No / The paper examines the existing quasi-legal means by which international labour standards may be protected. The paper considers the nature of the challenge that global capital creates for labour, the development of the ILO’s labour standards and the consequences of its shift towards promotional principles, the growth of corporate voluntary initiatives by multinational corporations and finally the associated debates around the inclusion of social clauses in trade agreements. The analysis suggests that the ILO’s shift to ‘promotional principles’ and the formal acceptance of voluntary self-regulation from the late-1990s has not significantly improved the situation for workers, but was a pragmatic response driven in part by US policy and the increasing marginalization of the ILO within the global system of economic governance. It is argued that even if the many political obstacles could be overcome, the result of including social clauses in WTO trade agreements may not be straightforward. In conclusion it is argued that in some respects the existing system has ‘privatised’ labour rights.

Ces dernières années les bandes de fréquence millimétriques et térahertz (THz) on tmontrées un fort potentiel pour de nombreuses applications telles que l’imagerie médicale et ,biologique, le contrôle de qualité ou les communications à très haut débit. Les principales raisons de cet intérêt sont les nombreuses propriétés intéressantes des ondes THz et millimétriques, telles que leur capacité traverser la matière et ceci de manière inoffensive ou le large spectre disponible à ces fréquences. Les applications visées nécessitent des sources de signaux énergétiquement efficaces, à forte puissance de sortie et, pour certaines applications, à faible bruit de phase. De plus, la demande croissante pour des applications dans ces bandes de fréquence imposent l’utilisation de technologie de hautes performances à coût métrisé et permettant une intégration à très grande échelle, telle que la technologie28nm CMOS FD-SOI. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse propose une solution innovante pour la génération de fréquence millimétrique et THz en technologie CMOS : l’oscillateur distribué verrouillé par injection. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit englobent l’analyse détaillé de l’état de l’art et de ses limites, l’étude théorique approfondie de la solution proposée pour une intégration en ondes millimétriques, le développement d’une méthodologie de conception spécifique en technologie CMOS ainsi que la conception de démonstrateurs technologique. Les différents oscillateurs intégrés en technologie 28nm FDSOI et opérant à des fréquences respectivement de 134 GHz et 200 GHz ont permis de démontrer la faisabilité de sources de signaux millimétrique et THz, à forte efficacité énergétique, forte puissance de sortie et faible bruit de phase en technologie CMOS à très grande échelle d’intégration. Enfin, la capacité de verrouillage par injection de tels oscillateurs distribués a été démontrée expérimentalement ouvrant la voie à de futurs systèmes THz totalement intégrés sur silicium. Les solutions intégrées démontrées dans cette thèse ont, à l’heure actuelle, la plus grande fréquence d’oscillation dans un noeud Silicium 28nm CMOS. / In recent years, millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and terahertz (THz) frequency bands haverevealed a great potential for many applications such as medical and biological imaging,quality control, and very-high-speed communications. The main reasons for this interestare the many interesting properties of THz and millimeter waves, such as their ability toharmlessly penetrate through matter or the broad spectrum available at these frequencies.Targeted applications require energy efficient signal sources with high power outputand, for some applications, low phase noise. In addition, the increasing demand in mmwave/THz applications requires the use of a cost-optimized, high-performance, and verylarge scale integration (VLSI) technologies, such as the 28nm CMOS FD-SOI technology.In this context, this thesis proposes an innovative solution for mm-wave and THz frequencygeneration in CMOS technology: the injection locked distributed oscillator (ILDO). Thework presented in this manuscript includes the detailed analysis of the state-of-the-artand its limitations, the detailed theoretical study of the proposed millimeter-waves bandsolution, the development of a specific design methodology in CMOS technology as well asthe design of technological demonstrators. The several 28nm FDSOI integrated distributedoscillators at 134 GHz and respectively 200 GHz have demonstrated the feasibility ofmm-wave and THz signal sources with high-energy efficiency, high output power, and lowphase noise in a VLSI CMOS technology. Finally, the injection locking capability of suchdistributed oscillators has been demonstrated experimentally paving the way for a futuresilicon-based fully integrated THz systems. The proposed circuits are as of today thehighest oscillation frequency solutions demonstrated in a 28nm CMOS Silicon technology.

Presenta una propuesta de mejora en los procesos de planificación y control de los recursos críticos utilizados en el proyecto “Línea de Conducción Lomas de Ilo”, antes y durante su desarrollo. Tomando como base la metodología del PMI (Project Management Institute) y aplicando herramientas de la filosofía “Lean Construction”, generando una amalgama de conocimientos, traducida en procedimientos y herramientas para gestionar el proyecto. Identifica como el problema a las diversas deficiencias evidenciadas en el proceso de planificación del proyecto lo cual podría conllevar a una ineficiente gestión de los recursos críticos de parte de la empresa que lo ejecuta, repercutiendo directamente en costo y plazo. Tiene como objetivo desarrollar una metodología de planeamiento y control de los recursos, con el fin de minimizar los costos y el impacto en la duración de las actividades durante la etapa de ejecución del proyecto. Concluye dando a conocer los datos obtenidos de la performance del proyecto, antes y después de la implementación, y las conclusiones derivadas de ello.

Los recientes eventos de conflictividad social que se observan en el país, contradictoriamente tiene su origen en momentos en los que el Perú experimentó sus mejores años de crecimiento económico, principalmente por el impulso de la gran minería. Entre 2004 y 2015, la economía creció, pero también creció el descontento social y los conflictos que amenazan la estabilidad del país y la captación de inversiones que generan empleo y prosperidad. Muchos analistas, profesionales y periodistas, han mencionado como principales factores de estos conflictos los siguientes: Los problemas socio ambientales, los intereses políticos, intereses económicos y manejo inadecuado de la comunicación. Los temas ambientales de antaño, se han superado con mejores regulaciones y leyes, aun así, son el principal caballito de batalla de los activistas anti mineros, pero no dicen o hacen nada contra la minería informal que si tiene una gran cantidad de pasivos ambientales. Asimismo, el tema político, que lleva a varios candidatos y dirigentes a esgrimir la oposición a la minería como su principal estrategia política, en realidad es una estrategia de campaña, pero la mayoría de veces no es una oposición por convicción. En el tema de comunicación, es cierto que no hay buen entendimiento en varios casos, pero no pasa por que no se realicen buenas campañas comunicacionales o no se hagan los esfuerzos necesarios, Incluso el Gobierno y entidades privadas se están esforzando por institucionalizar el diálogo y desarrollar espacios de concertación. El problema tiene otro origen, que veremos más adelante. Y finalmente los asuntos económicos. Pareciera que entre más canon hay, también hay más protestas y descontento social, al extremo que activistas contra el proyecto minero Tía María de Arequipa han llegado a decir: “Canon Si, Mina NO”. Sin embargo, la investigación realizada nos ha permitido identificar otros factores que originan este singular problema de entendimiento y comunicación que existe entre empresas mineras y comunidades aledañas a operaciones y/o proyectos mineros. Si analizamos cada uno de los factores anteriores, vemos que todos nos llevan a un factor poco estudiado: Paradigmas mentales, que hacen muy difícil un diálogo fluido y fructífero. Estamos paradigmas llevan por ejemplo a los dirigentes de Ilo decir: “¿cuánto me das para que te deje seguir operando tu fundición”? Incluso algunos ya han logrado “intelectualizar” estos paradigmas, convertidos en creencias y finalmente ideología. Estos paradigmas, se han alimentado por varios años de percepciones inconscientes, según las cuales la riqueza es algo pre existente y las empresas mineras, como la Southern Peru que opera en Ilo desde 1960, son consideradas apropiadoras de algo que no les pertenece, esta percepción es el origen de la conflictividad social. Antes de 1,950, Ilo tenía una población muy pequeña de no más de 5 mil habitantes que se dedicaban a la pesca. En los años posteriores se inició la construcción de la fundición en paralelo a la mina de Toquepala, lo cual generó la llegada de cientos de trabajadores migrantes del Valle de Tambo, Puno y el centro del país. Hoy, en Ilo viven más de 80 mil personas y la dinámica económica de la ciudad ahora depende de las operaciones minero metalúrgicas, sin embargo, los sectores más conservadores, que se originaron en la migración de los años 50 y 60, mantienen la percepción de que la empresa se lleva la riqueza que les pertenece, sin que pague lo suficiente por ello. No olvidemos que también hemos visto, que el mal uso del canon hace que la población no valore la presencia de la mina o la fundición, responsabilidad que recae en las autoridades. Por ello, planteamos un nuevo modelo de intervención social, centrado en las personas, que inconscientemente reciben mejor los mensajes emocionales antes que los racionales. Este modelo trabaja en varios niveles y promueve el espíritu del emprendimiento para intentar alejar en un mediano y largo plazo el paradigma del “mendigo sentado en una banca de oro”. / Tesis

Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka om antalet anmärkningar och typer av anmärkningar hade förändrats sedan införandet av MLC. Undersökningsmaterialet är hämtat från Paris MoU årliga rapporter. Det var utifrån dessa som undersökningen genomfördes. Slutsatserna som vi kom fram till var, att sedan MLC infördes har totala antalet anmärkningar minskat under perioden 2011 till 2015.  Antal nyttjandeförbud har också minskat. Anmärkningar som endast berör arbetsmiljön har minskat sedan införandet av MLC. Allt fler anmärkningar, som tidigare hamnat under ILO, hamnar nu under MLC. De mest förekommande MLC anmärkningarna var ”Records of Seafarers´daily hours of work or rest” och ”Electrical”. Den vanligaste MLC anmärkningen som resulterade i nyttjandeförbud var ”Wages”. De anmärkningar som var vanligast vid en hamnstatskontroll beträffande övriga anmärkningar var ”Fire Safety” och ”Safety of Navigation”. / The aim of the study was to investigate whether the number of complaints and the types of complaints had changed since the introduction of the MLC. The research material is taken from the Paris MoU annual reports. It was from these that the survey was conducted. The conclusions that we came to was, that since the MLC was introduced, the total number of complaints have decreased during the period 2011-2015. The number of detentions have also declined. Remarks concerning only the work environment has declined since the introduction of the MLC. An increasing number of complaints, which had previously fallen under the ILO, will settle in the MLC.  The most common MLC remarks were "Records of Seafarers'daily hours of work or rest" and "Transport". The most common MLC complaint that resulted in the retention was "Wages". The remarks that were common at the Port State Control regarding the other allegations were "Fire Safety" and "Safety of Navigation".

Kilometer 4 and the Archaic Period Occupation of the Ilo Area of Southern PerúMore than a decade of research on a series of Archaic Period (roughly 10,000-3000 BP) sites in the Ilo area of southern Peru have yielded enough data on this previously unknown area to outline the long term patterns of development of the Preceramic cultures of this section of the south-central Andean coast. Research at several sites, most notably the Kilometer 4 site, provides evidence of a long and intensive occupation of the region characterized by increasing sedentism and increasingly intensive maritime subsistence through time. During the Early Archaic and Middle Archaic periods, coastal settlements were small, seasonally occupied sites characterized by a mixed subsistence base. By the Late Archaic period, settlement size increased, architecture became more substantial and segregation of different areas within the site increased as the exploitation of coastal resources increased. Archaic period mortuary patterns in the region are clearly associated with those of coastal northern Chile, and preliminary data indicate that Chinchorro mortuary practices prevailed during the Middle Archaic period while Quiani style patterns emerged during the Late Archaic period. / Más de una década de investigaciones en una serie de sitios del Periodo Arcaico (entre 10.000 y 3000 a.p.) en el area de Ilo, al sur del Perú, han proveído datos significativos para esta área antes desconocida a fin de delinear los patrones a largo plazo del desarrollo de las culturas precerámicas de esta sección de la costa de los Andes centro-sur. Los estudios realizados en varios sitios, principalmente en Kilómetro 4, han producido evidencias de una larga e intensiva ocupación en la región, caracterizada por un incremento del sedentarismo y de la subsistencia marítima a través del tiempo. Durante los periodos Arcaico Temprano y Arcaico Medio, los asentamientos de la costa fueron sitios pequeños, ocupados estacionalmente y se caracterizaban por una base de subsistencia mixta. Hacia el Periodo Arcaico Tardío se incrementó el tamaño de los asentamientos y la segregación de diferentes áreas dentro de los mismos; la arquitectura comenzó a ser más sustancial y se intensificó la explotación de los recursos costeros. Los patrones funerarios en la región están claramente asociados con los de la costa norte de Chile, y los datos preliminares indican que las prácticas funerarias Chinchorro prevalecieron durante el Periodo Arcaico Medio, mientras que los patrones estilísticos Quiani emergieron durante el Periodo Arcaico Tardío.

Violence in the Desert: An Archaic Burial from the Villa del Mar-IPSS Site in IloExcavations at the Villa del Mar site, at the sea shore of the district of llo in Moquegua, Peru, exposed the remains of an extended burial of a male individual whose estimated age was between 17 to 20 years. The body was wrapped in reed mats, traces of textiles made of vegetal fibers suggest the presence of a loincloth. Conservation conditions of the bones and cultural artifacts were very poor, mainly due to the impact of the use of heavy machinery on the surface of the site. It was quite clear that the cause of death of the individual was related to the damage caused by 6 projectile points that impacted in different parts of the body. The burial pattern and the cultural remains indicate an association to the Archaic Period, specifically to the Chinchorro culture that established in this geographic area. Although the reason for this violence could be related to a sacrifice or an execution, the final disposition of the body indicates that steps were taken to follow the forms and rituals typical of the time. / Excavaciones en el sitio Villa del Mar, ubicado a orillas del mar en el distrito de llo, departamento de Moquegua, Perú, permitieron recuperar el entierro de un individuo de sexo masculino en posición extendida, cuya edad fue estimada entre los 17 a 20 años de edad. El cuerpo estuvo envuelto en esteras y restos de textiles de fibra vegetal que sugieren la presencia de un taparrabo. La conservación de los huesos y materiales culturales fue muy pobre debido al trabajo de maquinaria pesada en la superficie del sitio. Sin embargo, fue claro observar que la causa de muerte estuvo relacionada a las heridas causadas por seis puntas de proyectil que impactaron en diferentes partes del cuerpo. El patrón de enterramiento y los restos culturales corresponden al Periodo Arcaico, y específicamente a la cultura Chinchorro que se asentó en esta zona. Si bien la razón de este acto violento podría relacionarse a un sacrificio o a un ajusticiamiento, la disposición final del cuerpo indica que se siguieron las formas y ritos típicos de la época.

Os padrões de ratificação de Convenções da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) e de coalisões sobre os patamares internacionais mínimos de trabalho, ao longo dos anos, podem ser explicados pela teoria de vantagem comparativa de David Ricardo, pelo modelo Heckser-Olin sobre exportações e pelo teorema de efeitos distributivos de Stolper-Samuelson. Nos últimos anos, alguns autores examinaram variáveis que poderiam potencialmente influenciar a decisão dos Estados de ratificar ou não Convenções da OIT. Sob a perspectiva da economia política internacional, variáveis tais como recursos internos e capacidade de investimentos foram usadas previamente no modelo sobre coalizões no livre comércio criado por Rogowski. Neste artigo, o nível de escolaridade é acrescentado a um modelo teórico que agrupa países de acordo com o seu respectivo fator interno de produção mais abundante, capacidade de investimentos e nível de escolaridade, orientando os respectivos apoios ou recusas em relação à adoção de padrões internacionais mínimos de trabalho. O modelo teórico foi testado por uma análise descritiva dos padrões de ratificação a partir de banco de dados criado para tal finalidade, no qual foram combinados dados oficiais e premissas originais de comparação. O banco de dados poderia ser utilizado para organizar países com base em diversos critérios e, para o objetivo do presente artigo, a conclusão alcançada foi no sentido de que os recursos produtivos internos e a capacidade de investimentos são relevantes para a formação de coalizões em relação à adoção dos patamares internacionais mínimos de trabalho, enquanto que os níveis de escolaridade são irrelevantes. / The ratification patterns at International Labor Organization (ILO) Conventions and coalitions on minimum International Labor Standards throughout the years can be explained by David Ricardo\'s theory of comparative advantage, Heckser-Olin model on exports and the distributional effects of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem. Over the last years, literature has examined variables that could potentially affect States\' decision to ratify or not ILO Conventions. Under the international political economy perspective, variables such as endowment and investment capability were previously used in the model on free trade coalitions, designed by Rogowski. In this article, educational attainment is added to a theoretical model that team up countries according to their most abundant internal factor of production, investment capability and educational attainment, guiding their support or disapproval of international minimum labor standards. The theoretical model was tested by a descriptive analysis of ratification patterns for which a database was built, combining official data and original premises of comparison. The database could be used to organize countries by any criterion, and for the purposes of this article the conclusion is that factor endowment and investment capacity are relevant to the formation of coalitions on minimum International Labor Standards at ILO, whereas education attainment is irrelevant.

<p>The Saami, a Nordic indigenous people scattered over four countries, has for centuries been regarded as parts of the national populations of the countries in which they live. During the 19th century saami demands for greater influence resulted en several changes, among them the founding of a Swedish Saami Council in 1993. The council became a popularly elected, representative institution with an agenda of its own, but also a public authority answerable to the government. The decision to attribute the council this twofold role was unusual and, from a certain point of view, even controversial: it makes it difficult to determine the location of the power to act in saami-related issues and the legitimacy to do so.</p><p>This essay is about how the twofold role came into existence, what it leads to and how the seemingly contradictive duality is managed. It has an institutional approach with theories concerning institutions and etnicity as well as institutional change and handling of complicated and ambiguous demands. Among the theorists are Karppi, Micheletti, Jacobsson and Sahlin-Andersson. The previous two treat the possibilities and the shortcomings of the multicultural democracy. The later deals among other things with decision making and with changes in politics and public administration.</p><p>The council was presented as the main solution of the problem that the Saami felt a lack of influence. However it was not welcomed by all main Saami figures. The founding of a council with a twofold role can be explained by governmental pressure at the time for a Saami Council working on governmental terms. This essay emphazises the efforts of the state to meet Saami demands without losing influence over a group long seen as a part of the national population.</p><p>It is my opinion that the case of the Saami Council is an example of the difficulties in the multicultural democracy. It is problematic when a group is “given” an institution by the state, among other things because it may undermine the possibilities for the group to raise objections in future conflicts. An arena attracting attention to an indigenous people in the national politics in the way the Saami Council does is, however, of great value for the Saami. It is truly a political success resulting in a new conception of the Saami and sprung from international change and a growing urge to question the legitimacy of national borders, but also from the propagation of the concept of Sápmi. One of its consequences is critique of the twofold role and suggestions of other ways to solve the situation, not only from the Saami but also from others, e. g. a governmental report. While waiting for such changes, the members of the Saami Council have created shared frameworks of interpretation and chosen to handle the twofold role by putting stress on the popularly elected part.</p><p>The structure of the Saami Council is studied through legal and other formal sources and through articles and litterature commenting the results of the structure. The results are contributions to the knowledge of the Saami political state in the Swedish society and to the knowledge of the Saami Council – a young institution harbouring many possibilities for future change. They are also ment to add to the understanding of the functioning of institutions with a built-in duality.</p>

Guyana’s REDD+ model features the placement of almost all of the country’s rainforest under long-term protection in return for monetary incentives that will be used to move the country along a low carbon development trajectory. It is a model of forestry preservation and sustainable development that the Government of Guyana is developing in partnership with the Government of Norway. This model of development is part of the global climate change mitigation scheme, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation plus (REDD+). REDD+ is a series of initiatives focused on/in developing countries seeking to diminish carbon dioxide emissions caused by deforestation and degradation, processes recognized as being one of the leading causes of climate change. It aims to dramatically reduce these emissions by creating an incentive mechanism that will pay developing countries to halt destructive processes that lead to deforestation and degradation. Guyana’s REDD+ model has significant implications for Amerindians who occupy the forested regions of Guyana, where most REDD+ related activities are scheduled to take place. Although this model is developing in a context where the legal and political regime governing Amerindians is weak, the treatment of Amerindians in REDD+ development leaves much to be desired in terms of both recognition and protection of important human rights. This Thesis reviews Guyana’s pioneering REDD+ model to show that it is failing to safeguard Amerindian rights recognized under international human rights law. Within the framework of the law, it argues that Guyana’s actions are contrary to its international obligations regarding indigenous peoples. Appropriate measures that should be adopted by Guyana to safeguard Amerindian rights are explored and proposed in this thesis. Possible measures that can be adopted by Norway, the World Bank, and the international community to motivate Guyana to undertake reforms are also examined.