Les éthers de cellulose (EC) sont des agents rétenteurs d'eau très utilisés dans les matériaux de construction: ils limitent fortement la perte d'eau due principalement à l'absorption dans le substrat pendant la cure, favorisant ainsi les réactions d'hydratation du ciment nécessaires à la prise qui assurent de bonnes propriétés mécaniques pour le matériau final. Cependant les causes exactes de ce phénomène de rétention d'eau restent encore incomprises à ce jour. Dans ce travail de thèse, afin d'analyser les mécanismes de la rétention, nous tentons de mieux comprendre pourquoi et comment les transferts hydriques sont modifiés en présence d'EC. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons, grâce à des tests de filtration et par les méthodes usuelles de caractérisation (microscopie, diffusion de la lumière) que les EC en solution forment des agrégats polydisperses de plusieurs dizaines de microns de diamètre. Nous montrons ensuite qu'une solution d'EC passant à travers un matériau poreux modèle (tamis) bouche progressivement ce tamis, même si la taille de maille est nettement supérieure à celle des agrégats, du fait d'un effet de blocage statistique. Cet effet de coincement se produit également lors de l'écoulement à travers un milieu poreux 3D (empilements de billes de verre), ce qui conduit à l'arrêt du fluide après une certaine hauteur de pénétration dans le milieu. Enfin, en revenant aux tests standards de rétention avec le matériau réel (mortier) puis en les comparant au test de filtration à travers un tamis nous montrons que ce dernier est un bon test alternatif qui permet de caractériser la capacité de rétention des EC / In building materials, such as mortars, cellulose ethers (CE) are used as water-retention agents. They prevent the loss of water due to absorption into the substrate during curing stage. They maintain wet conditions for proper hardening and final properties. However, the cause of retention remains unknown. First, we show through filtration tests and usual characterization methods (microscopy, light scattering) that CE solutions are composed of polydisperse aggregates of several tens of microns in diameter. We then show that a CE solution passing through a model porous medium (sieve) progressively block the sieve, even if the mesh size is much larger than the aggregates diameter, due to a statistical effect of blocking. This jamming effect also occurs during the flow through a 3D porous medium (stacks of glass beads), which led to the stopping of the fluid after a certain penetration depth of the medium. Finally, coming back to the retention standard tests with the real material (mortar) and comparing them to the filtration test we show that the latter is a good alternative test to characterize the CE retention capacity

Les alcanes sont les composés principaux des cires cuticulaires et de ce fait, jouent un rôle prépondérant dans l’organisation et dans les fonctions protectrices de la cuticule, la couche lipidique recouvrant les parties aériennes des plantes. La caractérisation du mutant cer1 d’Arabidopsis, présentant une réduction drastique des alcanes et des molécules qui en dérivent, a permis de suggérer l’implication de la protéine CER1 dans la formation de ces composés. Au cours de notre étude, la génération de plantes transgéniques exprimant CER1 de manière ectopique a permis de démontrer une corrélation positive entre le niveau d’expression du gène et la quantité d’alcanes présents à la surface des plantes indiquant le rôle crucial de CER1 dans la synthèse de ces molécules. Le jeu de plantes transgéniques obtenues a également permis d’explorer la fonction de CER1 et le rôle des alcanes au cours du développement ainsi que dans la réponse des plantes aux contraintes de l’environnement, révélant leur implication prépondérante pour la résistance au stress hydrique. D’autre part l’absence de complémentation fonctionnelle du mutant cer1 par des formes de CER1 mutées au niveau des clusters d’histidines a montré qu’ils constituent, au moins en partie, le site catalytique de l’enzyme. Afin de caractériser la fonction biochimique de CER1, la recherche de ses partenaires métaboliques a été menée par une approche de double hybride split-ubiquitine chez la levure. Cette étude a révélé l’interaction physique de CER1 avec CER3, une protéine de fonction inconnue impliquée dans le métabolisme des cires. La co-expression des deux protéines dans des cellules de levures manipulées pour produire des acyl-CoAs à très longues chaînes a abouti à la première reconstitution de la voie de synthèse des alcanes à très longues chaînes décrite à ce jour, établissant que CER1 et CER3 forment un complexe enzymatique capable de produire des alcanes à partir des acyl-CoAs. D’autre part, l’étude des autres partenaires protéiques de CER1 a permis de commencer à déchiffrer les mécanismes enzymatiques associés au complexe CER1/CER3 ainsi que de mettre en évidence de nouveaux acteurs potentiels du métabolisme et du transport des cires. / Protective functions of the cuticle, the hydrophobic layer covering aerial parts of terrestrial plants. The characterisation of the Arabidopsis cer1 mutant, showing a dramatic decrease of alkanes and its derivates, suggested that CER1 is involved in alkane formation. In our study, the generation of transgenic plants misexpressing CER1 showed a positive correlation between the gene expression level and the alkane amount, strongly sustaining the presumed role of CER1 as an alkane-forming component. Further analyses of the set of transgenic plants provided information about CER1 and alkanes roles during plant development as well as plant/environment interactions, demonstrating their crucial involvement in the resistance to hydric stress. Moreover, the inability of histidines mutated form of CER1 to functionally complement the cer1 mutant indicated that histidine-clusters are part of the catalytic site of this enzyme. To characterize the biochemical function of CER1, a search for its metabolic protein partners was conducted in the yeast two-hybrid split-ubiquitin system for membrane proteins. This approach revealed a physical interaction of CER1 with CER3, a protein of unknown function involved in wax metabolism. Co-expression of the two proteins in yeast cells manipulated to produce very long chain (VLC) acyl-CoAs allows the first reconstitution of the VLC-alkane synthesis pathway described so far, demonstrating that CER1 and CER3 form an enzymatic complex catalyzing the conversion of VLC-acyl-CoAs to VLC-alkanes. In addition, the characterisation of CER1 partners began to address the enzymatic mechanisms associated to the CER1/CER3 complex activity and revealed new putative actors of wax synthesis and transport.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 656931 bytes, checksum: 9e652ea425d8ee514d730485376a75bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-16 / The Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert is a plant from to the Asteraceae family. It is grown in temperate climates having adequate growing conditions in southern and southeastern Brazil. Its cultivation has increased due to its of their medical use for the extraction of essential oil and fractions of flavonoids for the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The use of organic fertilizer such as cattle manure and poultry manure, provides higher yields of essential oil and the production of flavonoids. There are few studies related to the agronomic management of medicinal plants, with the need to study the appropriate depths of irrigation and nutrition to obtain a high production and quality. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation water depths and organic fertilization with cattle and poultry manure on the production and quality of Chamomilla recutita plants. This study was conducted at Unoeste - Campus II in an experimental area. The experimental design was randomized complete block design. The treatments consisted of the irrigation: T0) 0, T1) 150, T2) 100, T3) 75, T4) 50, T5) 25%Etc were calculated using the Class A tank (ECA), associating organic fertilizers used the tanned cattle manure and poultry manure at rates of 0 kg m-2, 3 kg m-2 and 5 kg m-2. Were 36 treatments with four replicates resulting in 144 plots. The measured variables used as parameters on this experiment were: plant height, (two week after seedling transplant and the flowering beginning), fresh and dry weight of plants after harvest, number of capitula, nutrients extraction on the fresh leaves, proline acumlation, content and yield of flavonoids and essecial oil. The statistical analysis was performed using the Scott-Knott test at a probability of 5%. The irrigation water dephts 150% ETc associated with fertilization with chicken manure at a dose 5 kg m-2 promoted the greatest plant growth, production, fresh and dry weight of capitula. The water stress promoted less fresh and dry weight of plant. The water stress caused by the irrigation water dephts of 150% and 0% ETc resulted in a higher concentration of proline in the leaves. The content and yield of flavonoids and essential oil and leaf N content were higher for the irrigation of 150% ETc associated with a dose of 5 kg m-2 of poultry manure. The non-irrigated plants had higher leaf content of macronutrients. / A Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert é uma planta pertencente à família Asteraceae. É cultivada em climas temperados possuindo condições de cultivo adequadas em regiões do sul e sudeste do Brasil. Seu cultivo tem aumentado por ocasião de seu uso medicinal, para extração das frações de óleo essencial e flavonóides para produção de produtos farmacêuticos e cosméticos. A utilização de adubo orgânico, como esterco bovino curtido e esterco de aves, aumenta o rendimento do óleo essencial bem como a produção de flavonóides. Existem poucos estudos relacionados ao manejo agronômico de plantas medicinais, havendo a necessidade do estudo dos níveis adequados de reposição hídrica e nutricional para obtenção de uma produção elevada e de qualidade. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da irrigação e da adubação orgânica com esterco bovino curtido e de aves sobre a produção e qualidade da camomila. O presente trabalho foi realizado na Unoeste Campus II,em uma área experimental. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados. Os tratamentos abrangeram as lâminas de irrigação: T0) 0, T1) 150, T2) 100, T3) 75, T4) 50, T5) 25% ETc que foram calculadas utilizando o tanque Classe A (ECA); associando a adubação orgânica utilizado os esterco de curral curtido e esterco de aves nas doses de 0 kg m-2, 3 kg m-2 e 5 kg m-2. Totalizaram 36 tratamentos com quatro repetições resultando em 144 parcelas. As variáveis medidas e utilizadas como parâmetros do experimento foram: altura das plantas (15 dias após o transplante e no início do florescimento), massa fresca e seca de plantas após a colheita, número de capítulos florais, extração de nutrientes pelas folhas, acúmulo de prolina nas folhas frescas, teor e rendimento de flavonóides e de óleo essencial. Após foi realizada análise estatística utilizando o teste de Scott-Knott ao nível de probabilidade de 0,05. A lâmina de irrigação de 150% ETc associada adubação com esterco de aves na dose 5 kg m-2 promoveu maior crescimento das plantas; produção, massa fresca e seca de capítulos florais. O estresse hídrico promoveu menor massa fresca e seca de planta. O estresse hídrico provocado pelas lâminas de 150% e 0%ETc resultaram em maior concentração de prolina nas folhas. O teor e rendimento de flavonóides e óleo essencial, e o teor de nitrogênio foliar foram superior para a lâmina de irrigação de 150% ETc associado a dose de 5 kg m-2 de esterco de ave. As plantas não irrigadas apresentaram maiores teores de macronutrientes foliares.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 656931 bytes, checksum: 9e652ea425d8ee514d730485376a75bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-16 / The Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert is a plant from to the Asteraceae family. It is grown in temperate climates having adequate growing conditions in southern and southeastern Brazil. Its cultivation has increased due to its of their medical use for the extraction of essential oil and fractions of flavonoids for the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The use of organic fertilizer such as cattle manure and poultry manure, provides higher yields of essential oil and the production of flavonoids. There are few studies related to the agronomic management of medicinal plants, with the need to study the appropriate depths of irrigation and nutrition to obtain a high production and quality. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation water depths and organic fertilization with cattle and poultry manure on the production and quality of Chamomilla recutita plants. This study was conducted at Unoeste - Campus II in an experimental area. The experimental design was randomized complete block design. The treatments consisted of the irrigation: T0) 0, T1) 150, T2) 100, T3) 75, T4) 50, T5) 25%Etc were calculated using the Class A tank (ECA), associating organic fertilizers used the tanned cattle manure and poultry manure at rates of 0 kg m-2, 3 kg m-2 and 5 kg m-2. Were 36 treatments with four replicates resulting in 144 plots. The measured variables used as parameters on this experiment were: plant height, (two week after seedling transplant and the flowering beginning), fresh and dry weight of plants after harvest, number of capitula, nutrients extraction on the fresh leaves, proline acumlation, content and yield of flavonoids and essecial oil. The statistical analysis was performed using the Scott-Knott test at a probability of 5%. The irrigation water dephts 150% ETc associated with fertilization with chicken manure at a dose 5 kg m-2 promoted the greatest plant growth, production, fresh and dry weight of capitula. The water stress promoted less fresh and dry weight of plant. The water stress caused by the irrigation water dephts of 150% and 0% ETc resulted in a higher concentration of proline in the leaves. The content and yield of flavonoids and essential oil and leaf N content were higher for the irrigation of 150% ETc associated with a dose of 5 kg m-2 of poultry manure. The non-irrigated plants had higher leaf content of macronutrients. / A Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert é uma planta pertencente à família Asteraceae. É cultivada em climas temperados possuindo condições de cultivo adequadas em regiões do sul e sudeste do Brasil. Seu cultivo tem aumentado por ocasião de seu uso medicinal, para extração das frações de óleo essencial e flavonóides para produção de produtos farmacêuticos e cosméticos. A utilização de adubo orgânico, como esterco bovino curtido e esterco de aves, aumenta o rendimento do óleo essencial bem como a produção de flavonóides. Existem poucos estudos relacionados ao manejo agronômico de plantas medicinais, havendo a necessidade do estudo dos níveis adequados de reposição hídrica e nutricional para obtenção de uma produção elevada e de qualidade. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da irrigação e da adubação orgânica com esterco bovino curtido e de aves sobre a produção e qualidade da camomila. O presente trabalho foi realizado na Unoeste Campus II,em uma área experimental. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados. Os tratamentos abrangeram as lâminas de irrigação: T0) 0, T1) 150, T2) 100, T3) 75, T4) 50, T5) 25% ETc que foram calculadas utilizando o tanque Classe A (ECA); associando a adubação orgânica utilizado os esterco de curral curtido e esterco de aves nas doses de 0 kg m-2, 3 kg m-2 e 5 kg m-2. Totalizaram 36 tratamentos com quatro repetições resultando em 144 parcelas. As variáveis medidas e utilizadas como parâmetros do experimento foram: altura das plantas (15 dias após o transplante e no início do florescimento), massa fresca e seca de plantas após a colheita, número de capítulos florais, extração de nutrientes pelas folhas, acúmulo de prolina nas folhas frescas, teor e rendimento de flavonóides e de óleo essencial. Após foi realizada análise estatística utilizando o teste de Scott-Knott ao nível de probabilidade de 0,05. A lâmina de irrigação de 150% ETc associada adubação com esterco de aves na dose 5 kg m-2 promoveu maior crescimento das plantas; produção, massa fresca e seca de capítulos florais. O estresse hídrico promoveu menor massa fresca e seca de planta. O estresse hídrico provocado pelas lâminas de 150% e 0%ETc resultaram em maior concentração de prolina nas folhas. O teor e rendimento de flavonóides e óleo essencial, e o teor de nitrogênio foliar foram superior para a lâmina de irrigação de 150% ETc associado a dose de 5 kg m-2 de esterco de ave. As plantas não irrigadas apresentaram maiores teores de macronutrientes foliares.

[pt] A água potável não existe mais em abundância. É preocupante verificar que o desperdício e a contaminação dos recursos hídricos ainda sejam práticas recorrentes, mesmo diante de evidências pessimistas acerca de sua disponibilidade, como observado no local escolhido para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar soluções para evitar a contaminação do sistema de abastecimento, recomendar equipamentos de saneamento, sugerir um esquema de drenagem que não favoreça a proliferação de vetores de doenças, propor uma estratégia para o manejo adequado dos animais domésticos e garantir o fornecimento de água verdadeiramente potável na vila de Tanahbala, na Indonésia. O desenho metodológico está alinhado aos pressupostos da pesquisa exploratória, com a apresentação do diagnóstico local, para posterior análise quantitativa por meio da aplicação de um software de modelagem matemática, denominado Modflow 2000, versão 4.2.0.1.5.1. A ferramenta foi utilizada para visualizar o fluxo dos contaminantes no lençol freático e estimar a concentração dessas substâncias na fonte de abastecimento da vila, para posterior apresentação das sugestões de melhoria. Como resultado do diagnóstico local e dos níveis numéricos de contaminação, foi possível observar que as causas desses problemas estavam ligadas ao esgoto doméstico, à criação desordenada de animais e à proximidade de um cemitério. Sugeriu-se então algumas soluções como a realocação dos poços para captação de água, a construção de cisternas para captar água da chuva, a utilização de liners e de uma camada de geomembrana, o manejo dos dejetos da criação de animais, drenagem e soluções de saneamento. / [en] Potable water has become increasingly scarce. It is no longer an infinitely renewable resource as we once thought it was. However, it is not unusual to see hydric resources being wasted or contaminated – despite all the pessimistic forecasts regarding its availability for the future generations. Actually, lack of water is not a far-fetched problem anymore. Around 1.6 billion people rely on insufficient hydric resources. By 2020, this number will double: there will be about 3 billion people with insufficient access to drinking water (Boff, 2005). The central theme of the present research deals with the problems provoked by an inefficient management of hydric resources. Its aim is to provide alternatives for managing water in the small and remote village of Tanahbala, in Indonesia. In this distant town, solutions which might be feasible elsewhere do not always prove to be possible. In order to provide potable water for the villagers in Tanahbala, it is crucial to overcome three main obstacles: 1) the inappropriate disposal of domestic sewage; 2) the lack of livestock management; and 3) the contamination provoked by a neighboring cemetery. So as to address these problems, the present study has pointed out a few measures, such as the replacement of water wells, the construction of tanks for catching and storing rainwater, the use of liners and a layer of geomembrane, the appropriate management of the animals excrement, as well as many other sanitary solutions. All these recommendations attempt to meet the village s needs without requiring a sophisticated infrastructure – which is not within the villagers reach at the present time. According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF (2004), 1.1 billion people around the world do not have access to pure water. In the meantime, 2.6 billions do not live in areas with adequate sewage. Tanahbala, the place studied in this research, is just one more item in the apparently endless list of locations deprived from essential resources such as water. The troublesome water distribution and sewage treatment has a significant impact on mortality rates. All over the world, from four to six thousand children die everyday because of diseases associated to the lack of potable water or inadequate sewage treatment (WSSCC, 2011). In Indonesia, an impressive number of people live below the poverty line. In these lower social layers, the lack of potable water remains the most prominent health problem. The reasons behind this problem are the geographic aspects of Indonesia and the precariousness of the infrastructure used to distribute water. Quite differently from continental areas, Indonesia does not have the means to create a centralized water distribution system. Formed by thousands of islands, the country has to delegate to each one of them the management and the treatment of hydric resources. This is the reason why the population of Indonesia has suffered from a number of diarrheic diseases caused by contaminated water. No wonder diarrhea is still ranked among the ten main causes of deaths in Indonesia (WHO/ UNICEF, 2004). In fact, chronic infectious diarrhea has been detected in 66.7 per cent of the population. Based on this information, it is unavoidable to come to the conclusion that both, the treatment and the distribution of water in Indonesia, are quite far from the minimum security standards. Hence, it is clearly urgent to develop strategies to meet the population s needs, especially in the most distant islands, where potable water is still a far-fetched dream. In Indonesia, underground water is normally good from a microbiological viewpoint. The problem is that it is easily contaminated due to the emission of pollutants from homes, factories, plantations and even cemeteries. The present research focuses on specific types of water pollution: the contamination provoked by cemeteries, livestock and domestic sewage. The first part of this research has been developed by means of observing the region and collecting documents on the governmental database, so that the local characteristics could be thoroughly understood. The methodological design adopted, therefore, is in line with what is called exploratory research. In the engineering field, exploratory research is particularly useful when it is necessary to estimate the feasibility and the costs of a given project. The scope of the present research is precisely that: the aim is to provide a solid ground for the development of future research that might work on a more definite solution for the hydric resources in Tanahbala. First, this research presents a diagnosis of the local situation. Afterwards, a quantitative analysis is carried out with the help of a mathematical modeling software called Modflow 2000, version 4.2.0.1.5.1. This tool has been used to visualize the flow of contaminants in the underground water, as well as to estimate the concentration of substances in the water supply used by those who inhabit Tanahbala. In the end, this study recommends some improvements, without disregarding the limited resources and the precarious infrastructure available in the village. The inappropriate location of the cemetery and the careless management of livestock are not the only threats to the quality of the soil and the water in Tanahbala. The population is also used to bathing in public water sources, which certainly worsens the contamination problem. Raw sewage and animals surround the village, forming a single nucleus of contamination. The cemetery is on the left side of the entrance of the village. In addition to that, the well that supplies water to Tanahbala is dangerously close to the contaminated areas. Occasional earthquakes and tsunamis add chaos to a situation which is already quite precarious. In 2004, Indonesia was hit by a devastating tsunami, whose tragic effects were also felt in Tanahbala. A great part of the village lies on a type of soil that is mostly sandy, favoring the penetration of pollutants, due to its high permeability level. This characteristic increases considerably the risks of underground water contamination. The toxic fluids that come from the decomposition of corpses are the main cause of environmental pollution provoked by cemeteries. The crucial challenge is to stop them fluid from infiltrating into the soil and contaminating underground water. Liners are layers of low permeability formed by natural, artificial or a combination of both materials. The objective of these layers is to protect a given area from the infiltration of harmful fluids. One of its essential features is also the capacity of removing impurities. The use of liners is very common in sandy soils, where their efficiency is out of question. When used in this type of soil, the liners manage to reduce significantly the permeability level. Moreover, it is a low cost alternative, since it does not require the employment of higher technologies. The combination of these characteristics seems to point out the use of liners as the ideal option for protecting the inhabitants of Tanahbala against the hazardous substances that come from the cemetery. Geomembranes may also be an important ally. They are impermeable synthetic barriers, quite resistant from a physical and chemical point of view, and with low hydraulic conductivity. They are commonly used to stop leachate from migrating into the soil or underground water. Because they are susceptible to flaws, geomembranes should not be the only mechanism of protection. It is fundamental to rely on a more complete system of isolation. Taking into account the peculiarities of the Indonesian context, the present research recommends the use of a geomembrane and a liner formed by soil, cement and quicklime. Domestic sewage contains pathogens that cause several diseases, such as typhoid, infectious diarrhea and amebiasis. In Tanahbala, sewage is generally left on the soil, contributing to the dissemination of a wide variety of diseases. Besides, both superficial and underground water quality tends to be altered by this kind of contamination. The main consequences are a change in the color and in the smell of water, as well as a considerable reduction in the concentration of oxygen. The water pollution triggered by the lack of adequate sewage treatment is also harmful for the local environment, putting at stake the survival of animals and vegetation in the Indonesian village. The position of the wells in relation to the main points where contamination by sewage happens is also a fundamental aspect. In Tanahbala, the wells that provide drinking water for the houses are dangerously located downstream in relation to the places where contamination occurs. The solution is quite simple: repositioning these wells and placing them upstream is an essential step in order to improve the quality of the water available to the villagers. In addition, it is essential to construct a septic tank where sewage can be disposed and decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. The present research has used the Brazilian standards to suggest the measures for the Indonesian septic tank. However, in further studies, it is important to use local data to design the ideal system for the villagers in Tanahbala. Placing tanks to catch and store rainwater is an intelligent and inexpensive measure. With the high rainfall rates in Indonesia, this option seems to be very promising. As long as these tanks remain protected, the water stored by them is harmless. The choice of the material for the tank is also relevant. Cement lasts longer. However, if it is difficult to transport this material to Tanahbala, plastic tanks might be a better option. The construction of dungyards seems to be the most appropriate option for the population in Tanahbala. Besides presenting low costs, they are easily managed. The excrement kept in these dungyards remains there for 120 days. Throughout this period, organic matter becomes stable and the pathogens in it are deactivated. Composting is also a worthwhile alternative; after all, this process is able to reduce the bad smell and the proliferation of hazardous microorganisms. On top of that, composting turns useless ordure into a valuable commodity: manure, which is quite useful as a fertilizer. The main challenges regarding the use of composting have to do with handling three variables – humidity, aeration and temperature. The creation of an efficient draining system is essential and challenging at the same time. The first difficulty has to do with handling the rainwater that accumulates on the ground. When the draining system does not work properly, the population suffers from a number of problems, such as floods and diseases related to the uncontrolled accumulation of water: diarrhea, typhoid, leptospirosis and malaria are some of the illnesses that become widespread once draining is not efficient. In addition, humid soils provide a longer life for microorganisms. Thus, draining is an important tool when it comes to reducing the contamination of the soil by pathogens. In Tanahbala, specifically, it is recommended to adopt a microdraining system that combines three modalities: superficial, underground and vertical.Counting on appropriate equipment is not enough when the population is not aware of its environmental and sanitary responsibilities. Therefore, it is fundamental to raise people s awareness on the importance of adopting new hygiene habits and helping protect the environment.

Les sols agricoles représentent près de 66 % des émissions anthropiques de protoxyde d’azote (N₂O), 3ème gaz responsable de l’effet de serre additionnel. La variabilité des émissions mesurées au champ est élevée. La structure du sol impacte à la fois la production et le transport du N₂O dans le profil de sol. L’objectif de cette thèse était de comprendre le rôle de l’état structural du sol sur la variabilité spatiale des émissions de N₂O. La démarche utilisée associe deux types d’expérimentations en laboratoire - à l’échelle d’un bac de 0,3 m² x 0,1 m et sur une maquette de parcelle agricole de 10 m² x 0,3 m en sol nu - à un travail de modélisation intégrant des processus physiques, chimiques et biologiques dans le profil de sol et le ruissellement, le tout à une résolution temporelle fine. Ce travail a mis en évidence une hiérarchie entre les processus de production et de transport, qui évolue avec le temps et les conditions environnementales : dans des conditions favorables à la dénitrification, la production de N₂O augmente avec la masse volumique en lien avec une augmentation de la part de porosité remplie d’eau, jusqu’à une certaine limite. Le modèle déterministe a montré que la dynamique de la pluie et du ruissellement associé modifie l’intensité et la dynamique des émissions de N₂O, celles-ci étant plus tardives dans les zones avales recevant du ruissellement. Enfin, ce travail a confirmé la complexité du déterminisme des émissions de N₂O et a permis de souligner l’intérêt de caractériser la structure du sol et les émissions à une haute résolution spatiale pour améliorer la qualité des modèles prédictifs. / Agricultural soils account for 66 % of anthropogenic nitrous oxide emissions (N₂O), the 3rd greenhouse gas emitted from anthropogenic activities. N₂O emissions variability measured in-situ is quite high. Soil structure affects both N₂O production processes and N₂O movements through the soil profile. The main goal of this work was to understand the part of soil structure in soil N₂O spatial variability. Two kinds of laboratory experiments were designed: rainfall experiments on soil trays of 0.3 m² x 0.1 m and on a 10 m² x 0.3 m box with a slope. A modelling approach with a short time step was combined, involving representation of physical, chemical and biological soil processes as well as a representation of surface runoff.This work highlighted a hierarchy between N₂O production and N₂O transportation processes, which evolve with time and environmental conditions: under conditions that favor denitrification, N₂O production increases with soil bulk density due to an increase in the water-filled pore space, until a threshold limit. The deterministic modelling approach showed that rainfall dynamic and resulting runoff affect soil N₂O emissions, those emissions occurring later downslope. Finally, this work highlighted the complexity of soil N₂O emissions determinism and we pointed out that the description of soil structure at a high spatial resolution would be useful to improve modelling quality.

Vernal pools are small seasonally-ponded wetlands that provide crucial habitat for amphibian reproduction and support trophic levels beyond their boundaries. The Ridge and Valley physiographic province in Pennsylvania is known to have vernal pools, but a regional inventory and geomorphology assessment is needed. My research is split into two independent parts focusing on the higher elevation areas of this region to determine vernal pool distribution and characteristics. Vernal pools were mapped using a LiDAR based suitability model and leaf-off aerial imagery interpretation. Four terrain rasters derived from a 1-meter DEM (modified wind modified wind exposure, terrain surface convexity, topographic position index, and a multiresolution index of valley bottom flatness) were used in the suitability model. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's HSD test found a significant difference using the model between terrestrial (non-wetland) habitat and vernal pools. Photo interpretation and field surveying lead to an inventory of 1011 vernal pools. Geomorphology was assessed from 13 variables to determine the best for vernal pool prediction. Three variables were significant for the occurrence and frequency of vernal pools; saddles with higher surface area, 0.6 to 1.5 kilometers between the summits of parallel ridgelines, and the presence of periglacial related solifluction. Vernal pool distribution is greater than previously known and they occur in predictable settings. Further research should focus on how and where vernal pools form, their impact on water quality, role in forest ecology, and ways to legally protect them at the state level. / Master of Science / Vernal pools are seasonally-ponded wetlands that are very important for amphibian reproduction. The Appalachian Mountains of Pennsylvania are known to have vernal pools, but comprehensive inventory is lacking. My research consists of two parts that focus on the higher elevation areas and assess the distribution and qualities of the vernal pools. Vernal pools were mapped using a LiDAR based suitability model and leaf-off aerial imagery interpretation. Statistical analysis was completed to prove that there was a significant difference in terrain morphology between non-wetland habitat and vernal pools. This research resulted in a total inventory of 1011 vernal pools. Results found that vernal pools were likely occur in landscape positions with higher surface area, 0.6 to 1.5 kilometers between the summits of parallel ridgelines, and the presence of topographic features indicative of glacial processes. Vernal pools are much more abundant than previously known and they occur in predictable settings. Further research could focus on the formation of vernal pools, impact on water quality, role in forest ecology, and ways to legally protect them at the state level.

A crescente preocupação com questões ambientais, contemporaneamente, pode ser entendida como uma tendência nebulosa, resultado de uma expressão muito rica de significado e muito mais conveniente para nós, que vivemos sem o distanciamento histórico, pois torna menos definitiva, sob uma perspectiva futura, às adjetivações realizadas, expressão esta identificada como globalização. A globalização conduz a uma natureza propagandista, direcionada à preservação e não à conservação da porção bio-geo-física do meio ambiente, que se refere, em especial, neste trabalho às águas contidas nos rios. A natureza propagandista das questões ambientais, nos faz crer que muitos dos impactos ambientais em um curso d’água, são devidos ao uso das águas e, principalmente quando este uso é para a navegação. A contenda do impacto ambiental, devido ao uso d’água para navegação, não é assunto esgotado quando se aborda somente o Gerenciamento do Recurso Hídrico, ele vai muito além, tem sua origem na Bacia Hidrográfica e, portanto é abordado no Gerenciamento da Bacia Hidrográfica. No desenvolvimento desta tese, será possível perceber, que entre os vários modais de transporte, a navegação fluvial, é a menos impactante ambientalmente, pois, até a via é de origem natural e não antropogênica, como em alguns outros modais. A necessidade da execução de obras hidroviárias, pode ser entendida em algumas situações como parte integrante de um Programa de Mitigação de Impactos Ambientais, não no rio, mas sim na bacia hidrográfica, que pelo não atendimento ou pela inexistência de um plano diretor, sofreu uma ocupação desordenada, resultando em inúmeros impactos ambientais nas porções do meio ambiente. Os capítulos apresentados a seguir, no corpo desta tese, estão vinculados entre si, pois, entendemos que só o estudo simultâneo nos permitirá obter a minimização dos impactos ambientais na bacia hidrográfica, bem como a minimização dos impactos ambientais quando da execução das obras hidroviárias. / The growing concern about the environmental questions nowadays, can be understood as a nebulousness tendency, a result of a very rich expression of meaning and more convenient to us, who live without the historical distance, because it makes less definite under a future perspective, such expression is identified as globalization. Globalization conducts to a propagandist nature, towards preservation and not the conservation of the bio-geo-physics of the environment, that refers specially in this work about the water in rivers. The propagandist nature of the environmental questions, make us believe that most of the environment impacts in a flow of water, are due to water usage and mainly when this usage is navigation. The dispute of the environmental impact, due to the usage of water to navigation, is not a exhausted subject when talking only about the Hydric Resources Management, it is beyond, it has its origin at the River Basin and is discussed at the River Basin Management. In this theses it will be possible to notice that among the several means of transportation, the fluvial shipping is the less impactant because even the mean is natural and not anthropogenic like in other means. The necessity of hydrographic basin can be understood in some situations as a part of a Environmental Impacts Mitigation Program, not only in the river but in the river basin, that by the no consideration or because it does not exist a director plan, they suffered a disordered occupation, resulting in several environmental impacts. The chapters presented here are all interconnected, because we understand that only the simultaneous study will allow us to get the decrease of impacts at the river basin, as well as the decrease the environmental impact when performing the hydrographic basin.

A presente tese de doutorado analisa, de forma crítica, como as receitas de recursos naturais devem ser arrecadadas, distribuídas aos entes federativos e aplicadas no Direito Financeiro Brasileiro. Para tanto, parte-se do exame dos contornos econômicos e políticos da exploração de recursos naturais, apresentando breve histórico sobre a cobrança de royalties no estrangeiro, da evolução da legislação brasileira sobre as compensações financeiras, discutindo então a natureza jurídica destas receitas públicas no direito pátrio. Com base nessas premissas, apresentam-se considerações gerais sobre a concentração geográfica de recursos naturais e o dilema da repartição de receitas provenientes da exploração destes recursos nas federações, procedendo-se então ao estudo do modelo de repartição federativa de receitas de compensações financeiras adotado pelo Brasil. Reconhecendo-se a constante evolução deste modelo e apontando-se suas virtudes e seus defeitos, desenvolve-se uma avaliação de proposições normativas de mudanças dos critérios atualmente adotados, especialmente no que diz respeito à equalização fiscal enquanto elemento de promoção de desenvolvimento subnacional e redução das desigualdades inter-regionais e intrarregionais, bem como de coesão política nacional. Finalmente, são discutidos os aspectos teóricos e práticos da aplicação das receitas oriundas da exploração de recursos naturais, bem como analisada a prática brasileira. Com fundamento nesta análise, as vinculações legais das receitas de recursos naturais e a constituição de fundos públicos financiados por estas receitas são avaliadas no contexto brasileiro. As conclusões preliminares desses pontos informam, então, o estudo sobre o papel relevante do controle de contas, da fiscalização e da transparência fiscal na promoção da eficiência e da justiça do gasto público no contexto das receitas de recursos naturais. / This doctoral thesis presents a critical analysis of the collection, intergovernmental distribution and expenditure of natural resource revenues under Brazilian Public Finance law. In order to provide a comprehensive discussion of such proposition, the thesis first examines the economic and political aspects of the natural resources industry, then presents a brief historical overview of natural resources royalties under both comparative and Brazilian law and continues with an analysis of the legal status of royalties in Brazil. Building on such premises, the thesis proceeds with general remarks on the geographical concentration of natural resources in federal countries and on decentralization arrangements for royalties, as well an on the Brazilian revenue sharing instruments. Acknowledging the continuous evolution of these instruments and evaluating their costs and benefits, a discussion on alternative revenue sharing arrangements is presented, especially regarding the promotion of equalizing goals and political cohesion among subnational units of governments in Brazil. Finally, the thesis discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of public expenditures of royalty revenues, presenting an analysis of the Brazilian praxis. Building on this analysis, an evaluation of revenue earmarking procedures and natural resources funds is presented. The preliminary conclusions therein enable a discussion of accountability, public auditing and fiscal transparency in the context of natural resources revenue expenditures.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:42:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gislalaine Rocio Rocha.pdf: 2576794 bytes, checksum: 7cbd133f16ddb7b4ea670aec655b062b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-22 / This is the Decade of Water, celebrated within 2005 and 1015. Time to rethink and redefine values, as it is not any secret that all environmental issues have been deeply discussed, a general agreement of determining that the urgency in having repairing measures in order to avoid degradation and foment the Planet Natural Resources preservation requires the capacity of governments, companies and civil society, acting together and articulated. In 8th January 1997, it was implemented an integrated management systems of the Hydric resources fundamented in State Legislations and in the Law n.9.433. Through this Law, water became a public domain asset and a limited natural resource, having economic value, putting in evidence that all society, the government and the companies should understand it as a public asset, finite and of economic value. Under these conceptions, this study is based on the proposition of this Law, which induces the State, civil society and companies to articulate and join in a sustainable project regarding the use of water, considering economic, social, political and cultural aspects, done from local factors and its interaction and adequacy. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the obstacles which contribute to the difficulty of charging the use of water, as the Law 9.433/1997 states, under the State apparatus which promotes the public policies, seeking to answer to the question: “Are the obstacles which impede the wide and effective implementation of charging for the use of water related to the system of formation and action methods of the members of the River Basin Committees?”. To reach such purpose, it was necessary an interdisciplinary study of the natural sciences and cultural sciences, involving Hidrology, Politics, Economics, Society, Law and History. It has been adopted as a theorical framework the Complexity Theory, which has as one of its great exponents Morin, having chosen the documental study, bibliographic research, being this study conducted by the deductive and analytic method and by the approach of qualitative research. Having the theorical and documental knowledge about the economic value of water, it was investigated the effectiveness of Law n. 9.433/97, noticing how little it has been applied in Brazilian States. Only three out of the 26 existing in Brazil are making a charge, besides, the companies which would generate a higher value for the charging of use of water are those responsible for the Basic Sanitation. Being limited in the State of Paraná and delimiting the research at SANEPAR, it has been found out that the path to be walked is long for the effectiveness of the mentioned Law. The positioning of SANEPAR managers, linked to the slowness of decisions of the members of the River Basin Committees goes upon a burocratic and inefficient process. Such situation was analyzed regarding the conceptions of Max Weber about burocracy as Power tool, taking into account that the attachment between the Democratic State of Law and the environmental issue faces the obstacles created by burocracy in the mechanisms of participative action in the River Basin Committees. / Esta é a Década da Água, comemorada no período 2005 a 2015. Momento de repensar e redefinir valores, pois não é segredo que as questões ambientais estão sendo discutidas com veemência nos últimos tempos, um consenso geral de determinar que a urgência de medidas reparadoras para evitar a degradação e fomentar a preservação dos recursos naturais do planeta requer a capacidade de governos, empresas e sociedade civil organizada atuarem de forma articulada e integrada. Em 8 de janeiro de 1997 houve a implantação de um sistema integrado de gestão dos recursos hídricos fundamentada em legislações estaduais e na Lei n. 9.433. Por esta lei a água passou a ser um bem de domínio público e um recurso natural limitado, dotado de valor econômico, evidenciando que toda a sociedade, o governo e as empresas devem entendê-la como um bem público, finito e de valor econômico. Sob estas concepções, este estudo está embasado na proposição desta lei que induz ao Estado, sociedade civil e empresas articularem-se e integrarem-se em um projeto sustentável quanto ao uso da água considerando aspectos econômicos, sociais, políticos e culturais, elaborado a partir dos fatores locais e de sua interação e adequação. Objetivou-se, então, com este estudo, identificar os obstáculos que contribuem para dificultar a cobrança pelo uso da água previsto na Lei 9.433/1997, sob a luz do aparato estatal que promove as políticas públicas, buscando responder à problemática: “os obstáculos que impedem a ampla e efetiva implantação da cobrança pelo uso da água estão relacionados com o sistema de formação e métodos de ações dos membros dos Comitês da Bacia Hidrográfica?”. Para atingir tal finalidade, foi necessário um estudo interdisciplinar das ciências naturais e ciências da cultura, envolvendo: hidrologia, política, economia, sociedade, direito e história. Adotou-se como marco teórico a Teoria da Complexidade que tem como um dos seus grandes expoentes Edgar Morin, tendo-se optado pelo estudo documental, pesquisa bibliográfica, sendo, o estudo conduzido pelo método dedutivo e analítico pela abordagem da pesquisa qualitativa. De posse do conhecimento teórico e documental sobre o valor econômico da água, foi investigada a efetividade da Lei n.9.433/97, percebendo o quão pouco ela tem sido aplicada nos estados brasileiros. Somente 3 Estados dos 26 existentes no Brasil estão realizando esta cobrança, além de que as empresas que gerariam maior valor pela cobrança do uso da água são aquelas responsáveis pelo saneamento básico. Detendo-se no Estado do Paraná e delimitando a pesquisa na SANEPAR, foi constatado ser longo o caminho a percorrer para a efetividade da mencionada lei. O posicionamento dos gestores da SANEPAR aliados à morosidade das decisões dos integrantes do Comitê da Bacia Hidrográfica do Paraná vai de encontro a um processo burocrático e ineficaz. Tal situação foi abordada segundo as concepções de Max Weber sobre burocracia como instrumento de poder, levando à conclusão que o vínculo entre Estado Democrático de Direito e a questão ambiental depara-se com obstáculos criados pela burocracia nos mecanismos de atuação participativa nos comitês da bacia hidrográfica.