The market of flowers and ornamentals such as croton (Codiaeum variegatum) and petunia (Petunia×hybrida Vilm.-Andr) have been created new technologies to constantly development, as one of the most promising segments of horticulture. Fertilization providing adequate nutrition and less leaching to the environment is the objective of numerous studies around the world. Therefore, two studies were conducted to evaluate the use of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) on the growth of two ornamental species, and N loss by leaching. The first experiment aim to evaluate sources and rates of CRF and water soluble fertilizer (WSF) on croton growth and nitrogen concentration on drained solution. Results showed that treatments with WSF and low rates of CRF provided higher plants growth, and the amount of N leached was higher for WSF treatments. The second experiment objective to compare plant performance and cost for strategies that potentially provide adequate nutrition during both the production and consumer phases for container-grown Petunia plants. In addition, two experiments were conducted to evaluate nutrient release in sand containers inside of the greenhouse and under controlled temperature conditions without plants. Results showed that during production phase all fertilizer treatments produced high quality plants, and during consumer phase, plants grown with WSF only during the production phase were nutrient-deficient, while plants receiving CRFs were still growing vigorously, especially in a high rate. The release rates of all CRF products were temperature-dependent. In conclusion CRF provided plant growth at the same rate that WSF, with less N leaching and extra cost less than U$0.065 per plant with CRF during production. / O mercado de flores e plantas ornamentais tais como cróton (Codiaeum variegatum) e petúnia (Petunia×hybrida Vilm.-Andr) apresenta-se em constante desenvolvimento tecnológico, caracterizando-se como um dos mais promissores segmentos da horticultura. A adubação, visando o aumento da eficiência do fertilizante e redução de perdas, são temas de estudos em todo o mundo. Assim, foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar o uso de fertilizantes de liberação controlada (FLC) no crescimento de duas espécies de plantas ornamentais e a perda de nitrogênio por lixiviação. O primeiro experimento teve como objetivo avaliar fontes e doses de FLC e solução nutritiva no crescimento de cróton e a concentração de nitrogênio (N) na solução drenada dos vasos. Os resultados revelaram que a solução nutritiva e as menores concentrações de FLC proporcionaram o maior crescimento das plantas, e as taxas de N perdidas por lixiviação foram superiores para o tratamento com solução. O segundo experimento objetivou comparar estratégias de adubação que proporcionem nutrição adequada durante a fase de produção e do consumidor com menor custo, as quais incluíam FLC e solução nutritiva. Simultaneamente, foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar a liberação de nitrogênio pelos fertilizantes, sem as plantas, nas condições de cultivo das plantas (estufa) e em câmaras de crescimento sob três temperaturas de incubação. Os resultados mostraram que durante a fase de produção todos os tratamentos resultaram em plantas nos padrões comerciais, e no período que simulou a fase do consumidor as plantas que receberam apenas solução nutritiva durante a fase de produção apresentaram deficiência nutricional, enquanto com os FLC as plantas cresceram vigorosamente, principalmente para os tratamentos com as maiores doses. Os fertilizantes avaliados apresentaram diferença quanto à temperatura na liberação dos nutrientes, sendo maior a taxa de liberação quanto maior a temperatura. De acordo com os resultados o FLC proporcionou o crescimento das plantas na mesma proporção que a solução nutritiva, com uma redução na concentração de N por lixiviação e acréscimo inferior a U$0.065 no custo por planta quando utilizado FLC durante a produção.

The market of flowers and ornamentals such as croton (Codiaeum variegatum) and petunia (Petunia×hybrida Vilm.-Andr) have been created new technologies to constantly development, as one of the most promising segments of horticulture. Fertilization providing adequate nutrition and less leaching to the environment is the objective of numerous studies around the world. Therefore, two studies were conducted to evaluate the use of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) on the growth of two ornamental species, and N loss by leaching. The first experiment aim to evaluate sources and rates of CRF and water soluble fertilizer (WSF) on croton growth and nitrogen concentration on drained solution. Results showed that treatments with WSF and low rates of CRF provided higher plants growth, and the amount of N leached was higher for WSF treatments. The second experiment objective to compare plant performance and cost for strategies that potentially provide adequate nutrition during both the production and consumer phases for container-grown Petunia plants. In addition, two experiments were conducted to evaluate nutrient release in sand containers inside of the greenhouse and under controlled temperature conditions without plants. Results showed that during production phase all fertilizer treatments produced high quality plants, and during consumer phase, plants grown with WSF only during the production phase were nutrient-deficient, while plants receiving CRFs were still growing vigorously, especially in a high rate. The release rates of all CRF products were temperature-dependent. In conclusion CRF provided plant growth at the same rate that WSF, with less N leaching and extra cost less than U$0.065 per plant with CRF during production. / O mercado de flores e plantas ornamentais tais como cróton (Codiaeum variegatum) e petúnia (Petunia×hybrida Vilm.-Andr) apresenta-se em constante desenvolvimento tecnológico, caracterizando-se como um dos mais promissores segmentos da horticultura. A adubação, visando o aumento da eficiência do fertilizante e redução de perdas, são temas de estudos em todo o mundo. Assim, foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar o uso de fertilizantes de liberação controlada (FLC) no crescimento de duas espécies de plantas ornamentais e a perda de nitrogênio por lixiviação. O primeiro experimento teve como objetivo avaliar fontes e doses de FLC e solução nutritiva no crescimento de cróton e a concentração de nitrogênio (N) na solução drenada dos vasos. Os resultados revelaram que a solução nutritiva e as menores concentrações de FLC proporcionaram o maior crescimento das plantas, e as taxas de N perdidas por lixiviação foram superiores para o tratamento com solução. O segundo experimento objetivou comparar estratégias de adubação que proporcionem nutrição adequada durante a fase de produção e do consumidor com menor custo, as quais incluíam FLC e solução nutritiva. Simultaneamente, foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar a liberação de nitrogênio pelos fertilizantes, sem as plantas, nas condições de cultivo das plantas (estufa) e em câmaras de crescimento sob três temperaturas de incubação. Os resultados mostraram que durante a fase de produção todos os tratamentos resultaram em plantas nos padrões comerciais, e no período que simulou a fase do consumidor as plantas que receberam apenas solução nutritiva durante a fase de produção apresentaram deficiência nutricional, enquanto com os FLC as plantas cresceram vigorosamente, principalmente para os tratamentos com as maiores doses. Os fertilizantes avaliados apresentaram diferença quanto à temperatura na liberação dos nutrientes, sendo maior a taxa de liberação quanto maior a temperatura. De acordo com os resultados o FLC proporcionou o crescimento das plantas na mesma proporção que a solução nutritiva, com uma redução na concentração de N por lixiviação e acréscimo inferior a U$0.065 no custo por planta quando utilizado FLC durante a produção.

I en tid av klimatförändring och klimatångest ökar efterfrågan på ett mer hållbart samhällsbyggande. De miljömässiga fördelarna och den tekniska utvecklingen har inneburit att träbyggandet är på stark frammarsch i Sverige. Men även om träkonstruktioner idag bemästrar såväl höga hus som långa spännvidder så finns det flera strukturella svagheter hos trä som påverkar utformningen av storskaliga träbyggnadsprojekt. Träbyggandets förutsättningarSambandet mellan tekniska utmaningar och arkitektonisk kvalitet blir tydlig då träets strukturella svagheter innebär begränsningar på den rumsliga flexibiliteten i form av ökade dimensioner på bjälklagen eller tätare stomindelning. Den här studien har fördjupat det arkitektoniska resonemanget kring stommens påverkan på rumslighet och flexibilitet och studerat hur ett träbjälklag kan utvecklas för att hantera några av de utmaningar som finns med modernt träbyggande. KonceptutvecklingStudien har bedrivits med en sökande metodik och utvecklat en metod där både tekniska och arkitektoniska parametrar beaktats i en konceptutveckling. Resultatet av konceptutvecklingen visar att det går att väga dessa motstående parametrar mot varandra och på så sätt tydliggöra kopplingen mellan hårda och mjuka värden i en designprocess. Genom att öka medvetandet och belysa sambandet mellan tekniska och arkitektoniska egenskaper kan de olika parametrarna samspela och öka den rumsliga kvaliteten. I studiens teoretiska avsnitt konstaterades att rum definieras av relationen mellan de fysiska element som omsluter rummet, och att elementens form och dimensioner till stor del styrs av materiella och strukturella egenskaper. Konceptutvecklingen i den här studien har istället satt arkitekturen i fokus för att se hur ett strukturellt system kan anpassas efter rumsliga kvaliteter. Genom att identifiera och konkretisera mätbara arkitektoniska parametrar kunde konceptens utformning primärt styras av rumsliga kvaliteter. Det träbjälklag som utvecklats i studien har balanserats och testats mot de parametrar som inkluderades i konceptutvecklingen. Resultatet visar hur bjälklagets form och skala har anpassats efter arkitektoniska, rumsliga kvaliteter medan dess dimensioner snarare styrts av tekniska, strukturella egenskaper. Beroende på vilka parametrar som prioriteras och vilka krav som ställs kan konceptets form, skala och dimensioner förändras. Den konceptuella arbetsprocess som tillämpats i studien gör det enkelt att gå tillbaka till konceptutvecklingens olika skeden och se vilka konsekvenser som följer av olika prioriteringar. Det ger en transparent och flexibel utvecklingsprocess som tillåter både rumsliga och strukturella förändringar. Framtidens träbyggandeDen här typen av samspel mellan teknik och arkitektur skulle kunna vara ett sätt att tydliggöra träbyggandets möjligheter istället för att se dess negativa konsekvenser i jämförelse med andra material. Att bedriva en konceptutveckling där både hårda och mjuka parametrar vägs mot varandra har potential att utveckla träbyggandet till att bli ett mer användbart stommaterial och öka konkurrenskraften mot andra material. Med träets miljömässiga fördelar skulle det i sin tur kunna vara en väg att gå för att minska klimatavtrycket från byggsektorn.

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Hybrid warfare and hybrid threats today represent a fundamental political challenge. Within the world of security politics, international cooperation has become a central tool with which western nations face this threat. In utilizing international cooperation in order to face hybrid threats, one should however ask whether nationally implemented methods and understandings of this threat correspond with those of other nations as a prerequisite to joint operations against hybrid threats.   This study ventures to determine if a common understanding and approach to the issue of hybrid warfare optimizes our nations preparedness, protection and response by exploring whether Sweden and Norway have implemented the same understanding of current hybrid warfare and threats. It does so by applying a theoretical framework based on hybrid warfare theory.      By analyzing current intelligence reports, military doctrines and defensive planning, this study has found that implementation of hybrid warfare does exist in both nations. This study finds that a fundamentally likeminded understanding of hybrid threats has been integrated in both Swedish and Norwegian intelligence reports, military doctrine as well as defensive planning. Furthermore, this study finds the relative, equivalent integration of hybrid threats based on current hybrid theory establishes a prerequisite for future cooperation as well as achieving synergy by having a common threat understanding.    The study does however find that further research in the field of synergistic effects in military cooperation and strategic alliances such as that between Sweden and Norway is recommended. Future research is also recommended in order to determine whether the hybrid threat understanding transcends the nations armed forces and has been integrated on a higher political level. Furthermore, future research should delve deeper into hybrid warfare theory and its geopolitical relevance.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to analyze the development of cravina culture in substrate ash rice husk in different vessel sizes and under varying levels of water availability, observing its response as the height of the stems developed, number of nodes per stem; fresh weight and dry weight of stems and number of flower buds developed per stem. The cultivar used in the experiment was a hybrid of series 'Melody', the seedlings were obtained by cutting a die makers deployed specifically for this purpose. The seedlings were first planted in rooting where they remained for 30 days and were then transplanted in black plastic pots, 8 and 18 liters, filled with a substrate of rice husk ash, and kept 100% 80% 60% and 40% of the capacity of water retention of the vessels. Maintenance of the water vessel was performed by the method of weighting, with added amounts of water to keep the vessel in your weight limit. The water consumption of plants was determined by the method of weighing over two crop cycles. Results showed that the water consumption of this species is highly influenced by the weather; is recommend the use vessel of lower capacity and maintenance water in 40% of the capacity to retain water; it is preferable to growing the cravina in just a cycle, since the rods obtained in the second exhibit features not fit for commercialization. / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar o desenvolvimento da cultura da cravina em substrato de cinza de casca de arroz em diferentes tamanhos de vaso e sob variados níveis de disponibilidade hídrica, observando sua resposta quanto à altura das hastes desenvolvidas; número de nós por haste; peso fresco e peso seco das hastes e número de botões florais desenvolvidos por haste. A cultivar utilizada no experimento foi o híbrido interespecífico série Melody , sendo que as mudas foram obtidas por meio de estaquia de um matrizeiro implantado especificamente para tal objetivo. As mudas obtidas primeiramente foram plantadas em bandejas de enraizamento onde permaneceram por 30 dias, sendo após transplantadas em vasos plásticos pretos de 8 e 18 litros, preenchidos com substrato de cinza de casca de arroz, e mantidas em 100%, 80%, 60% e 40% do limite da capacidade de retenção hídrica dos vasos. A manutenção da umidade dos vasos foi realizada a partir do método de pesagens, sendo acrescentadas quantidades variáveis de água para manter o vaso no peso estipulado. O consumo de água das plantas também foi determinado através do método de pesagens, ao longo de dois ciclos de cultivo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o consumo hídrico dessa espécie é altamente influenciado pelas condições meteorológicas; recomenda-se o uso do vaso de menor capacidade e a manutenção da disponibilidade hídrica em 40% da capacidade de retenção de água; é preferível o cultivo da cravina em apenas um ciclo, já que as hastes obtidas no segundo apresentam características não próprias para a comercialização.

Am "Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung Köln-Vogelsang" wurde Mitte der achtziger Jahre in eine weißblühende Linie von Petunia hybrida Hort. (Vilm.) ein Anthocyansynthese-Gen von Zea mays L. transferiert. Unter den nach diesem Gentransfer entstandenen ziegelrot blühenden Pflanzen befand sich auch ein Typ, der ein Sternmuster in der Blüte zeigt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte diese Musterbildung auf eine chimärische Konstitution zurückgeführt werden: Die Instabilität des A1-Gens in der Petunie resultiert in einen Farbstoffausfall in der alleinig farbstofführenden Epidermis, die von der ersten Scheitelschicht (L1) des Sproßscheitels gebildet wird. Subepidermale Gewebe können als genetisch intakt im Sinne einer potentiellen Fähigkeit zur Farbstoffsynthese charakterisiert werden. Deutlich wird das unter anderem an den partnerinduktiven Wirkungen, die von subepidermalem, L2-bürtigen Gewebe ausgehen und die Anthocyanbildung in der benachbarten, farbstoffdefekten Epidermis veranlaßt. Da die L1 am Kronblattrand alle Gewebe, also auch das Mesophyll bildet, bleiben diese Bereiche weiß gefärbt. Nur im Binnenfeld der Petalen, wo L2-bürtiges, intaktes Gewebe an die Epidermen anschließt, treten diese partnerinduktiven Wirkungen auf. Das Resultat ist ein Sternmuster der aus fünf Petalen zusammengewachsenen Kronröhre. Spontan und nach in-vitro-Kalluskultur entmischen die Pflanzen in ihre einzelnen Komponenten, so daß rot und weiß blühende Typen entstehen, die mit ihrer Blütenfarbe und ihrem Ploidiegrad (unterscheidbar bei Ploidiemarkierung) die jeweilige Scheitelschicht repräsentieren, von der sie abstammen. Bei Kreuzung spaltet die Nachkommenschaft in rot und weiß blühende Pflanzen auf. Aufgrund der Instabilität des transferierten A1-Gens ergibt sich kein Mendelsches Aufspaltungsverhältnis für die Blütenfarbe, wie das dem heterozygotem Zustand entsprechen würde. Auch existieren (wie bei den Entmischungsprodukten) gesprenkelte Blütentypen. Die Instabilität konnte als licht- und temperaturabhängig erkannt werden. Sie ist gleichzeitig der Grund dafür, daß sich an weiß blühenden Kallusregeneraten bzw. Sämlingen, die das A1-Gen in inaktiver Form besitzen, ein Sternmuster jederzeit neu bilden kann. Aufgrund dieses modifikativen Charakters dieser Sternmuster-Chimäre wird der Begriff "Epigenetische Periklinalchimäre" vorgeschlagen. In Sorteneinkreuzungen konnten Instabilitäten bis in die F2-Generation verfolgt werden, möglicherweise übertragen sich die Ursachen der Farbstoffausfälle der transgenen Form auch auf die Farbkomponente des Kreuzungspartners. Weiterhin enthält die Arbeit einen vorläufigen Bestimmungsschlüssel zur generellen Einordnung von Blütenfarbvariation nach ihren Ursachen.

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Abstract: The objective with this thesis is to create a deeper understanding of Hybrid Warfare and through that support the Swedish Armed Forces with encompassing their perspective. The thesis is based on a hermeneutic paradigm, an inductive approach and a qualitative method, which is inspired by Grounded Theory. The data collection in this study has been conducted through semi-structured qualitative interviews of key personnel and decision makers at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarter. We have used the two theories “Modern Warfare in War and Peace” and “Social Movement Approach” in order to obtain scientifically proof for our result. The main conclusion of this study is that Hybrid Warfare is the modern war. It is an epithet that is used to explain the characteristics in the type of Modern Warfare that we currently are facing. The other conclusions in this study is that Hybrid Warfare is a “national all of government comprehensive concept”, and a proactive concept that requires a tailor fitted approach. Hybrid Warfare is a comprehensive approach based on a Total War strategy that is used in order to achieve a state actors political aims and objectives. However it is a long-term tailor fit “all of government” concept and not a military concept. This concept is based on a proactive approach, which includes a long-term shaping of the environment, distort the situation awareness and peoples perception locally in the conflict area and globally on the world arena. The purpose with the shaping of the environment is to create legitimacy for their activities in a way that reduces the risk for sanctions and international involvement. Hybrid Warfare includes the use of social movements in order to affect and in-stabilize a state. By using social movements state actors can deny their involvement in the conflict. Hybrid Warfare is also hybrid in its nature and is based on a asymmetric approach where state and non-state resources are used in a way that manipulate the boundary between peace and war in a way makes conventional military power become obsolete. We have as an outcome of this study developed a tentative theory of Hybrid Warfare. In comparison to Hybrid War, Hybrid Threats is a latent targeting method that is used within the frames of a hybrid approach

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