contexts about the implementation of racial quotas in public higher education institutions could relate to the high school students opinion (n = 581) - from public and private schools in João Pessoa / PB - facing the possibility of discrimination of quota students. Most were students from private schools (52%) and women (57%), age variation from 15 to 35 years old (m = 17; sd = 1.16), having responded to an instrument composed of socio-demographic questions and three questions about how the quota holder could be treated, respectively, by teachers, colleagues and employers. From the content analysis of the participants answers, six categories were given: holders are less capable, we are all equal, quotas are unfair, there will be prejudice, depends on the holders ability, depends on the other (employer/colleague/teacher). However, no significant effect on the types of discursive contexts in the categories that emerged about the treatment of colleagues was found [χ ² (12) = 13.614; p = 0.326] and teachers [χ ² (15) = 9.988; p = 0.820]. There was a significant effect only in the types of discursive contexts of treatment on the categories of employers [χ ² (12) = 34.909; p < 0,001]. It was found a significant effect of school type in the categories about the treatment of colleagues [χ ² (4) = 116,839; p < 0.001], teachers [χ ² (5) = 102.775; p < 0.001] and future employers [χ ² (4) = 41,632, p < 0.001]. Thereby, social belonging, being from public or private school, was more important to explain the treatment to the quota holder than the types of speeches about quotas. Overall, the results of this research reported, on the one hand, that resistance to the implementation of affirmative policies for blacks has speeches that justify its use based on equality to legitimize inequality between blacks and whites. On the other hand, the evidence that there will be prejudice against the quota holder suggests the social relevance of this study to develop strategies to combat prejudice and discrimination against black quota holders. / Este estudo se insere no contexto das Ações Afirmativas (AA) do tipo cotas raciais em Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) públicas. Desse modo, diante da profunda discriminação existente contra negros no Brasil, o objetivo geral desta dissertação foi investigar as possíveis relações entre os repertórios discursivos sobre as cotas raciais e a percepção de discriminação dos cotistas negros. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos dois estudos sustentados nas construções teóricas acerca das novas formas de expressão do preconceito e do racismo. No Estudo 1, procurou-se investigar os repertórios discursivos de estudantes universitários acerca das cotas para negros em IES públicas. Os estudantes universitários (n = 105), a maioria do sexo feminino (55%) com idades entre 18 e 58 anos (M = 23,6; DP = 6,79), responderam a um instrumento composto por questões sociodemográficas, além de uma questão aberta, contemplando o posicionamento dos estudantes frente às cotas raciais. A análise a partir do software Alceste evidenciou três grandes classes discursivas com conteúdos de oposição às cotas raciais. O discurso mais representativo (Classe 3 - 63,20%) apontou para oposição às cotas baseada na idéia de que negros e brancos são iguais. O Estudo 2, com um delineamento quase-experimental, buscou analisar como contextos discursivos acerca da implantação de cotas raciais em IES públicas poderiam se relacionar com o posicionamento de estudantes de Ensino Médio (n = 581) de escolas públicas e privadas de João Pessoa/PB frente à possibilidade de discriminação de alunos cotistas. A maioria eram alunos de escolas privadas (52%) e mulheres (57%), com idades variando de 15 a 35 anos (M = 17; DP = 1,16), tendo respondido a instrumento composto por questões sociodemográficas e três questões acerca de como o cotista poderia ser tratado, respectivamente, por professores, colegas e empregadores. A partir da análise de conteúdo realizada sobre as respostas dos participantes, emergiram seis categorias: cotistas são menos capazes, somos todos iguais, cotas são injustas, haverá preconceito, depende da habilidade do cotista, depende do outro (empregador/colega/professor). No entanto, as análises do Teste de Associação do Qui-quadrado não demonstraram efeitos significativos dos tipos de contextos discursivos nas categorias que emergiram acerca do tratamento de colegas e professores. Os tipos de contextos discursivos tiveram efeito significativo apenas sobre as categorias do tratamento de empregadores. No entanto, o tipo de escola apresentou efeito significativo nas categorias acerca do tratamento de colegas, professores e futuros empregadores. Assim, a pertença social, ser de escola pública ou privada, foi mais importante para explicar o tratamento destinado ao cotista do que os tipos de discursos existentes sobre as cotas. No geral, os resultados desta investigação denunciaram, por um lado, que a resistência à implantação de políticas afirmativas para negros utiliza discursos justificadores com base na igualdade para legitimar condições de desigualdade entre negros e brancos. Por outro, a evidência de que haverá preconceito contra o cotista sugere a relevância social deste estudo na elaboração de estratégias de combate ao preconceito e discriminação em relação aos cotistas negros.

Este trabalho propõe-se a estudar, mediante abordagem teórica e prática, o regime jurídico das debêntures, tendo em vista as recentes alterações introduzidas pela Lei nº 12.431, de 24 de junho de 2011, que promoveu mudanças significativas em sua disciplina, bem como examinar os problemas e questões atuais das debêntures em um contexto evolutivo da doutrina e dos casos práticos que lhe são submetidos à análise, tendo em vista o uso cada vez mais frequente desse mecanismo de financiamento das sociedades. Busca-se, também, examinar o funcionamento do mercado de debêntures e as novas propostas para incentivar a circulação dos títulos de dívida. Dentre as questões mais controvertidas a serem estudadas neste trabalho, destacam-se as seguintes: (i) evolução da natureza jurídica do instituto, em que as debêntures são vistas como títulos de dívida pertencentes à categoria dos valores mobiliários; (ii) criação do novo mercado de debêntures, como avanço à proposta do Novo Mercado de Renda Fixa; (iii) possibilidade de emissão de debêntures por sociedades limitadas e cooperativas, em razão da ausência de vedação legal e da existência de normas que lhe dão suporte jurídico; (iv) realização de negócios jurídicos com debêntures que vão além da sua função econômica de financiamento da empresa; (v) existência da organização dos debenturistas, em complemento à ideia de comunhão de interesses, tendo em vista o seu caráter orgânico; e, por fim, (vi) se os deveres fiduciários dos administradores se voltariam também aos interesses dos debenturistas, como credores especiais da sociedade emitente. / This work aims to study, through a theoretical and practical approach, the legal system of debentures in view of the recent changes introduced by Law No. 1431, of June 24, 2011, affecting significantly their discipline, and also to examine their current problems and issues within the evolutionary context of the doctrine and the case studies that are submitted to analysis, since the use of this financing mechanism by companies has been increasingly frequent. It also seeks to examine the functioning of the debenture market and the new proposals to stimulate the circulation of debt bonds. Amongst the most controversial issues to be studied in this work, the following are highlighted: (i) the evolution of the legal nature of this institute, in which debentures are seen as debt notes pertaining to the category of securities; (ii) the creation of a new debenture market as an advancement to the proposal of the New Fixed Income Market; (iii) the possibility of limited partnerships and cooperatives issuing debentures in view of the absence of a legal prohibition and the existence of norms that give legal support to it; (iv) the consummation of legal transactions with debentures that go beyond their economic function of business financing; (v) the existence of a debenture holder organization as a complement to the idea of pooling of interests, in view of its organic character; and, finally, (vi) whether the fiduciary duties of the administrators would also accommodate the interests of the debenture holders, while in their position of special creditors to the issuing business.

In the introduced diploma work, Controversial and survivor affairs of the lineage Thurn-Taxis on the estate Dobrovice-Loučeň, namely from the end of 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, engages in the controversial and survivor affairs of the lineage Thurn-Taxis in the frame of the named estate in the delimitated period. The main aim of the work is to clarified the origin of the lineage Thurn-Taxis, to clear up the disputes of Fürstenberg about the inheritance of the estate in the end of 18th century and briefly to describe the development of the estate Dobrovice-Loučeň with the holders from the second line of the lineage Thurn- Taxis. The main purpose of this work is the content analysis and the analysis of the controversial affairs, for example last will or the list about the distributing of the inheritance, a few representatives of the lineage from the Czech line and of the princess Marie Josefa of Fürstenberg. The princess bequeathed the estates Dobrovice, Loučeň and the manor Vlkava for the Czech line. The suppluments added to the work complete the all pieces of knowledge in its text part. Key words Inheritance, estate, lineage Thurn-Taxis, holders of the estate, disputes

The world, including developing countries such as South Africa, is burdened with deeply rooted women sexual health challenges such as dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhoea, also known as, "period pains", while not life-threatening, has been troubling many women of childbearing age since ancient times. Many interventions and drugs are available and approved for use in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. However, dysmenorrhea remains least understood, many cultures and religions of the African countries still regard it as a "taboo" subject because it is a sexual and reproductive issue, and means of coping are considered indigenously "women’s knowledge”, as such increasingly, women negotiate with cultural beliefs and practices in the management of dysmenorrhea. South Africa, as a multicultural society, allows the practice of different types of health care systems such as dysmenorrhea management. Extensive efforts are being made by the government and the healthcare sector to understand and document the indigenous health knowledge for safe practices in improving the overall health of South Africans. Moreover, this study was conducted. This study aimed to understand the indigenous perspectives of the meaning and treatment modalities of dysmenorrhea among Batlokwa women. Purposive and snowball sampling was used to select participants. The findings were used to develop strategies to empower Batlokwa women with dysmenorrhea knowledge. This study was premised on a conviction that Batlokwa women have a unique perspective on dysmenorrhea meaning and treatment modalities based on their ethnicity background. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 was the empirical phase which was qualitative and was divided into two parts to address the first two objectives of the study. The population for Phase 1 constituted of the Batlokwa Traditional Health Practitioners (THPs) and Indigenous Knowledge Holders (IKHs). In part one modified photovoice approach was used to collect data in four different stages: • • Stage 1 – brainstorming and photograph taking training • • Stage 2 – taking photographs • • Stage 3 – Individual interviews • Stage 4 – modified Lekgotla discussion Data analysis for part one followed steps of photovoice data analysis guided by questioning the acronym “PHOTO” (Hussey 2006). The process involved photograph selection, contextualising and codifying. Photovoice enabled Batlokwa women (Traditional Health Practitioners and Indigenous Knowledge Holders) to share indigenous dysmenorrhea knowledge. Photographs taken by the participants were used to understand their perspectives regarding the meaning and treatment modalities of dysmenorrhea. Part two used in-depth interviews to collect data from women. In-depth interviews were conducted with different women to enhance the knowledge gained from the photovoice study. It was also to capture additional information that should have been missed during the photovoice study. Content data analysis was used in part two to provide detailed guidance for the coding process and analysis. The Africana Womanism theory was used as a framework to guide the study process and discussion of the findings and was grounded within critical realism worldview. This provided means to follow a systematic structure of understanding how the indigenous dysmenorrhea knowledge surfaced and maintained within the Batlokwa ethnicity. Five major themes were identified: holistic understanding of dysmenorrhea meaning; self-naming and definition of dysmenorrhea; diagnostic processes in indigenous health care practices; treatment modalities of dysmenorrhea; roles of THPs and IKHs in treatment and prevention of dysmenorrhea. Phase 2 addressed the third objective, which developed strategies to empower Batlokwa women with dysmenorrhea knowledge. Experts from indigenous knowledge holders, traditional health practitioners, health and education sectors. To reach consensus, a modified Lekgotla discussion utilising an expert panel reviewed items for importance, clarity, applicability, validity and reliability, with items subsequently amended or removed as such clear strategies which apply to the demographic group was developed to empower Batlokwa women with dysmenorrhea knowledge / Thesis (PhD (Nursing))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Nursing Science / PhD (Nursing) / Unrestricted

Crises are an integral part of our modern world; they are breaking points that disturb our sense of normalcy. While some of them are treated as ‘normal incidents’ that are bound to occur in a vast and complex array of governmental activities, others spark a blaze of media attention, public emotions, and political upheaval. This thesis explores how political office-holders respond to incidents that are perceived as blameworthy and how crisis-induced accountability processes affect their political careers. In an attempt to determine this, a series of case studies containing elements of high-pressure crisis-induced accountability were examined. Strategies employed by top political actors in coping with accountability and blame are identified and discussed. Crises often trigger discussions on accountability and top political actors engage in a framing contest over defining the causes of the crisis and who or what should be held responsible. This is a staged and dynamic process in which key actors employ different strategies in several arenas for managing and ultimately assigning blame for the unwanted event. These processes are shaped in relation to issues regarding causality, agency, and responsibility. In addition to the fact that crises can be managed on different ‘levels’ and arenas, we can also see that certain contextual and situational factors (such as personal experience and the constitutional framework of the cabinet) can constrain or enable how blame is managed and ultimately what the consequences will be for the careers of top political office-holders.

There are three Optional Protocols to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. The first one is about children in armed conflict and the second about the Sale of children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography. The third Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which was adopted by the UN in 2011, provides children with an international complaints mechanism to address violations on their rights. The third Optional Protocol is ratified by close to fifty states, but Sweden has neither ratified or signed the protocol - despite pressure both nationally and internationally. This means that children in Sweden doesn't have somewhere to go when they want to leave complaints when their rights under the Convention on the Rights of the Child have been violated.  The aim with this study was to analyze the pros and cons with a Swedish ratification of the Third Optional Protocol from a Human Rights perspective, to justify an answer if Sweden should do so or not. The analyze is an argumentation where the disadvantages first are presented, followed by the benefits, before they are set against each other. The most distinct disadvantages to a ratification is about processing times, inadmissability and the risk for manipulation. The benefits on the other hand, is about a reduced marginalization, children's increased position as right holders, the greater chance for restoration and a need for Sweden to incorporate child-sensitive complaint mechanisms on a national lever. The analyze makes clear that most of the disadvantages with a Swedish ratidfication can be responded by either counter-argument, or through the benefits which has been found due to the Human Rights perspective.  The conclusion of the study is that a Swedish ratification would strengthen children's position as own actors and right holders based on the given oppertunity to make complaints in the event of a perceived violation of rights, without the consent of their guardian.