Fatores socioeconômicos tem sido associado com problemas relacionados à saúde, entretanto nenhum estudo investigou especificamente o impacto a longo prazo das diferenças socioeconômicas no desempenho da marcha. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho da marcha de idosos nascidos, criados e vivendo atualmente em regiões com diferentes Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) sob a marcha habitual e em condições de dupla-tarefa. Métodos: Estudo transversal multi-país conduzido com uma amostra de 373 idosos divididos em três regiões com diferentes IDH\'s: Coari, estado do Amazonas, Brasil (n = 124, IDH-baixo = 0,586); Ribeirão Preto, estado de São Paulo, Brasil (n = 109, IDH-alto = 0,800); e London, Província de Ontario, Canadá (n = 140, IDH-muito alto = 0,905). Informações sobre dados socioeconômicos, demográficos, condições de saúde e histórico de quedas nos últimos seis meses foram registrados, e a função física dos membros inferiores foi avaliada pelo Short Physical Perfomance Battery (SPPB). O desempenho da marcha foi avaliado utilizando GAITRite Platinum 26\' Portable Walkway System em duas situações diferentes: marcha habitual e marcha associada a dupla-tarefa (nomear animais enquanto caminha). As variáveis de interesse foram: velocidade (cm/s), cadência (passos/min), tempo da passada (milissegundos), comprimento do passo (cm) e largura da passada (cm), além da variabilidade da marcha e o custo da dupla-tarefa para cada variável. A análise de comparação entre os grupos no desempenho da marcha, foi realizada usando um modelo linear geral multivariado, e a variabilidade da marcha, bem como o custo da dupla-tarefa analisados pela ANOVA one-way. O teste post-hoc de Bonferroni foi usado para determinar as diferenças entre os grupos quando apropriado. Os modelos estatísticos foram ajustados por várias covariáveis, incluindo anos de estudo. Resultados: idosos do grupo IDH-baixo apresentaram menor velocidade, menor cadência, maior tempo da passada, comprimento do passo mais curto comparado com os idosos dos outros dois grupos, IDH-alto e IDH-muito alto, e menor largura da passada comparado ao grupoIDH-alto. Maior variabilidade do comprimento do passo foi encontrada no grupo IDHmuito alto comparado aos dois grupos brasileiros, IDH-baixo e IDH-alto. O custo da dupla-tarefa na marcha para velocidade, comprimento do passo e variabilidade do comprimento do passo foi maior entre os idosos do grupo IDH-baixo quando comparados aos outros dois grupos. As diferenças estatísticas foram atenuadas, mas não desapareceram após o ajuste por anos de educação. Conclusões: Idosos vivendo em regiões com baixo IDH apresentam pior desempenho da marcha durante a tarefa simples (habitual) e em condições de dupla-tarefa comparados com idosos que vivem em regiões com alto ou muito alto IDH. Menos anos de escolaridade pode limitar a capacidade de processamento central dos idosos, afetando potencialmente o desempenho da marcha / Socioeconomic factors have been associated with health-related problems, however no study has specifically investigated the long-term impact of socioeconomic differences on gait performance. The aim of this study was to assess gait patterns of older adults born, raised and currently living in regions with different Human Development Indexes (HDI), under single and dual-task conditions. Methods: This is a cross-sectional multi-country design study conducted with a sample of 373 older adults divided into three regions with different HDIs: Coari, Amazonas state, Brazil (n= 124, Low-HDI = 0.586); Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo state, Brazil (n= 109, High-HDI = 0.800); and London, Ontario, Canada (n=140, Very high-HDI = 0.905). Socioeconomic, demographics, health conditions and history of falls in the last six months information were recorded, and the physical function of the lower limbs was assessed by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Gait performance was assessed using GAITRite Platinum 26 \'Portable Walkway System under two conditions: single task (usual pace) and dual-task (walking while naming animals). The interest variables were: gait speed (cm / s), cadence (steps / min), stride time (milliseconds), step length (cm), step width (cm), gait variability, as well as, dual-task cost for each variable. Gait performance comparison analysis between groups was performed using a general linear model multivariate, and gait variability as well as dual-task cost were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to determine differences between groups when appropriate. The statistical models were adjusted for several covariates, including years of study. Results: Older adults from lowHDI group presented slower gait speed, slower cadence, higher stride time, shorter step length, compared with individuals from both High-HDI and Very high-HDI groups, and shorter stride width compared to High-HDI. Higher step length variability was found in Very High-HDI group compared to both Brazilian groups, Low-HDI, and High-HDI. Dual-task gait cost for gait speed, step length, and step length variability was higher among older adults living in low HDI when compared with high, and very high HDIgroup. The statistical differences between groups were deeply attenuated, but not vanished, after adjusting for years of education. Conclusion: Individuals living in regions with Low-HDI present worse gait performance during single and dual-task conditions compared with individuals living in High- and Very-High HDIs. Fewer years of education may limit central processing capacity of older potentially affecting gait performance

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between economic globalization and human development in low to medium developed countries and to see if different aspects of economic globalization have different effects on human development. The theoretical starting point of this study assumes that an increased level of economic globalization will lead to increased human development as governments will create new regimes aimed to maximize economic growth and to increase the welfare of the citizens. This study uses a quantitative method where statistical testing is preferred in order to be able to examine how economic globalization affects human development. The results of this study indicate that economic globalization has a positive effect on human development and that it is mainly trade globalization that makes up that effect, while financial globalization has no significant effect. It also suggests that the effects of economic globalization are weaker for the countries with the lowest levels of human development compared to countries with higher development.

"The purpose of this study was to explore the parental participation of each parent in the Human Development Clinic during the treatment of the child's problem to determine the extent to which 66 parent-child treatment cases differed when dichotomized by outcome of service (improved, unimproved) according to clinic judgment at closing. The improved and unimproved treatment cases were compared in regard to 18 selected family and clinic items. Service to these cases was discontinued between September, 1957, and September, 1960, a period of 37 months"--Introduction. / Typescript. / "June, 1961." / "Submitted to the Graduate School of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Social Work." / Advisor: Dixie B. Jones, Professor Directing Study. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-54).

This study was concerned with two objectives: (a) To understand the current in-service training needs assessment in Saudi Arabia, and (b) to understand the applicability of different needs assessment techniques in the Saudi organizational context. / Factors considered for the first objective were: Definition of training, perception of training needs assessment, perception of the current assessment process, responsibility for assessing training needs, perception of efforts at cooperation to assess training needs, and perception of the value of the annual training plan of each ministry or agency. Approaches considered for the second objective were: Questionnaires, interviews, observations, records, performance appraisals, key consultants, critical incidents, assessment centers, nominal group techniques, self-assessments, and management excellence inventories. / A total of 41 interviews were conducted with Institute of Public Administration (IPA) policy makers, IPA trainers, and government training managers; and 640 questionnaires were distributed to government line managers and employees, of which 443 were returned. / The major findings revealed an absence of performance-based needs assessment; little sense of shared responsibility for a systematic needs assessment process; a generally limited and passive exercise of responsibility by training units, with the real burden falling on the line agencies; a perception of in-service training as dealing primarily with the job, rather than individual development needs; and training nomination as the focus of attention instead of needs assessment. The absence of a credible performance appraisal system further exacerbates problems of needs assessment. Institutionally, the IPA was found to play a major part in these activities and to have made steady and gradual efforts to enable government organizations to take charge of identifying their needs. / The study contributes to a very limited empirical literature on the operating realities of needs assessment, a critical part of public service training. In suggesting further directions for research, emphasis was placed on comparative studies that would provide practice-based generalizations on the needs assessment process. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 50-03, Section: A, page: 0788. / Major Professor: Frank P. Sherwood. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1989.

Ten healthy eumenorrheic white females (26.4 $\pm$ 5.2 yrs) were studied during the regular menstrual cycle (25 to 37 days) to determine the effects of the different phases of the cycle on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. Three blood samples were collected throughout the phases of the menstrual cycle. The first blood sample was collected in the early follicular phase (days 4-7) after the onset of the menses; the second blood sample in the ovulatory phase (days 12-14) approximately 24-48 hrs after ovulation; and the third blood sample in the luteal phase (days 24-26) nearly 6-9 days after ovulation. A repeated measures MANOVA was utilized for the analysis of the data with Tukey post-hoc employed to locate significant differences between means. A significant increase (12.4% and 24.4%) in plasma total cholesterol levels and (20.2% and 30.9%) in LDL-C levels were demonstrated during the follicular phase compared to the ovulatory and luteal phases of the cycle, respectively. During the ovulatory phase of the cycle, total cholesterol levels also increased significantly (10.7%) relative to the luteal phase. In addition, during the follicular phase there was a significant increase in plasma levels of HDL-C (19.2%) and HDL$\sb3$-C (13.9%) compared to the luteal phase. Moreover, a significant increase (74.2%) in plasma HDL$\sb2$-C levels were demonstrated during the ovulatory phase versus the luteal phase. Furthermore, HDL-C levels were significantly higher (20.8%) during the ovulatory phase compared to the luteal phase. There were no statistically significant changes in plasma triglyceride concentrations among cycle phases. The results of this study suggest that the fluctuations in plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations throughout the different phases of the normal menstrual cycle seems of vital importance to define exact days and phases of the / cycle in which blood samples are to be collected for analyzing plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in premenopausal women. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 55-12, Section: B, page: 5292. / Major Professor: Robert Moffatt. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1994.

Atenção visual é a capacidade de processar melhor determinados estímulos em detrimento de outros. Tempos de Reação (TR) são medidas quantificáveis classicamente utilizadas para se estudar os efeitos atencionais a estímulos visuais. A atenção pode ser direcionada voluntariamente para outras regiões do espaço que não a determinada pelo ponto de fixação. Esse estudo teve por objetivo verificar o desenvolvimento da atenção visuoespacial em escolares por meio de medidas de TR em duas situações experimentais. Foram realizados dois experimentos psicofísicos em cinco grupos experimentais de acordo com suas faixas etárias (8, 9, 10, 12 e 15 anos de idade). O experimento I investigou a atenção explícita, que se caracteriza por ser a capacidade de alocar a atenção na região foveada. Já o experimento II estudou se a atenção visual poderia ser alocada em duas regiões não contíguas do espaço, caracterizando assim uma situação de atenção dividida. Como resultados observou-se que: (i) há diminuição dos TR em função da idade; (ii) na situação de atenção explícita, como esperado, todos os grupos foram capazes de alocar a atenção na região foveada.; (iii) na situação de atenção dividida, apenas o grupo de 15 anos foi capaz de apresentar divisão atencional. Esses resultados demonstram a viabilidade do método empregado no estudo da atenção em escolares e abre perspectivas de sua aplicação clínica em transtornos atencionais. / Visual attention is the ability to process certain stimuli in detriment of others. Reaction Times (RT) are the standard procedure to access the attentional effects on visual stimuli. Attention can be voluntary deployed to areas other than the gaze is. This study was aimed to investigate the development of visuo-spatial attention in school children through RT. Two experiments were employed and five groups, divided according to subjects age (8, 9, 10, 12 and 15 years old), were tested. Experiment I access overt attention whereas experiment II investigated a divided attention situation. Our findings showed: (i) there is a RT reduction as a function of age; (ii) all studied groups in the overt attention condition, as expected, were able to allocate attention where gaze was; (iii) only the 15 years old group was able to show divided attention in experiment II. These results showed the protocol\'s viability to access visual attention among children and open perspectives for its use in clinical settings such as attention disorders conditions.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar, a partir de um estudo empírico, como ocorrem os processos de construção e negociação de significados de modo a se compreender a ocorrência da repetição e a emergência da novidade presentes nas interações de crianças em brincadeira. A pesquisa é orientada pela proposta teórico-metodológica da Rede de Significações (CINDEDI-FFCLRP USP) para a qual o desenvolvimento humano é compreendido como um processo complexo e imerso em uma malha de elementos de natureza semiótica em contínua transformação. Sustentada por esta orientação teórica, a metodologia deste trabalho teve como participantes um grupo composto por seis crianças com idade entre dois e quatro anos (três meninos e três meninas, um de cada idade). O contexto da pesquisa define-se por uma instituição pública de Educação Infantil do município de Itajaí - SC. A observação com auxílio da vídeo-gravação foi o instrumento utilizado. Os procedimentos de coleta de dados foram realizados em fases distintas e complementares: 1ª fase: observação das crianças com 2 a 4 anos de idade em brincadeira espontânea na instituição para a identificação dos participantes que comporiam o grupo para a observação vídeo-gravada. Juntamente com estas observações, foram realizados contatos com as professoras para que elas confirmassem quais as crianças de cada turma que mais interagiam durante as situações de brincadeira. A partir destas informações, de cada turma foram escolhidas 5 ou 6 crianças; as que aceitaram participar das filmagens. 2ª fase: realização das sessões de vídeo-gravação com o grupo de seis crianças, no momento de brincadeira livre numa das salas de aula da instituição gravadas entre os meses de julho a dezembro de 2003, compondo 13 sessões de videogravação, cada uma com 30 minutos de duração, perfazendo um total de 6 horas e 30 minutos de filmagens. Foram seguidos os seguintes procedimentos para a organização dos registros feitos: a. Para cada uma das sessões filmadas, foram transcritos de forma molar os comportamentos observados nos 10 primeiros minutos; b. Após a transcrição das sessões filmadas, o material foi assistido várias vezes para aperfeiçoar a descrição das ações, das falas e a formação dos grupos das crianças; c. O critério inicial utilizado para a seleção do material para a análise foi escolher as sessões em que participaram o mesmo grupo de crianças, ou sua maioria; d. As sessões selecionadas foram organizadas em quatro blocos, os quais compõem o corpus da presente pesquisa. A análise do corpus da pesquisa buscou descrever as interações das crianças quanto ao conteúdo e qualidade pela definição de cinco unidades de análise: a formação das parcerias; os brinquedos como mediadores; o espaço como canalizador das interações; a cultura de grupo e as brincadeiras como contexto para a repetição e a novidade. Os resultados encontrados indicam que as interações demarcam ações que se repetem e outras que se transformam na dinâmica da brincadeira. A criança pode dominar o jogo simbólico por meio do que já aprendeu transformando-o em uma ocasião especial na qual ela é a dona do tempo, do espaço e da cultura, revolucionando continuamente o que faz. As ações são reproduzidas, construídas, acomodadas, manipuladas e resistidas ativamente pelas crianças, que criam momentos de negociação os quais abrem possibilidades para a emergência de novidades. / The current work had as aim to analyze from an empirical study how the processes of building and negotiating the meanings occur in a way to understand the ocurrence of repetition and the emergency of novelty presents in the interactions of children in their plays. The research is orientated by the theoretical methodology proposed by Net of Meanings (CINDEDI-FFCLRP USP) to which the human development is understood as a complex process and immersed in a net of elements which semiotic nature has been in continuing transformation. It is sustained by this theoretical orientation, the methodology of this work had as participants a group of six children who are between two or four years old ( three boys and three girls, one of each age). The context of the research is a public institution of children Education of the city of Itajaí Santa Catarina. The instrument used to record the observation was a video recorder. The procedures to collect the data were done in different phases and complements. First phase: The observation of children between 2 and 4 years old in spontaneous child´s play in the institution in order to identify the group of participants who will take place in the observation that will be video- recorded. With these observations, the contacts with the teachers were done in order to confirm which children of each group had more interaction during the child´s play situations. From this information, five or six children were chosen from each group who accepted to be recorded. Second phase : The videotape sessions were recorded with a group of six children, when they were in free child´s play in one of the classrooms of the institution recorded between July and December of 2003, which was made up of 13 videotape sessions, each one lasted 30 minutes, making a score of six hours and 30 minutes of recordings. The following procedures were made in order to organize the registers done: a. For each session which was recorded, it was written out in a general way the observed behaviors in ten first minutes; b. After the transcription of the recorded sessions, the material was watched several times to improve the description of the actions, speech and the formation of the groups of children; c. The initial criterion used to select the material to analyze was to choose the session in which the same group of children took place, or the majority of them; d. The selected sessions were organized in four blocks, which make up the corpus of the current research. The analysis of the corpus of the research tried to describe the interactions of the children related to the content and quality of defining the five units of the analysis: the formation of partners: the toys which were the mediators, the space as a way to canalize the interactions; the culture of group and the child´s play as a context of the repetition and the novelty. The found results indicate that the interactions show actions which repeat and others which transform the dynamic of the child´s play. The child can control de symbolic game through what he or she has already learned transforming it in a special occasion in which he or she is the owner of the time, space and of the culture, revolutionizing continually what he or she does. The actions are reproduced, constituted, settled in , manipulated and actively resisted by the children, who make moments of negotiation which open possibilities to the emergency of novelties.

Essa tese procura descrever uma convergência política que teve lugar na década de 1990 entre o Banco Mundial e as Nações Unidas em torno de uma nova estratégia de desenvolvimento. Dois processos em curso nesse momento foram centrais. De um lado, revisões internas críticas às reformas neoliberais repercutiram em modulações na agenda de desenvolvimento do Banco Mundial em direção à nova agenda da boa governança. De outro, no âmbito das Nações Unidas, o desenvolvimento era redefinido como um processo de expansão de oportunidades no lugar do acúmulo de riqueza. Ambos os processos convergem numa nova estratégia que passava a enfatizar o desenvolvimento das pessoas e não mais das nações, formulada na separação entre a produção da riqueza e a pobreza. A pobreza deve ser reduzida, controlada em níveis aceitáveis e mobilizada para dar sequência às reformas de liberalização econômica. O que está em jogo nessa convergência é a construção de novas referências normativas que apontam para possíveis indiferenciações entre as práticas da esquerda e da direita no espectro político internacional. Demonstra-se com essa pesquisa que o sentido dessas novas referências foi tornar plausível, internamente em cada sociedade, a gestão dos níveis de pobreza como estratégia para o avanço do neoliberalismo. / This thesis intends to discribe a political convergence that takes place during the 1990s between the World Bank and the United Nations around a new development strategy. Two process in operation at that moment were central. From one side, critical internal reviews of the neoliberal reforms have reveberated on modulations of the World Bank\'s development agenda toward the new good governance agenda. On the other side, at the United Nations\' ambit, development has been defined as the process of opportunity expansion in the place of wealth accumulation. Both process converge into a new strategy that becomes to emphasize people\'s development instead of nation\'s one, formulated in the separation between wealth production and poverty. The poverty should be reducted, managed in acceptable grades and mobilized to give sequence to the economic liberalization\'s reforms. What is at stake in this convergence is the construction of new normative references that point out to possible indifferentiation between practices from the left or from the right in the international political spectrum. It is demonstrated with this research that the sense of these new references was to make plausible, inside of each society, the management of poverty grades as a strategy for neoliberalism improvement.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar as perdas vividas por mulheres que estão envelhecendo e as formas de enfrentamento do luto e reestruturação de suas vidas. A velhice é uma fase do desenvolvimento marcada por múltiplas perdas significativas que demandam um doloroso trabalho psíquico para elaboração e readaptação. Apesar das usuais representações negativas e tentativas de negar o envelhecimento, tem se aberto espaço para novos papéis, oportunidades de socialização, aprendizagem e crescimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer algumas das experiências atuais de envelhecimento das participantes, as suas dificuldades, mortes concretas e simbólicas, seus modos de enfrentamento e projetos de vida. A abordagem da pesquisa foi qualitativa. Foram realizadas entrevistas abertas que partiam de uma pergunta ampla e eram acompanhadas de acordo com o que as entrevistadas consideravam relevante. As participantes foram quatro mulheres, com idades entre 53 e 64 anos, que realizaram atividades da Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade no Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram destacadas falas representativas, as quais foram categorizadas e analisadas por eixos temáticos. Os relatos mostraram que as principais fontes de sofrimento eram a perda do cônjuge, do trabalho e as exigências do papel de cuidadoras dos pais mais idosos. A falta de preparação para a velhice e a aposentadoria, de apoio profissional e a solidão dificultam o enfrentamento das perdas nesta fase da vida. Constatou-se que esse início da velhice é um importante momento de transição que demanda cuidado e atenção para que se possa ter melhor qualidade de vida no envelhecimento. Foram feitas propostas de abertura de espaços de discussão sobre o tema das perdas e o processo de luto no envelhecimento. / The present work aims to investigate life losses faced by women who are getting older and their ways to deal with bereavement. Old age is a phase of development marked by multiple important losses that demand a painful psychical elaboration. In despite of usual negative representations and attempts to deny old age, opportunities are opened for new roles, socialization, learning and growing. The objective of this work was to investigate some current aging experiences of the participants, their difficulties, concrete and symbolic deaths and their life projects. The research approach was qualitative. An open question was presented and the interview was conducted taking in account what the participants considered as relevant issues. Four women participated, raging from 53 to 64 years of age. They were engaged on activities of the USP\' s Open School for the Third Age, in the Psychology Institute, São Paulo, Brasil. Outstanding issues in their speeches were categorized and analyzed considering thematic points. The reports showed that the main sources of suffering were about losses of spouses, of work and the demands of taking care of older parents. It was observed that some obstacles to face the losses in old age are the lack of preparation to deal with old age and retirement, the lack of professional support and the solitude. It was clear that this is an important phase of transitions which demands care and attention in order to obtain better quality of life in aging. Spaces to discuss the tosses and the mourning processes in aging have been suggested.

Thesis advisor: Lisa Sowle Cahill / In what sense is Catholic social teaching theological? Undoubtedly theology is a resource for ethical reflection but it can also be an outcome of it. This dissertation explores the theological contribution of post-Vatican II papal social encyclicals on development. Particular historical challenges and also specific worldviews adopted by the popes shape ethical reasoning and political priorities for action, but they do more. They stimulate theological thinking by making options among diverse theological frameworks, favoring certain concepts or symbols and downplaying others, and thus, they contribute to entering the mystery of God’s salvific love and allowing it to seize us. Chapter one offers some guidelines for a theological reading of social encyclicals. Vatican II with its “principle of pastorality” works as a compass. Karl Rahner, whose theology is always at the same time anthropology and Christology, is a privileged partner for the investigation. The history of half a century of debates on theories of development is the background. Chapters two to four analyze successively Paul VI’s Populorum progressio (PP), John Paul II’s Sollicitudo rei socialis (SRS), and Benedict XVI’s Caritas in veritate (CiV) by retrieving elements of context, highlighting the theological meaning of their methodological options, and exploring their insights about the mystery of being human and the mystery of “Jesus Christ for us.” In the 1960s, PP develops a theology which highlights incarnation and God’s grace at work in this world (neo-Thomist framework). Twenty years later, when early hopes about development have faded, SRS pursues this lead but also rebalances it with a greater concern for sin and redemption brought by Christ in the world (Augustinian framework). It also incorporates categories put forward by Latin American liberation theology such as structures of sin, liberation, and option for the poor which stress the structural dimension of sin and grace (Liberationist framework). At the dawn of the 21st century and showing concerns for growing secularization in Western countries, CiV insists on God’s transcendence (Augustinian framework) while still showing traces of the two other theological frameworks because of his addressing challenges of global justice. The final chapter offers three guidelines for theology which arise from the recognition of the theological nature of the church’s social teaching. (1) Without losing sight of its transcendental origin, theology ought to begin within history and with human experience. (2) A Christian anthropology ought to manifest the unity of the personal and social dimensions of being human which calls for both personal conversion and structural change. (3) Christologies can articulate approaches from above and from below in a variety of ways but the inescapability of the latter needs to be stressed in connection with taking seriously the option for the poor. / Thesis (STD) — Boston College, 2015. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.