Entre tiros, drogas, e aspirações sociais e financeiras, vítimas de um sistema social excludente tornam-se homicidas da noite para o dia, engrossando as estatísticas da criminalidade no Brasil. O presente trabalho, calcado na Teoria Econômica do Crime, investiga os principais determinantes socioeconômicos da criminalidade nos estados brasileiros, entre 2001 e 2005, considerando duas principais modalidades: mercado de drogas ilícitas e homicídios entre jovens. Realizando estimações através de dados em painel, a exemplo de estudos nacionais e internacionais, foi observado entre os resultados que aspectos sociais e econômicos exercem influência sobre o comportamento racional do criminoso, especialmente os indicadores de urbanização, educação e desemprego. / Trapped between shootings, illicit drugs and hopes of social escalation, the victims of an exclusionary social system become murderers overnight, swelling the criminal statistics in Brazil. This work, inspired by the Economic Theory of Crime, investigates the main social and economic determining factors of crime rates in the states of Brazil between the years of 2001 and 2005, in the two most reoccurring types: the market of illegal drugs and juvenile homicide. In the manner of other Brazilian and foreign studies, Panel Data was used to observe that the social and economical environment significantly influence the criminal behavior specially where urbanization, education and unemployment are concerned

The diploma thesis deals with neonatal abstinence syndrome which occur to newborns whose mothers were on addictive illegal drugs in the time of pregnancy. The most frequently taken drugs are canabinoids, stimulancias, opiods and opiates, halucinogens, and drugs taken during substitutional therapy. Neonatal abstinence syndrome is a multisystem disorder that frequently affects central nervous system, gastrointestinal system, respiratory system and autonomic system. To diagnose neonatal abstinence system is the most important careful monitoring of baby in the first days of its life. There are different scoring systems which have been developed for assessing the severity of neonatal abstinence syndrome, we use the Finnegan scoring system. Treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome is mainly supportive and pharmacological therapy. There are also social serious consequences of this problems; mothers are usually not able to take care of babies and children live in children's homes. The aims of this study were to find out special needs of newborns born to mothers using addictive illegal drugs during pregnancy, to find care interventions which help newborns with neonatal abstinence syndrome in their first days of life and to discover interventions helping mothers stop using addictive illegal drugs. The theoretical part of this study is based on research of already presented scientific studies. The practical part of the study problems of neonates of mothers using addictive illegal drugs in first days after delivery. We have used Virginia Henderson's need theory to evaluate neonate's need. We have chosen only the most important elementary components out of 14 components in Virginia Henderson's need theory. I was also trying to find out if nurses know how to help neonates with neonatal abstinence syndrome and what nursing interventions have positive influence to neonates. Another goal was to know how nurses communicate with mothers and if they have positive influence on mothers. The method of communication with mother using addictive illegal drugs was semistructured interview. I wanted to know what kind of addictive drugs mothers were using during pregnancy and if mothers tried to solve their problem in pregnancy, before delivery. Results are sorted into categories and subcategories and showed in diagrams and tables. Neonates of mothers using addictive illegal drugs during pregnancy have problems in all investigated needs such as breathe, eat and drink adequately, sleep and rest, thermoneutral zone and social need. I also found out that some nursing intervences have positive influence on neonates with neonatal abstinence syndrome. Very important intervenes were individual contact with each neonate and quick reaction to every change in behavior. It is also necessary to respect their sleep and rest time, take nursing and medical care together in blocks, use non-pharmacological treatment of pain, feed them individually according to their needs and also try different techniques of feeding, put babies into the right position and eventually nestle, rock or touch them. In last part of the study we discuss mothers who use addictive illegal drugs. We found out that nurses did not speak with them very actively, did not offer them to breast-feed in special conditions, did not tell them about possibility to be with neonate together in the hospital until a discharge. On the other hand, mothers were not interested in the breast-feeding or staying with babies. The goal of the study was to create brochure with information of negative consequences of taking addictive drugs on babies. This brochure is convenient for education of mother and students as well.

Entre tiros, drogas, e aspirações sociais e financeiras, vítimas de um sistema social excludente tornam-se homicidas da noite para o dia, engrossando as estatísticas da criminalidade no Brasil. O presente trabalho, calcado na Teoria Econômica do Crime, investiga os principais determinantes socioeconômicos da criminalidade nos estados brasileiros, entre 2001 e 2005, considerando duas principais modalidades: mercado de drogas ilícitas e homicídios entre jovens. Realizando estimações através de dados em painel, a exemplo de estudos nacionais e internacionais, foi observado entre os resultados que aspectos sociais e econômicos exercem influência sobre o comportamento racional do criminoso, especialmente os indicadores de urbanização, educação e desemprego. / Trapped between shootings, illicit drugs and hopes of social escalation, the victims of an exclusionary social system become murderers overnight, swelling the criminal statistics in Brazil. This work, inspired by the Economic Theory of Crime, investigates the main social and economic determining factors of crime rates in the states of Brazil between the years of 2001 and 2005, in the two most reoccurring types: the market of illegal drugs and juvenile homicide. In the manner of other Brazilian and foreign studies, Panel Data was used to observe that the social and economical environment significantly influence the criminal behavior specially where urbanization, education and unemployment are concerned

Orientador: Mauricio Knobel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T18:18:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro_MarceloJosede_M.pdf: 2305336 bytes, checksum: c94d403551984bc241172b7d79b0c6ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: INTRODUÇÃO: O uso de drogas por adolescentes tem sido predominantemente abordado nos meios de comunicação e em ações preventivas pela ênfase ideológica do ¿combate às drogas¿, em detrimento da devida consideração dos fatores individuais e familiares e dos aspectos socioculturais de sua demanda e ocorrência. Considerada a importância dos papéis parentais na adolescência, objetivou-se investigar qualitativamente o tema na perspectiva da mãe do adolescente e formular hipóteses a respeito de fatores subjetivos possivelmente relacionáveis a dificuldades de prevenção do problema. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo qualitativo e exploratório sobre uma amostra intencional, fechada por saturação e variedade de tipos, composta por 10 mães de adolescentes matriculados em instituição privada de ensino. Foram realizadas entrevistas semidirigidas de questões abertas, cujo conteúdo transcrito foi submetido à análise qualitativa de conteúdo temática e interpretado à luz de referenciais teóricos psicanalíticos e psicossociais. RESULTADOS: As entrevistadas evidenciaram uma visão predominantemente negativa do mundo e da sociedade em que vivem, bem como muitas angústias e dificuldades de reformulação do papel materno diante da sexualidade adolescente e das transformações físicas e emocionais da adolescência de seus filhos. Estes foram ambivalentemente percebidos como ingênuos e vulneráveis, para os quais a droga, reificada no discurso das entrevistadas, representaria um mal onipresente e um perigo iminente. Neste contexto, predominaram atitudes de medo e condenação das drogas ilegais e de discriminação dos seus usuários, reproduzindo aspectos ideológicos típicos do ¿combate às drogas¿. O consumo de álcool e tabaco revelou-se, porém, bem mais tolerado, enquanto o início dos problemas relacionados às drogas na adolescência foi predominantemente identificado pelas entrevistadas somente a partir do uso de maconha. CONCLUSÕES: O enfoque repressivo da ideologia de combate às drogas reproduziu-se na fala das entrevistadas, revelando-se prejudicial à sua percepção da amplitude e complexidade do problema, e comprometendo seu papel potencial na prevenção do uso de drogas por seus filhos. Os resultados do estudo indicam que a atenção às angústias maternas relacionadas à adolescência de seus filhos deve ser considerada na formulação de programas voltados para a saúde do adolescente e da família, e que as estratégias preventivas do uso de drogas na adolescência poderiam ser maximizadas através da abordagem dos aspectos psicodinâmicos e psicossociais do adolescente e de sua família. Algumas categorias e subcategorias formuladas indicaram possibilidades abertas para novas pesquisas quantitativas e qualitativas. As limitações do estudo foram assinaladas / Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Drug use by adolescents has been predominantly mentioned through communication media and preventive actions by the ideological emphasis of the ¿drug combat¿, despite the righteous consideration of the individual and familiar factors and the social and cultural aspects of its occurrence. Once the importance of the parental role was considered, this investigation focused qualitatively on the topic regarding the perspective of the adolescent¿s mother, formulating hypotheses on subjective factors possibly related to the difficulties of its prevention. METHODS: An exploratory and qualitative study was conducted based on an intentional sample (selected through saturation and variety of types) of 10 mothers whose teenage children were enrolled in private schools. In-depth open-question semi- structured interviews were conducted. Transcribed data underwent qualitative thematic analysis in light of psychoanalytical and psychosocial theoretical references. RESULTS: The women interviewed showed not only a predominantly negative view of the world and society they live in, but also their anxiety and difficulties to the reformulation of the maternal role when facing the adolescent¿s sexuality and the physical and emotional transformations of their children¿s teenagehood. The children were ambivalently perceived as naive and vulnerable, to whom drugs, and this was ratified by the mothers¿ answers, would represent an omnipresent evil and imminent danger. In this context, the predominant attitudes were those of fear and condemnation of illegal drugs and the discrimination of its users, reproducing typical ideological aspects of the ¿drug combat¿. The consumption of alcohol and tobacco was however better tolerated whilst the beginning of the drug problems in the teenagehood was mainly identified by the interviewed mothers as the commencement of marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS: The repressive emphasis of the drug combat ideology was reproduced throughout the interview which turned out to be prejudicial to the perception of the amplitude and complexity of the problem, compromising the potential role it has in the prevention of drug use by their children. Special attention to mothers¿ anxieties related to the adolescence of their children should be considered when formulating programs destined for adolescents and family health. Any preventive strategy of use of drugs in the adolescence can be maximized by approaching the psychodynamic and psychosocial aspects of the teenager and his or her family. Some categories and subcategories that had been formulated indicated open possibilities to new qualitative and quantitative researches. The limitations of this study have been marked. / Mestrado / Saude Mental / Mestre em Ciências Médicas

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el consumo de drogas legales e ilegales y la portación de armas en adolescentes peruanos. Materiales y métodos: Análisis secundario del estudio Young Lives, en el cual se utilizó la cohorte menor de la quinta ronda para Perú, donde se incluyeron un total de 1782 participantes. La variable resultado fue evaluada con la pregunta “Durante los últimos 30 días, ¿Cuántos días llevaste un arma, como por ejemplo un cuchillo, para tu propia protección?”, la cual se dicotomizó en sí (por lo menos un día) y no (nunca). Las variables independientes se evaluaron con preguntas estandarizadas. Se empleó regresión de Poisson considerando conglomerados para calcular razones de prevalencia (RP) con IC95%. Resultados: La prevalencia en portación de armas en esta población fue de 5,21%. El consumo de tabaco tuvo una prevalencia de 18,51%, mientras que el consumo de alcohol registró una prevalencia de 33,52%. Se determinó que el consumo de inhalantes (4,79%), marihuana (4,07%) y cocaína (1,34%) fueron las drogas ilegales con mayores prevalencias. Se encontró asociación significativa entre el consumo de drogas legales e ilegales y la portación de armas en adolescentes peruanos con un p<0,001. Conclusiones: La portación de armas se encuentra asociada al uso de diferentes drogas legales e ilegales. Sugerimos estudios longitudinales que puedan responder a nuestra pregunta de investigación, asimismo estos deberían considerar otras variables como el acceso al mercado ilegal de armas, antecedentes de enfermedades psiquiátricas, incluyendo depresión y ansiedad, entre otros. / Objective: To determine the association between legal and illegal drugs consumption and weapon carrying in Peruvian adolescents. Materials and methods: Secondary analysis of the Young Lives study, in which round five from the younger cohort for Peru was used, 1782 participants were included. The outcome was measured with the question “During the last 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a knife, to be able to protect yourself?”. The independent variables were assessed with standardized questions. Poisson regression using clusters was used to calculate Prevalence Ratios (PR) with 95% CI. Results: The prevalence of weapon carrying was 5.21%. Tobacco consumption had a prevalence of 18.51%, while alcohol consumption prevalence was 33.52%. Inhalant (4.79%), marijuana (4.07%) and cocaine use (1.34%) were determined to be the illegal drugs with the highest prevalence. A significant association was found between legal and illegal drugs consumption and weapon carrying in Peruvian adolescents with a p<0.001. Conclusions: Weapon carrying is associated with the use of different legal and illegal drugs. We suggest longitudinal designs that can answer our research question. Also, they should consider other variables such as access to the illegal arms market, a history of psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety, among others. / Tesis

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The diploma thesis deals with the issue of ADHD among clients treated in therapeutical communities for users of illegal addictive substances. The issue of ADHD is explored in the point of view of prevalence, influence on a person and in the point of view of complications during the treatment. Information concerning this issue are absented in the Czech Republic. Research studies about dual diagnosis substantiate the influence of associated co morbid for use of addictive substances in the point of view of an ability of one to cope with normally adjusted medical schedule and make profit out of it. Lingering of ADHD in adultery even with subliminal Symptomatology presents a burden in fields of executive and behavioral abilities of a person. Well- timed and proper diagnosis is vital for an adjustment of optimal medical schedule. The goal of the thesis was to find whether there are clients with ADHD diagnosis in therapeutical communities and what is the influence of a defect on a person and on complications during the treatment. The occurence of ADHD clients of therapeutical communities was found out in childhood and in the present, characteristics of ADHD clients were tracked and a degree of occurence of complications in comparision with clients without diagnosis during the process of the treatment was...

There is a perception that drug use is a serious and growing problem to be solved by medicine, social work and drug enforcement agencies. This thesis takes a critical standpoint again such populist views and interprets drug use as one of any number of normal activities that people engage. This qualitative research utilising a bricoleur ethnographic methodology focuses on the drug taking of non-treatment seeking illegal drug users. The data reveals that they manage several social identities and the potential stigma of being discovered as an illicit user of illegal drugs utilising several strategies to remain intentionally unseen. The thesis explores how and in what way socially competent drug users differ from visible treatment seeking drug users. In order to develop this understanding, several gatekeepers were identified and within their social networks the participants were recruited into this research. The participants (n=24) were recruited from a wide range of age groups (21-52) and geographical locations within Scotland. One to one interviews, a focus group, and several pair bonded partners were interviewed together providing rich sources of data. Interviews were transcribed and analysed thematically from a social constructionist perspective. The findings illuminate the ways in which the intentionally unseen identify and manage risks from drugs, drugs policy and the potential shame and stigma were their hidden social worlds revealed. The practical implications of the results of this thesis are explored and recommendations for future research are discussed.

On observe au plan national comme international une augmentation de la consommation de certains produits, singulièrement de drogues illicites, voire d’une poly consommation (alcool, médicament, cannabis,…). Du fait de cette tendance générale, mais aussi en raison des évolutions propres au travail, les lieux d’activité professionnelle sont aujourd’hui de plus en plus confrontés à la question. En effet, des risques peuvent être encourus au travail par le consommateur, ses collègues ou des tiers. Alors même que les obligations patronales concernant la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs sont aujourd’hui substantielles, l’employeur est tenu dans sa gestion de la question au respect des libertés et droits fondamentaux de la personne salariée. En évitant toute approche généralisante, dénonciatrice du salarié-consommateur nécessairement pourvoyeur de risques pour l’entreprise, il convient, dans une démarche constructive, de ne pas nier un phénomène porteur de mises en cause potentielles de la santé ou de la sécurité de travailleurs, de difficultés de gestion et de responsabilités de l’entreprise. Quelles réponses juridiques sont disponibles, pertinentes, imaginables, dans une perspective à la fois de sécurisation juridique des entreprises mais aussi de respect des libertés et droits fondamentaux des personnes, de prévention des risques professionnels et de prise en charge du salarié consommateur ? L’approche juridique entend ici prendre en compte les réalités du terrain, les acquis et questionnements d’autres disciplines ainsi qu’un éclairage de droit comparé. / At both national and international levels we can observe an increase in the use of certain substances, particularly illicit drugs and even poly consumption (alcohol, medication, cannabis,…). Due to this general trend, and because of evolutions inherent to work itself, the work place is now more and more confronted to these issues. Indeed, such behavior exposes the user, his or her colleagues and even third parties to a number of risks. Even though employer's duties on matters concerning employee's health and safety are substantial nowadays, the employer is held to respecting the fundamental rights and freedom of the worker when dealing with such issues. While avoiding a general approach that would simply denounce the user-employee that is necessarily a cause of risk exposure for the firm, it is necessary, in a constructive approach, to not deny a phenomenon that puts in question the health and safety of the workers, and generates managerial and liability problems for the firm. Which are the available juridical responses that are pertinent and imaginable, that would protect legal certainty, respect the fundamental human rights of the people involved, help prevent professional risks and take care of the employee-user? The juridical approach intends to take into account the realities of the field, the insights of other scientific disciplines and a comparative contribution.

A quantitative, descriptive, explorative design was used to examine drug abuse among adolescents in Swaziland. The researcher collected data by interviewing adolescents who abused drugs in the Msunduza township, Mbabane, Swaziland. The study found that these adolescents abused alcohol to such an extent that they were often intoxicated and their schoolwork deteriorated. Only 21,7% (n=13) of the adolescents were addicted to illegal drugs. The respondents indicated that the use of drugs had negatively affected their relationships with other people and their lives in general, and they had been arrested for criminal offences, which could be contributed to their use of drugs. Peer group pressure and being accepted by their friends were the primary factors that contributed to the problem. However, the fact that more than half of the sample did not live with both their parents and had a poor relationship with their guardians could also be a factor. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)