Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-04-12T14:43:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Marllos Paiva Prado - 2018.pdf: 5172064 bytes, checksum: f0f497f5cd15e3d7e789fb5792aa6254 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-13T11:12:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Marllos Paiva Prado - 2018.pdf: 5172064 bytes, checksum: f0f497f5cd15e3d7e789fb5792aa6254 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T11:12:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Marllos Paiva Prado - 2018.pdf: 5172064 bytes, checksum: f0f497f5cd15e3d7e789fb5792aa6254 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-16 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Unit testing is an important activity for improving software quality. Over the years, numerous automated tools have been proposed by the testing research community to enhance this activity. However, this thesis' literature review revealed that several research efforts have not considered the human aspects in the proposal of such tools. Also, unit test practitioners are not having the support of the existing tools to solve some mental tasks associated with the activity. Motivated by this gap, this thesis describes a sequence of studies carried out with the purpose of understanding, characterizing and proposing improvements in the cognitive support provided by the test tools, considering a qualitative approach centered on the perspective of test professionals that work at the unit level. The results revealed some primary tasks that require cognitive support of the tools in unit test review practice, including monitoring of pending and executed unit test tasks and navigation between unit testing artifacts. A framework summarizes the results of this study. A research agenda is developed based on the framework and serves as an actionable instrument for the testing community. The contributions of this study include suggestions for practical improvements to current tools and describe new research opportunities in the topic. Also, the methods used in the research are explained in details. / O teste unitário é uma importante atividade para a melhoria da qualidade do software. Ao longo dos anos, inúmeras ferramentas automatizadas foram propostas pela comunidade de pesquisa de teste para melhorar esta atividade. Contudo, a revisão da literatura de testes atual permite observar que esses esforços de pesquisa não têm considerado os aspectos humanos na proposição dessas ferramentas. Observa-se ainda que os praticantes de teste unitário não têm suporte do ferramental existente para resolução de algumas tarefas mentais associadas à atividade. Considerando-se esta lacuna, esta tese descreve uma sequência de estudos realizados com o intuito de entender, caracterizar e propor melhorias no suporte cognitivo provido pelas ferramentas de teste unitário. Tendo em vista a falta de estudos sobre suporte cognitivo para teste de software, empregou-se uma abordagem qualitativa e centrada na perspectiva dos profissionais de teste que atuam no nível unitário. Os resultados revelaram algumas tarefas primárias que requerem suporte cognitivo das ferramentas na prática de revisão de testes unitário, incluindo o monitoramento de tarefas de teste unitário pendentes e executadas e a navegação entre os artefatos relacionados às unidades testadas. Os resultados são resumidos em um framework e, com base nisso, é desenvolvida uma agenda de pesquisa como instrumento acionável para a comunidade de teste. As contribuições desta tese incluem sugestões de melhorias práticas para as ferramentas atuais e descrevem novas oportunidades de pesquisa no tema. Além disso, são explicados em detalhes os métodos utilizados nesta pesquisa.

Syftet med studien var att synliggöra hur små barn interagerar med ett mikroskop-ägg i utforskandet av naturvetenskapliga fenomen. I förskolans uppdrag ingår att arbeta med natur-vetenskap och teknik i barnens vardag. Förskollärarens kompetens och deras förhållningssätt gentemot barnen är betydelsefull för att möjliggöra för små barns digitala utforskande. Tidigare forskning visar att utforskande handlar om att få pröva, undersöka och på ett lekfullt sätt ta reda på mer om något.    Det teoretiska ramverk som legat till grund för studien är social construction of technology, SCOT, vilket gett möjlighet att beskriva hur mening skapas i barns interaktion med olika tekniska artefakter.    Studien genomfördes på en medelstor förskola i Luleå kommun med tre grupper barn i två-års ålder. Data samlades in med hjälp av filminspelning och ljudupptagning vid planerade aktiviteter. Bearbetningen har sketti en abduktiv analysprocess där en växelverkan mellan att härleda materialet till teoretiska utgångspunkter och en öppenhet för nya förklaringar och upp-täckter har varit vägledande.    I resultatet framträder olika interaktionsramar som visar på vilket sätt barnen interagerar med den digitala teknologin utifrån tidigare erfarenheter och upplevelser. Resultatet visar även hur mikroskop-ägget på olika sätt kan möjliggöra för små barns naturvetenskapliga utforskande.

There is a saying that we should not attempt to fix what is not broken, but we cannot afford to stick tothat mindset if we want to be able to design products and services that matter to the user. We shouldbroaden our views, explore new things and see what we can learn from them and use that knowledge toexpand on our existing methods. In recent years there have been a lot of work regarding how normsinfluence us to act and feel in certain ways, what if the knowledge behind norms could be utilized withindesign? To answer this question a study was conducted where two so called norm creative methodswere tested in a series of focus groups to see what potential the methods held in regard to improvingexisting methods or serve as basis for the creation new methods within user research.

The adoption of technology in our daily activities increased the time that we spend in front of the screen and changed the way we communicate and work. In recent years, many big companies started to develop and implement screen time management tools in their products to educate the user on how to improve their digital health. Those tools are an important step in the process, they bring awareness and help the users to change their habits. Several studies have focused on screen time tracking apps but not from the design perspective. Therefore, this thesis aims to explore the design of screen time management apps by developing two prototypes, which were used to evaluate different design elements and features. The results of this thesis present a guideline on how to improve the design of the existing screen time tracking tools and what additional features could be added to fulfil their aim and encourage users to change their behaviour.

Design probes are a User-centered Design method with focus on close involvement of users in design. This is done by creating a package of artefacts that participants can complete wherever and whenever the individual sees fit. Further, children are a user group that differentiate from other user groups having other needs and attributes within design. This study investigated how design probes motivate children in the design process. A focus of the study is also to compare the applicability of thematic and non-thematic design probes with children.  The study was conducted with a qualitative approach where the empirical data was in the shape of four different design probes that were created and tested by students from Linköping University from the program of Design and Product Development. The tests they carried out were performed on children at the age of 10 to 13. Data analysis were made through coding and thematic analysis.  The study concludes that design probes is an adequate method for designing with children. Although, there are additional challenges in terms of playfulness, motivation, language, rewards, time-sense, creativity, influences and reflection. If design probes with children are managed correctly, they will yield results of great value to design. Also, having a theme in the design probe might help to motivate children. Although, themes are no guarantee for success since it will not solve challenges that are independent of themes. Keywords: Design probe, children, designing with children, User-centered Design, motivation

Title: Designing Communication for Dialogue and Engagement Authors: Christopher Bradson & Sofia Amanuel Level: Master Thesis, 30p  Keywords: Dialogue, Communication Design, Stakeholder engagement, Stakeholder communication, CSR communication.  Background: The changed attitudes about the role of business in today's contemporary society alongside with globalization and the evolved media-information environment has enlarged the pressures on businesses in regards to how they should pursue profitability, while responding to demands about accountability that is motivated beyond financial gain. There is a need for a better understanding about communication choices and how these are perceived by intended stakeholders, in order to accelerate effective communication that initiates stakeholder engagement. Research Questions:(1)How is Volkswagens communication design constructed in creating dialogue and engagement after a corporate scandal with its customers? (2)How does Swedish Volkswagen customers, in attribute of being external stakeholders, perceive the opportunities for engagement based on the four selected Volkswagen tools? What challenges does Volkswagen encounter when trying to create dialogue through these tools? Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to examine how Volkswagen is creating opportunities for stakeholder dialogue and engagement through the theoretical perspective of communication design. By engagement we mean one-way or two-way communication, where stakeholders seek out or take part of communicative messages provided by the organisation.The study aims to examine how Volkswagen has designed their communication efforts, after being subjected to a global corporate scandal which proposed public demands for accountability and responsibility. Theoretical Framework: The framework consists of Communication theories, giving considerable space to literature from theorists Aakhus and Bzdak whom developed the framework for communication design used in this study. Additionally, the framework includes a smaller selection of CSR, Public Relation, and Media research focusing on stakeholder engagement.  Method: We have taken two parallel methodological pathways. The first method involved applying for elements provided by Aakhus and Bzdak framework for reconstructive design, while doing a thematic analysis on the media texts provided by the tools. The second research question was examined by conducting semi-structured interviews with Swedish Volkswagen stakeholders in order to gain a deeper understanding if Volkswagens communicative instruments were enabling engagement.   Findings & Conclusions: Our study concludes that Volkswagen is showcasing constructs in their design that aims to reduce scepticism among stakeholders, addressing important issues for stakeholders, providing solutions and articulating progress in multi-stake issues. Wealso conclude that Volkswagens communication messages are conveyed in a calculated way, with a persuasive nature to create an identity of being a ‘corporate good citizen’.There is a complexity in terms of diminishing scepticism, since stakeholders are being more demanding in today's society, particularly after a corporate scandal such as the one Volkswagen has been subjected to. Stakeholders are becoming more aware that companies are dictating the dialogic discourse, which affects the communication design in what motives a company incorporates in their communication. We conclude that customers felt that the opportunities to engage with the company was fairly low, and highly depended on how they where processing the nature of the messages (intrinsic/extrinsic),as well as how they defined engagement from personal beliefs and values.

As waste is separated at the source, the success of the Swedish recycling system largely depends on an active participation of households. However, especially young people were found to not consistently follow their local recycling schemes. A recent and promising approach to tackle such suboptimal household recycling behaviour (HRB) is the use of persuasive technology. To understand and further its context-specific potential, this research aims to explore the key elements of persuasive technology which aspires to promote sustainable household recycling behaviour among adults in Sweden. The chosen methodology is research through design. Based on the results of a literature review and online survey among target users (N=50), a mobile phone application was designed in an iterative manner. Through these activities, the following key elements were established: (1) easy access to information about optimal household recycling behaviour, (2) employment of several motivational strategies, (3) recognition of differences between local recycling schemes, (4) regard of users as equals and (5) use of a readily accessible technology channel. The impact of these elements depends on the users’ ability to carry out the target behaviour and therefore on a well-functioning recycling system. The technological format of persuasive technology interventions was found to spark the target users’ curiosity. Using this as a ‘carrot’, a well-designed content is argued to encourage repeated use and a reflection process to help break unsustainable household recycling habits. / Eftersom avfall separeras vid dess källa, beror Sveriges återvinningssystems framgång i stor utsträckning på aktivt deltagande hushåll. Studier har visat att särskilt unga inte följer lokala återvinningsrutiner på ett konsekvent sätt. Ett nytt och lovande tillvägagångssätt för att hantera detta suboptimala hushållsåtervinningsbeteende (English: household recycling behaviour (HRB)) är användningen av övertygande teknik. Syftet med denna studie är att utforska de viktigaste delarna av övertygande teknik som strävar till att främja ett hållbart hushållsåtervinningsbeteende hos vuxna i Sverige. Den valda metodiken är forskningsdriven design. Baserat på resultat från en litteraturstudie samt en online enkätundersökning fokuserad på målgruppen unga (N=50), designades en mobilapplikation genom ett iterativt tillvägagångssätt. Studien identifierade följande nyckelelement för en övertygande design i domänen: (1) Lättillgänglig information angående optimalt hushållsåtervinningsbeteende, (2) Användning av flera motivationsstrategier, (3) Identifiering av skillnader mellan lokala återvinningsrutiner, (4) Betrakta användare som jämställda och (5) Användning av lättillgänglig teknikkanal. Effekterna av dessa element är beroende av att användarna även har möjlighet att utföra den önskade sopsorteringen, och därför på ett välfungerande återvinningssystem. Designlösningen att använda sig av övertygande teknik i form av en app visade sig väcka målanvändarnas nyfikenhet. Studien visar att en väldesignad app kan fungera som en 'morot' för att uppmuntra användning över en längre tid, och skapa en reflektionsprocess som kan bryta ohållbara återvinningsvanor.

In 2015, the Narrative model was created as a result of a study exploring how episodic games keep player’s interests through combining narrative and gameplay. In this thesis, the Narrative model is used as a framework for designing a language game for children to see whether that makes players more inclined to keep playing than a game not designed based on the model. Two games were created and evaluated in a within subject controlled experiment. Player enjoyment was measured by using GameFlow as a basis for interview questions and Likert scales. The results indicated that the game based on the model more successfully achieved GameFlow than the game that was not. As such, it was concluded that the model can be used as a tool for game design to increase the desire to keep playing a game, but that it needs further study to be validated.

The current case study served to investigate roles, uses, attitudes, and future implications of a collaborative artificial intelligence system [CAIS] at a user experience and service design firm. Due to the shortage in the body of literature for human machine co-creative collaboration, this study obliged in expanding on it from a qualitative and conceptual level. Findings from a thematic analysis on design practitioners, indicated three main themes: Attitudes, Attributes, and Awareness. Main findings indicate that negative attitudes affect how much autonomy is ascribed to CAIS; There is a lack of actuating design with this type of technology, partly due to lack of knowledge but also a central authority in the community; CAIS is perceived to foster creativity, but not truly collaboratively; Finally, ethical considerations towards designing with such intelligent systems are discussed both regarding the designer and the design process, but also towards the end-user.

Dagens omvärldsförhållanden ger oss nya förutsättningar till kontinuerligt förändringsarbete. Nyckeln till ett lyckat förändringsarbete är att anpassa verksamheten efter de nya förutsättningarna där förändringar ses som möjligheter istället för risker. En kontinuerlig strävan efter förbättring i kombination med vilja kan skapa ytterligare tillfällen för kvalitetsutveckling. Anticimex är ett internationellt serviceföretag som arbetar med skadedjurskontroll, fuktkontroll, matsäkerhet, brandskydd och husbesiktningar. Kundtjänstavdelningen på kontoret i Sollentuna lyfter att företaget idag lider av en internt bristande kommunikation. Syftet med examensarbetet är att fokusera på grundorsaker till den bristande kommunikationen samt hur berörda moment kan effektiviseras. Utifrån ett kvalitetsmässigt perspektiv kommer studien att redogöra förbättrings-och implementeringsförslag rörande det bristande problemområdet. Utförd fallstudie har genomförts tillsammans med samtliga medarbetare inom kundtjänstavdelningen som respondenter. Utefter respondenternas utsagor har teori som berör offensiv kvalitetsutveckling, kommunikation, förändringsarbete samt motivation redogjorts för att utveckla analysens innebörd. Resultatet visar på att det överväldigande informationsflödet beror på lednings sätt att förmedla ut informationvia intranätet som även är kopplat till forum och mail. Intranätets överväldigande informationsflöde i samband med en otydlig struktur bidrar även till att information går miste där väsentliga förändringar kan påverka medarbetarnas arbetsuppgifter samt kundernas upplevelse. Fallstudiens slutsats är att Anticimex är i behov av en förändring rörande intranätets utformande. Att avgränsa informationsutskick till enbart de parter som berörs kan skapa en större tydlighet för medarbetarna på kontoret. En bra igångsättande tackling på problemet kan även vara att införa avdelningsmöten på lokalnivå. Anställda inom kundtjänstavdelningen kan då gemensamt diskutera frågor rörande otydligheter eller förändringar där informationsflödet blir tydligare. För en helhetslösning krävs åtgärder på ledningsnivå rörande intranätets utformande med ett mer avgränsat utskick. / Today’s market condition gives us new opportunities for continuous change. The key to successful change is to adapt the business to the new conditions, where change is seen as opportunities instead of risks. A continuous pursuit of improvement in combination with will can create additional facilities regarding quality development. Anticimex is an international service company that handles pest controls, food safety, fire protection, house inspections etc. The customer service department in Sollentuna, north of Stockholm, emphasizes that the company today suffer from an internal communication failure. The purpose of the thesis of this work is to focus on root causes of the communication failure and how relevant elements can be streamlined. Based on a quality perspective, the case study will describe improvement and implementation proposals regarding the described problem area. Performed case study has been carried out together with all the employees at the customer service department as respondents. Follow the respondents’ statements, theory related to offensive quality management, communication, improvement work and motivation have been reported to develop the meaning of the thesis analysis. The results show that the overwhelming flow of information depends management’s way of communicating information mainly through the intranet which is connected to internal forums and mail. The intrinsic structure of the intranet also contributes to the loss of important information, where significant changes can affect employees’ duties and the overall customer satisfaction. The case study concludes that Anticimex is in need of change regarding the overwhelming information flow in connection with the intranet’s design. To delimit the information sent to only the parties concerned can create greater perspicuity for employees in the customer service department in Sollentuna. A good start to the problem may also be to introduce departmental meetings at local level. Employees in the customer service section can then jointly discuss issues related to ambiguities or change in which information becomes clearer. For a complete solution, it is suggested to introduce a change on management-level where the information is delimited or the intranet is restructured.