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Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are expressed in response to environmental stresses. Compared to other kingdoms, plant HSP families are larger, presumably the result of adaptation to a wide range of stresses. Following on an analysis of drought stress characteristics in loblolly pine (Watkinson et al., 2003), expression patterns of HSP gene expression during photosynthetic acclimation were examined. One cycle of mild (-1Mpa) followed by two cycles of severe stress (-1.7Mpa) were probed for conditioning effects. Photosynthetic acclimation occurred after the first cycle. No acclimation occurred without the first mild cycle. Microarray/RT-PCR analyses showed that a pine homolog to GRP94 (ER-resident HSP90) was up-regulated after rehydration coincident with acclimation. This GRP94 is closely related to GRP94 from the desiccation tolerant plant X. viscosa, supporting the importance of this gene during acclimation to water deficit. HSP genes whose products localized to the mitochondrion showed gradual up-regulation after consecutive cycles of severe drought. The Arabidopsis pine GRP94 homolog, (AtHSP90-7) was then analyzed, using bioinformatics (Pati et al., 2006) and laboratory tools. Genes encoding putative candidate co-chaperones for GRP94 and other HSP90s were discovered, which contained water stress-related cis-elements. Arabidopsis (Col-0) wild type and two T-DNA insertion mutants in HSP90-7 were used to study the importance of this gene for photosynthetic acclimation. Only the mutants were able to acclimate to drought stress, with the level of AtHSP90-7 expression in the mutants being reduced compared to the wild type. AtHSP90-7 may have a different role in Arabidopsis, and its reduced expression activated other protective genes (Klein et al., 2006). Responses to extreme drought in resistant (Sullu) and susceptible (Negra Ojosa) lines of Andean potatoes were also compared in order to identify relationships between HSPs gene expression, and tolerance, defined as the ability to maintain photosynthesis at 50% after 25 days of drought and to recover from the stress. Tolerance was correlated with up-regulation of HSPs (mostly chaperonins) and antioxidant genes all of whose gene products are located in the chloroplast. / Ph. D.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Les résistances aux traitements actuels contre le cancer incitent à trouver de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Une de ces cibles, la hsp90 (heat shock protein 90), impliquée dans la maturation de protéines clientes oncogènes, se révèle très prometteuse car son inhibition induit la dégradation de ces protéines par la voie du protéasome.PU3 et PU24S sont des inhibiteurs de la hsp90 de type purine fonctionnalisés en position 8. Dans le but d’identifier des composés encore plus actifs et/ou de nouvelles familles d’inhibiteurs, nous avons développé de nouveaux procédés sélectifs métallo-catalysés permettant l’activation de liaisons C-H de divers hétérocycles, et en particulier des purines (adénines, xanthines). Ces nouvelles approches ont permis un accès direct et simple à de nombreuses purines fonctionnalisées en C-8 par des groupements aromatiques, hetéroaromatiques, éthyléniques et benzyliques. / Resistance to current treatments of cancer encourages finding new therapeutical targets. The heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) is a molecular chaperon which regulates the folding of many client proteins associated with all of the six hallmarks of cancer, and helps maintaining their proper conformation. Consequently, the hsp90 has become an exciting new target in cancer drug discovery since the inhibition of its ATPase activity leads to depletion of these client proteins via the proteasomal pathway. PU3 and PU24S are purine-based hsp90 inhibitors functionalized on C-8 position. In the aim to identify more active compounds and/or new subfamilies of inhibitors, we have developed new metal-catalyzed C-H activation processes of various heterocycles including purines and other azoles. These new and simple approaches have allowed the access to numerous C-8 functionalized purines bearing (het)aryl, alkenyl and benzyl moieties.

<p>On the surface heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an unlikely drug target for the treatment of any disease, let alone cancer. Hsp90 is highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed in all cells. There are four major isoforms encoded by distinct genes and together they may constitute 1-3% of the cellular protein. Genetic deletion results in nonviable phenotypes in some organisms, and there are no recognized polymorphisms suggesting an association or causal relationship with any human disease. With respect to cancer, the proteins absence from some recent high profile articles underlines the perception that it is an unlikely bona fide target to treat this disease. Yet, to date, there are 17 distinct Hsp90 inhibitors in clinical trials for multiple indications in cancer. The protein has been championed for over 20 years by the National Cancer Institute as a cancer target since the discovery of the antitumor activity of geldanamycin. Rather than focus on the intracellular inhibition of Hsp90, we have shifted our aim to the differences of Hsp90 between cancer and normal tissue, namely its extracellular expression.</p><p>My graduate thesis work has focused on the characterization of a series of novel small molecule imaging agents (fluor-tethered Hsp90 inhibitors) that enable the specific detection of ectopically expressed Hsp90 on tumor cells. We believe that these molecules will have a large impact in the near future on the diagnosis and treatment of metastatic breast cancer as well as other cancers. This hypothesis is based on recent findings in the clinical literature that have linked upregulation of Hsp90 with poor outcomes in multiple subtypes of breast cancer. Additionally, several papers have also reported an association of the expression of extracellular Hsp90 and metastatic progression in several human cancers. Hsp90 is currently considered by some as a cutting edge cancer drug target. The Haystead lab synthesized a series of tethered Hsp90 inhibitors that were modified with fluorophores and other imaging moieties in such a way as to preserve the binding to Hsp90 and enable detection through non-invasive imaging techniques. In a series of cell-based, live animal and biochemical studies we demonstrated that these molecules are highly selective for Hsp90 and can be used to specifically recognize intact tumor cells expressing ectopic Hsp90. Furthermore, we also observed that once bound to ectopic Hsp90, our tethered-inhibitors are actively internalized and this process can be blocked with Hsp90 antibodies. These findings have two implications; first, Hsp90 is undergoing active cycling at the plasma membrane; second, the finding that once bound to surface Hsp90 our fluor-tethered inhibitors can be internalized despite their polar nature. These results suggest a new therapeutic strategy that will enable specific delivery of tumor killing agents (e.g. 131I or metabolic poisons) to metastatic cells. This is unique because the use of small molecule inhibitors and not antibody- or nanoparticle-based payload delivery strategies offers advantages in formulation, cost and reproducibility.</p><p> In addition to payload delivery possibilities, we also show the utility of the tethered-inhibitors diagnostically by demonstrating their use in the detection of tumors in mouse models of human breast cancer. As a result of our animal studies, we believe our molecules in their present form could be used to address a currently unmet need in the early diagnosis of aggressive breast cancer and discriminating this from more indolent forms. </p><p>Furthermore, the tethered Hsp90 inhibitors have been used to make ligand affinity chromatography resins that have facilitated the discovery of other unique Hsp90 expressions and functions associated with cancer. We have found a pool of Hsp90 that is misfolded as determined by affinity chromatography depletion and a leftward thermal stability shift in the population of Hsp90 that flows through the ligand affinity resins. Differential trypsin digest patterns detected by mass spectrometry reveal also that the native protein has sites that are more accessible to trypsinization. This could have further implications in treating and detecting differences between cancerous tissues and normal tissues by designing an antibody that recognizes the exposed portions of the misfolded Hsp90. Together this body of work illustrates that not only is Hsp90 different in total expression levels in cancers, but is ectopically expressed and misfolded so as to provide other opportunities for therapeutic intervention that improve the safety for more clinical applications.</p> / Dissertation

La protéine GABARAPL1 (GABARAP like 1) ou GEC1 (Glandular Epithelial Cell 1), présente de forts pourcentages d'identité avec les protéines GABARAP (GABAA Receptor-Associated Protein), GATE-16 (Golgi-Associated ATPase Enhancer of 16 kDa) et Atg8 (Autophagy-related 8) ainsi qu'une identité moindre avec les protéines de la sous-famille LC3 (Light Chain 3). GABARAPL1 est exprimée dans tous les tissus, préférentiellement dans le système nerveux central, et intervient dans le transport intracellulaire des récepteurs GABAA (Gamma-AminoButyric Acid type A receptor) et KOR (K Opioid Receptor). De plus, une faible expression du gène gabarap1 est observée dans diverses lignées cancéreuses, suggérant son implication dans la genèse et/ou la progression tumorale. La recherche de partenaires protéiques a abouti à l'identification de différentes protéines. L'interaction entre GABARAPL1 et la protéine HSP90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) nouvellement identifiée a été étudiée dans le cerveau de rat et dans les cellules MCF-7. Ainsi, nous avons montré que HSP90 protège GABARAPL1 de la dégradation par le protéasome. Par ailleurs, il a été établi qu'au cours de !'autophagie, GABARAPL1 est clivée, maturée puis conjuguée à des phospholipides. Elle co-Iocalise alors partiellement au niveau de lysosomes et d'autophagosomes. Nous avons également démontré que gabarap1 est faiblement exprimé dans les tissus tumoraux de sein et que la surexpression de la protéine FLAG-GABARAPL1-6HIS dans les cellules MCF-7 diminue considérablement leur croissance. De plus, une forte expression de gabarapl 1 est corrélée à une augmentation de la survie de patientes atteintes de cancer du sein avec envahissement ganglionnaire. / The GABARAPL1 (GABARAP like 1) protein, also named GECl (Glandular Epithelial Cell 1), displays a high percentage of identity with the GABARAP (GABAA Receptor-Associated Protein), GATE-16 (Golgi-Associated A TPase Enhancer of 16 kDa) and Atg8 (Autophagy-related 8) proteins, and a lesser identity with LC3 (Light Chain 3) family of proteins. The GABARAPL1 protein is expressed in ail tissues, predominantly in the central nervous system and is involved in intracellular transport of GABAA receptors (Gamma-AminoButyric Acid type A receptor) and KOR (K Opioid Receptor). In addition, a Iow expression of the gabarap1 gene was shown in various cancer cell lines, suggesting its involvement in the genesis and/or progression oftumors. The search for GABARAPL 1 prote in partners has Ied to the identification of different proteins. The interaction between GABARAPL1 and the protein partner: HSP90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) was studied in rat brain and MCF-7 cells, in which we showed that HSP90 protects GABARAPL1 from degradation by the proteasome. Additionally, it was established that during autophagy, GABARAPL1 is cleaved to its mature form and conjugated to phospholipids. lt then co-localizes partially with lysosomes and autophagosomes. We also demonstrated that gabarap!J is weakly expressed in breast tumor tissues and that overexpression of the FLAG­GABARAPL1-6HIS recombinant protein in MCF-7 cells significantly reduces their growth. Finally, a strong expression of gabarap1 is correlated with increased survival of patients with lymph node-positive breast cancer.

Orientador: Carlos Henrique Inacio Ramos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T20:53:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cagliari_ThiagoCarlos_D.pdf: 4482929 bytes, checksum: a1439ac0cca9a21c77eb47d2e163c224 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: As proteinas sao macromoleculas que possuem importancia vital para o funcionamento celular, participando da maioria das reacoes biologicas e tambem como componentes estruturais. Para que uma proteina possa exercer sua funcao, precisa atingir sua estrutura nativa atraves de um processo denominado enovelamento proteico. Neste contexto, as chaperonas moleculares sao proteinas capazes de auxiliar no enovelamento de outras proteinas, atuando na prevencao de agregados, desagregacao, translocacao, ativacao, entre outros. Dentre os muitos tipos de chaperonas existentes, neste trabalho foram abordadas as chaperonas das familias Hsp100 e Hsp90, as quais estao relacionadas aos processos de desagregacao e auxilio do enovelamento de proteinas-substrato, respectivamente. O presente trabalho pretendeu produzir as proteinas recombinantes Hsp100 e Hsp82 de cana-de-acucar para a caracterizacao de suas respectivas relacoes estrutura-funcao. Para isto foram empregadas tecnicas como: dicroismo circular, fluorescencia, espalhamento dinamico de luz e ultracentrifugacao analitica. Assim, foi observado que a forca ionica do meio e capaz de influenciar a estrutura quaternaria da proteina Hsp100, a qual se apresenta hexamerica em menores concentracoes de sal. Alem disto, e capaz de reconhecer agregados proteicos formados pelas proteinas luciferase e citrato sintase em ensaios in vitro. Ja a proteina Hsp82 apresentou uma estrutura dimerica, a qual nao e influenciada pela presenca de nucleotideos e apresenta grande estabilidade termica. Finalmente, a proteina p23 humana, a qual e responsavel por auxiliar a proteina Hsp90 no enovelamento de muitas proteinas/complexos proteicos, tambem foi caracterizada. Foram observados indicios de que a regiao C-terminal, rica em residuos de aminoacidos carregados, pode possuir algum grau de estruturacao, apesar de alguns estudos na literatura indicarem o contrario. O estudo das chaperonas de cana-de-acucar foi direcionado por um trabalho previo de anotacao de sequencias relacionadas as chaperonas moleculares no banco de dados do projeto SUCEST (Sugarcane EST Genome Project), o qual foi realizado por nosso grupo de pesquisa. Alem disto, sao apresentados os resultados da anotacao das sequencias relacionadas as chaperonas de eucalipto no banco de dados FORESTs (Eucalyptus Genome Sequencing Project Consortium), possibilitando futuros estudos com estas proteinas. / Abstract: Proteins are macromolecules that are vital to the functioning cell, participating in most of the biological reactions as well as structural components. To perform its function, a protein need to achieve its native structure through a process called protein folding. In this context, the molecular chaperone proteins are able to assist in the folding of other proteins, acting in the prevention of aggregation, disaggregation, translocation, activation, among others. From all types of existing chaperones, here were highlight the Hsp100 and Hsp90 families, which are related to processes of disaggregation and assistance of substrateprotein folding, respectively. This study sought to produce the recombinant proteins Hsp100 and Hsp82 from sugar cane for the characterization of their structure-function relationships. In order to do this, some techniques were employed such as: circular dichroism, fluorescence, dynamic light scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation. As a result, it was observed that the ionic strength of the solvent is capable of influencing the quaternary structure of protein Hsp100, which presents as a hexamer in lower salt concentrations. Furthermore, it is capable of recognizing protein aggregates formed by luciferase protein and citrate synthase in in vitro essays. The Hsp82 protein showed a dimeric structure, which was not influenced by the presence of nucleotides and presented a great thermal stability. Finally, the human protein p23, which is responsible for assisting in the Hsp90 protein folding of many proteins/protein complexes, was also characterized. In spite of some studies indicating the contrary, we observed evidence that the C-terminal region, which is rich in charged amino acid residues, can possible have some structure. The sugarcane chaperones study was guided by a previous chaperone sequence annotation work in the SUCEST (Sugarcane EST Genome Project) databank performed by our research group. In addition, results regarding chaperone sequences annotation in the eucalyptus databank (FORESTs - Eucalyptus Genome Sequencing Project Consortium) were presented here as well, which can also lead to future chaperone proteins function and structure studies. / Doutorado

Orientadores: Carlos Henrique Inácio Ramos, Celso Eduardo Benedetti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T16:30:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendonca_YurideAbreu_D.pdf: 5998927 bytes, checksum: dad9a44995521aa0e68ad9507bd61765 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: As bactérias patogênicas gram-negativas desenvolveram estratégias sofisticadas para infectar seus hospedeiros, utilizando sistemas de secreção especializados para translocar proteínas de virulência através da membrana das células eucarióticas para o citoplasma. Para que este processo seja eficiente, estas proteínas de virulência devem estar parcialmente enoveladas ou mesmo desenoveladas para que possam ser transportadas para o interior das células hospedeiras através desses sistemas de secreção. Uma vez dentro das células alvo, as proteínas de virulência são encaminhadas ao seu estado nativo e ativadas pela própria maquinaria de enovelamento da célula hospedeira. As proteínas responsáveis em auxiliar o enovelamento protéico nas células são as chaperonas, denominadas classicamente de proteínas de choque térmico (Hsps). Plantas, por serem organismos sésseis, são muito mais vulneráveis a fatores de estresse biótico e abiótico, tornando o papel das Hsps ainda mais relevante para a homeostase protéica e viabilidade celular. O estudo das proteínas da família Hsp90 é muito difundido devido ao seu papel fundamental desempenhado nas situações de infecção e em diferentes tipos de estresse. Neste trabalho, a proteína recombinante Hsp90 de laranja doce (Citrus sinesis) foi clonada e purificada com o objetivo de estudar o mecanismo geral de infecção do fitopatógeno bacteriano de espécies de citros Xanthomonas citri (Xac). Investigou-se a interação, combinando técnicas de western blot e ensaios de pull-down, entre a Hsp90 e todas as quatro variantes da PthA, principal fator de virulência de Xac, e as co-chaperonas da Hsp90 de laranja ciclofilina (Cyp) e uma proteína tiorredoxina-"like? (TDX). Estas proteínas já foram descritas por se apresentarem reguladas positivamente na laranja doce durante a infecção com Xac, apontando para um possível papel da Hsp90 na formação de um complexo de enovelamento capaz de ativar as proteínas de virulência de Xac no interior das células infectadas. Além disso, investigamos a estrutura e função da Hsp90 de laranja doce que apresentou-se enovelada e solúvel, como medido por dicroísmo circular (CD), espectroscopia de fluorescência intrínseca e espalhamento de luz dinâmico (DLS). A Hsp90 se apresentou como um dímero em solução com um raio de Stokes de 62 Å, e altamente resistente á desnaturação por temperatura, como medido por CD. A proteína mostrou-se funcional, como medido pela sua capacidade de proteger a agregação da citrato sintase in vitro em um ensaio de espalhamento de luz. O estudo do efeito de nucleotídeos na conformação e função da Hsp90 através de CD, fluorescência intrínseca e de espalhamento de raios-X a baixos ângulos (SAXS) mostram alterações na conformação da proteína na presença destes ligantes / Abstract: Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, which have developed sophisticated strategies to infect hosts, use specialized secretion systems to secrete and translocate virulence proteins across the eukaryotic cell membrane into the cytoplasm. The translocation process depends on unfolded or partially folded virulence proteins to be transportated through the secretion system into the target inner cell where they are folded by the host chaperone machinery. Auxiliary proteins are responsible to help folding in cells and are known as molecular chaperones, or heat shock proteins (HSPs). Plants, being sessile organisms, are much more vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stress factors, making the role of HSPs even more important for protein homeostasis and cell viability. The study of the Hsp90 family is widespread due to the key role played in situations of infection and under various types of stress. In this work, an Hsp90 sweet orange (Citrus sinesis) was cloned and purified in order to study the general mechanism of infection of the bacterial pathogen of citrus species, Xanthomonas citri (Xac). First, we investigated the interaction, by combining immunostaining and pull-down assays, between Hsp90 and all four variants of PthA, the major virulence factor of Xac, and the orange Hsp90 cochaperonas cyclophilin (Cyp) and a thioredoxin-like protein (TDX). These proteins have been described to be upregulated in sweet orange during infection with Xac, pointing to a possible role of Hsp90 in the formation of a folding complex able to activate the virulence proteins of Xac inside the infected cells. Furthermore, we took to investigate the structure and function of the Hsp90 from sweet orange, which was folded and soluble as measured by circular dichroism (CD), intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Hsp90 was a dimer in solution with a Stokes radius of about 62 Å, tolerating up to 90 °C without denaturation, as measured by CD. The protein was functional, as measured by its ability to protect the aggregation of citrate synthase in an light scattering assay. The study of the effect of nucleotides on the conformation and function of Hsp90 by CD, intrinsic fluorescence and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) show evidence of conformation modulation by ATP and ADP / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular