When cultures meet, mutual influences and cultural exchanges are unavoidable. Egypt’s contact with Syro-Palestine goes back to at least the Chalcolithic Period. Egypt was a major role player in the region throughout the Bronze Age. The discoveries at Ugarit have placed a lot of emphasis on possible Canaanite influences on the religion of ancient Israel. The purpose of this study is to investigate if cultural exchanges led to Egyptian religious concepts being accepted in Israel and Judah during the period 900-587 B.C.E. (Iron IIB and C). For this reason the iconography on contemporary seals was investigated. Symbols in ancient times, especially amongst illiterate societies, were important instruments in conveying ideas and concepts. The Hebrew Bible abounds with symbolism to illustrate the powers of Yahweh. Egyptian iconography on Hebrew seals, in particular seal amulets, has been regarded by most biblical scholars as mere decorations and the amulets regarded as ‘good luck’ charms. Seal amulets were important instruments of magical ritual in ancient Egypt, where there was no distinction between magic and religion. Biblical prohibitions against magic show that in Israel and Judah, it was regarded as a form of idolatry, thus religious rituals. An important factor to be considered is the influence of Phoenicia on the region during the Period. Close relationships seem to have existed between Phoenicia with the United Kingdom of Israel and later with the northern Kingdom of Israel. An investigation of Phoenician seals from the period revealed that Egyptian religious iconography was used by all levels of Phoenician society. They inter alia used Egyptian imagery to portray their own gods. Seals from Israel and Judah during Iron IIB and C indicate that Egyptian religious iconography was also used on seals by all levels of society in those kingdoms. Israel, due to its close proximity to Phoenicia, probably imported these images via Phoenicia. Judah, due to its isolation, probably got those images directly from Egypt. Some of these images may be ascribed to attempts to portray aspects of Yahweh’s powers. Others convey definite Egyptian religious messages. Egyptian influences on Israelite religion played a larger role than previously accepted. / Biblical Archaeology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Biblical Archaeology)

The bull was a potent symbol of power, strength, and, to a lesser degree, fertility to the peoples of the ancient Near East from the twelfth century until 330 BCE. This symbolism was manifested in several iconographic motifs. These motifs reveal the bull as a manifestation of divine characteristics and as an expression of the power of man, and particularly the authority of the king. The use of these iconographic motifs was not consistent across the entire area of the ancient Near East; some differed in appearance and use in the different areas of the region, and many changed over time even in the same area. In all areas and during all periods the basic core symbolism stayed the same, and the bull was always held in a special respect. / Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies / M.A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis comprises a critical analysis of the relationship between form and function in contemporary iconography that contains religious themes. From the theoretical stance of Visual Culture iconography can be defined as ‘context-specific visual language’. I suggest that meaning is created not only through material usage but also through the hermeneutic content of images. By means of a comparison between an example of what I deem literal iconography and another of figurative iconography, I explore two divergent methods through which religiously-inspired iconography can be employed in the construction of visual texts. The two examples comprise of the evangelical poster Die Smal en Breë Weg (The Broad and Narrow Way) and Willem Boshoff’s Bread-and-Pebble Road Map (2004). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie skripsie omvat ‘n kritiese analise van die verhouding tussen die aard en die funksionering van kontemporêre ikonografie wat religieuse temas bevat. Vanuit die teoretiese hoek van Visuele Kultuur kan ikonografie gedefinieer word as ‘konteks-spesifieke visuele taal’. Ek stel voor dat betekenis nie alleen gegenereer word deur die materiële gebruik van beeldmateriaal nie, maar ook deur die hermeneutiese inhoud daarvan. Deur ‘n vergelykende analise tussen ‘n voorbeeld van wat ek as letterlike ikonografie beskou en ‘n voorbeeld van figuurlike ikonografie, ondersoek ek twee uiteenlopende metodes waardeur religieus-geïnspireerde ikonografie werksaam kan wees in die konstruksie van visuele tekste. Die twee voorbeelde bestaan uit die evangeliese plakkaat Die Smal en Breë Weg en Willem Boshoff se Bread-and-Pebble Road Map (2004).

La question de recherche à la base de cette étude soulève le point de la nature paradoxale du canon de représentation égyptien qui démontre, simultanément, une certaine rigidité dans l’application de règles stylistiques et iconographiques établies, particulièrement dans l’art non commandité par l’État, et des preuves de transformation et d’intégration de motifs nouveaux. Partant de cette problématique, l’étude vise à identifier les mécanismes par lesquels ce canon permet, à la fois, l’innovation et le maintien d’une certaine tradition. L’approche est de nature double et consiste tout d’abord à identifier de grandes tendances et discontinuités stylistiques et iconographiques sur les bols de faïence du Moyen au Nouvel Empire. De plus, elle tente de déterminer si les transformations d’ordre sociopolitique et idéologique, survenant à ces périodes, peuvent être lues dans les variations stylistiques et iconographiques trouvées sur les bols de faïence. Après une description du champ conceptuel de la « représentation » en contexte égyptien, l’auteur effectue l’analyse iconographique exhaustive de ce qui constitue l’apport majeur de son étude, un corpus de 500 bols et fragments de faïence provenant de divers sites égyptiens du Moyen au Nouvel Empire. Les données ont été traitées par le biais de la méthode d’analyse iconologique proposée par Panofsky, qui lui permet de dévoiler un grand nombre de continuités et de transformations d’ordre stylistique et iconographique pour les différentes périodes. Plusieurs facteurs semblent avoir été à l’origine de ces transformations, dont la fluctuation entre un contexte de centralisation et de décentralisation politique de l’État, ainsi que l’intégration de motifs étrangers (proche-orientaux et égéens) résultant d’un contact accru entre l’Égypte et les régions voisines. De plus, les transformations idéologiques apportées par le règne d’Akhénaton et par la « contre-réforme » idéologique à la période ramesside, semblent avoir également contribué à des innovations au sein du canon, même si ce dernier maintient une certaine continuité légitimée par le pouvoir étatique. Le canon de représentation, devient ainsi une forme de langage dont l’État se sert et qui, parfois malgré lui, se transforme et fluctue selon les réalités des différentes périodes. / This study’s research question raises the issue of the paradoxical nature of the Egyptian canon of representation which shows, simultaneously, a certain rigidity in the application of established stylistic and iconographic rules, especially in non-state commissioned art, and evidence for the transformation and integration of new iconographical motifs. The study aims to identify the mechanisms by which the canon permits, at the same time, transformative processes and the maintenance of tradition. The approach is twofold and consists primarily in identifying trends and stylistic/iconographical discontinuities in the iconography found on the faience bowls from the Middle to the New Kingdoms. Furthermore, it aims to determine if the socio-political and ideological transformations taking place in these periods can be discerned in the stylistic and iconographical variations found on the bowls of the Middle to the New Kingdoms. The author discusses the theoretical model of “representation” in Egyptian context, followed by an analysis of what constitutes the major contribution of this study: an exhaustive iconographical analysis of 500 faience bowls and fragments originating from various Egyptian sites dating to the New Kingdom. The data was evaluated by means of the method of iconological analysis proposed by Panofsky, which permits the identification of a number of stylistic and iconographic continuities and changes for all periods. These transformations seem to be the result of a variety of factors, including fluctuations in the centralization and decentralization of the state, as well as the integration of foreign motifs (Near-Eastern and Aegean), which results from increased contacts between Egypt and its neighbouring regions. Furthermore, the ideological transformations taking place under Akhenaton’s reign and the ones resulting from the ideological “counter-reformation” occurring during the Ramessid period, equally seem to contribute to the changes in the representational canon, even though the latter maintained a certain continuity that was legitimized by the state. The canon thus emerges as a form of language used by the state, and sometimes despite it, which can fluctuate and be altered depending on the realities of the different periods.

La présente thèse étudie la production et la consommation d’images par les révolutionnaires russes avant 1917. L’auteur soutient que l’iconographie révolutionnaire russe émane d’un long processus au cours duquel les révolutionnaires se sont appropriés et ont subverti certaines images et stratégies visuelles, ainsi que leurs moyens de production, déjà disponibles au sein de la culture qu’ils avaient entrepris de transformer. Cette appropriation est comprise comme une tentative d'insuffler une cohérence idéologique à un mouvement révolutionnaire en émergence et, ce faisant, en proie à une relative désorganisation. L’auteur montre comment l’usage de portraits et de stéréotypes visuels joua un rôle important dans la construction de l’identité et de la conscience révolutionnaires, d’une part, et comment un certain imaginaire révolutionnaire fut cristallisé dans la culture visuelle contemporaine, d’autre part. / This dissertation studies the production and consumption of images by Russian revolutionaries prior to 1917. The author argues that Russian revolutionary iconography emanates from a long-term process in which revolutionaries appropriated and subverted the images, means of production and visual strategies already available in their surrounding cultural context. This cultural borrowing is analyzed as an attempt of the revolutionaries to give an ideological coherence to an emerging but still disorganized political movement. The author shows how portraits and visual stereotypes have been fundamental in the construction of the revolutionary identity and consciousness, on one hand, and how a certain revolutionary imagination have been crystallized in the contemporary visual culture, on the other hand.

The diploma thesis deals with medieval mural paintings. Its aim is to describe and classify the collection in terms of time and style in the context of contemporary production of mural paintings in the 14th century in Bohemia. In the introduction, historical realtionships connected with the Cathedral of the Holy Spirit are described and the development of church service in East Bohemia is outlined. The main part is concerned with the description, placement, iconographical determination of mural paintings and their present state. It especially focuses on analysing and specification of the iconography of different scenes, figures of saints and donators. Style analysis qualifies style resemblance, analogy, parallels and confronts the mural paintings with contemporary book, mural and carving production. It also deals with the problematics of over painting accidental intervention into the monument. This part deduces the probable creation time of the whole interior decoration of the decanal sacristy. The final part evaluates and recapitulates the whole problematics. The diploma thesis offers the first detailed analysis and evaluation of the paintings in the decanal sacristy of the Cathedral of the Holy Spirit in Hradec Králové and provides complete drawing and photographic documentation.

Diploma thesis Motifs of pre-Columbian America in modern Mexican art deals with the pre- Columbian motifs in the work of three leading representatives of the Mexican muralism - Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco and David Alfaro Siqueiros. Muralism, monumental painting with a clearly defined socio-educational function, started to develop on the initiative of the post- revolutionary Mexican government, since the 1920s of the 20th century. During its development, it gained international fame and today it is widely regarded as a uniquely Mexican style of art. An integral part of muralism form scenes from the life of pre-Columbian cultures. The main objective of this work is to analyse these scenes, the origin of particular motifs, their original meanings and meanings, which they assumed in the context of the murals. The work also reflects where muralists acquired knowledge about the Indian civilizations and what image of pre-Columbian past they created. The work also seeks to clarify the question in what specifically was the muralist access to pre-Columbian cultures innovative. The paper uses qualitative methods of analysis of the available written sources and analysis of visual materials.

The thesis seeks to explain the sexual passages of women related to fertility, such as menstruation, pregnancy and birth, in the ancient Egyptian world. The passages related to fertility have strong connotations with death in the Egyptian mythological context. The aim of the thesis is to understand this relationship, often metaphorically conveyed in iconography or in the netherworld literature. The thesis collects material from various sources, archeological, textual, iconographical, not only Egyptian, but also Greek and Roman. The methods used vary from cognitive linguistics and semiotic analysis to religious anthropology. Menstruation, pregnancy and birth in ancient Egypt are explained not only on the level of the understanding of the body of the Egyptians, but also in terms of what role they play in iconography and mythology. Furthermore, the relationship between birth and death is made with regards to fertility. The basic findings of this thesis consist of illustrating a dichotomy between the feminine nurturing principle of and masculine creative principle which appear in different contexts related to birth and death: in iconography, on the level of bodily fluids, or in mythological creation.

Dominant un vaste territoire au nord des Alpes occidentales, les Allobroges ont su profiter de l’essor insufflé par le Pax Romana. Leur cité, Vienne, au coeur de la Narbonnaise, connaît sa période la plus florissante aux deux premiers siècles de notre ère, fondant sa remarquable prospérité sur différentes promotions juridiques et sur une certaine réussite économique. Le peuple allobroge et ses notables prennent le parti d’une latinisation précoce et nouent dès le début du Principat des liens étroits avec Rome, ce qui entraine des mutations culturelles et sociales profondes.Bien que cette cité romanisée et aristocratique nous soit bien connue, la complexité de sa société s’exprime encore aujourd’hui autour de notions telles que l’identité, le rôle ou la fonction. Or, la qualité et la diversité du patrimoine archéologique, les témoignages épigraphiques comme iconographiques parvenus jusqu’à nous peuvent permettre de mieux comprendre la construction identitaire de ce peuple.En effet, Le développement municipal va s’accompagner d’une dimension spirituelle. L’implication des magistrats civils et des institutions religieuses à travers les prêtrises référencées, l’influence des grandes familles, la portée des actes d’évergétisme de citoyens plus ou moins fortunés et la place des femmes dans la ferveur viennoise expliquent notamment le développement et la vitalité du culte impérial, le succès rencontré par les divinités gréco-romaines, l’implantation de religions à Mystères et la pérennité de certaines divinités indigènes.Cette étude propose aux lecteurs de saisir les interactions entre dévots, dédicants et intégration des élites tout au long de cette période pour apporter un éclairage nouveau sur cette société singulière, tout en appréhendant les particularités et la richesse du panthéon viennois / Dominating a north western-Alpes vast territory, the Allobroges have taken advantage of the growth breathed by the Pax Romana. Their civitas, Vienna, in the heart of Narbonne area, knows its bourishing period on the first both centuries, basing its remarkable prosperity on various legal promotions and on a certain economic success. The allobroge people and his notables choose an earlier romanisation and establish narrows links connections with Rome as soon as the start of the Principat which influence deeps cultural and social alterations.Although our good knowledge about this romanised and aristocratic civitas, the complexity of his society still express itself today around notions like identity, role or function. Now, the quality and diversity of the archaeological culture heritage, the epigraphic and iconographic evidences reached until us allow for better understanding the identity structure of this people.So, it's a fact that the municipal growing will be accompanied by a spiritual dimension. The involvement of the civilian magistrates, religious institutions through the referenced priesthood, the influence of the great families, significance of the displayed religious acts of citizen, more or less riched and the place of the women in the viennese fervour, notably explain the development and the vitality of the imperial religion, the success met by the greek-roman divinities, the establishment of religions with mysteries and the permanence of some native divinities.This study proposes to the readers to seize the interactions between devouts persons, dedicaters and integration of the elites during all this period for providing a new lighting on this singular society, grasping the particularities and wealth of the viennese's Pantheon

Ce travail de thèse est consacré aux images murales de la vie terrestre de la Vierge, une séquence iconographique composée de l’histoire de la jeunesse de Marie et des épisodes de la vie du Christ auxquels la Vierge est associée, jusqu’à la Pentecôte. La recherche s’inscrit dans un cadre chronologique étendu, depuis le premier art chrétien jusqu’au concile de Trente. Elle repose sur une abondante documentation iconographique qui comporte plus de 2300 images, peintures et mosaïques murales, conservées en France et en Italie. La première partie du mémoire est consacrée à l’analyse quantitative de la documentation iconographique, selon un triple point de vue. Une analyse thématique permet de déterminer trois séquences chronologiques dans le déroulement de la vie terrestre de la Vierge, tout en précisant l’importance quantitative de chacun des thèmes iconographiques étudiés. Une analyse de la répartition géographique des différents sites de conservation répertoriés révèle des caractéristiques spatiales propres à chacun des territoires étudiés, en lien avec l’histoire locale. Enfin, une analyse chronologique permet d’intégrer les images murales recensées aux grandes phases de l’histoire de l’art, tout en mettant en lumière les décors les plus emblématiques. La seconde partie du mémoire est dédiée à l’enquête iconographique à proprement parler. En forme de préambule, les différentes sources textuelles utilisées dans le cadre de cette recherche sont présentées. Elles ont été regroupées en trois catégories : les sources canoniques, les évangiles apocryphes et les textes médiévaux. L’analyse iconographique des différents thèmes qui composent la vie terrestre de la Vierge s’organise autour des trois séquences qui ont été déterminées : les épisodes qui précèdent la naissance du Christ (jeunesse de Marie et Incarnation), ceux de l’Enfance de Jésus (de la Nativité à Jésus parmi les Docteurs) et ceux de l’âge adulte du Christ dans lesquels Marie joue un rôle (des Noces de Cana à la Pentecôte). Cette analyse a pour objectif de déterminer les éléments constitutifs des différents thèmes iconographiques étudiés, de mettre en place une typologie propre à chacun, en soulignant les constantes et les points de rupture. La mise en exergue des liens qui existent entre les images et les sources textuelles constitue également un enjeu prioritaire de cette recherche. Des questions transversales, relatives au développement d’une iconographie proprement mariale, aux processus de diffusion des images, à la perception de la figure mariale comme un modèle édifiant et à l’étude du rapport entre les images et les textes ou leur emplacement dans l’espace ecclésial sont présentées sous la forme de réflexions conclusives. En parallèle, une sélection d’images murales de la vie terrestre de la Vierge, choisies pour leur exemplarité par rapport à l’argumentation de l’analyse, est présentée sous la forme de trois catalogues correspondant aux séquences narratives déjà évoquées. Ils s’accompagnent d’une bibliographie sélective concernant les différents sites de conservation présentés dans chacun des catalogues. D’autres outils bibliographiques sont mis à disposition dans un volume d’annexes. Un répertoire thématique, récapitulant toutes les images murales qui appartiennent à la documentation iconographique de l’étude, est également fournit en annexe. / This thesis is devoted to wall images of the Virgin’s earthly life, an iconographic sequence composed of the young Mary’s history and episodes from Christ’s life which are related to the Virgin, until Pentecost. This research comes within the extended framework from the early Christian art to the Council of Trent. It is based on an abundant iconographic documentation which includes more than 2300 pictures, wall paintings and mosaics, preserved in France and Italy. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the quantitative analysis of the iconographic documentation, according to a triple point of view. A thematic analysis identifies three phases in the chronological sequence of the Virgin’s earthly life, while specifying the quantitative importance of each of the studied iconographic themes. An analysis of the geographical distribution of different listed conservation sites reveals spatial characteristics which are specific to each territory studied, in connection with local history. Finally, a chronological analysis allows to integrate wall images from great phases of the art history, as well as to highlight the most emblematic decorations. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the iconographic investigation itself. As preamble, the various textual sources used in this research are presented. They are grouped into three categories : canonical sources, apocryphal gospels and medieval texts. The iconographic analysis of different themes about the Virgin’s earthly life are organized around three sequences : episodes preceding Christ’s birth (youth of Mary and Incarnation), those of Jesus’ Childhood (from the Nativity to Jesus among the Doctors) and those of adult Christ in which Mary plays a role (from Wedding at Cana to Pentecost). This analysis’ objective is to determine the different components of studied iconographic themes and to establish their specific typology, while stressing constants and breakpoints. The highlighting of the links between images and textual sources is also a priority of this research. Cross-cutting issues related to the development of Marian iconography itself, the process of images diffusion, the perception of the Marian figure as an edifying model and the study of the link between images and texts or their location in the ecclesial space are presented in the form of concluding reflections. In parallel, a selection of wall images of the Virgin’s earthly life, chosen according to the analysis arguments for their exemplary nature, is represented as three catalogues matching narrative sequences mentioned above. The selective bibliography on the various conservation sites is presented in each catalogue. Other bibliographic tools are provided in appendices volume. A thematic directory, listing all the wall images that belong to the iconographic documentation of the study, is also provided in appendix.