This thesis starts from Anderson¡¦s theory of ¡§Imagined Community¡¨, through the angle of ¡§Nationalism¡¨ and the ¡§Historical State Approach¡¨, to study the development of ethnic politics in Indonesia. In the analysis of historic events, this research hopes to represent the phenomenon of ethnic politics in Indonesia. According to the development of Indonesian Nationalism, this dissertation divides the political history in Indonesia into four stages, ¡§the independent stage¡¨, ¡§the national integration stage¡¨, ¡§the national cooperation stage¡§ and ¡§the democratic transformation stage¡¨, also there are two factors----¡§the state dominate¡¨ and ¡§the ethnic group politic mobilization¡¨ ---- being cross-compared their relations within the four historic stages. This thesis concludes: Indonesia as an ¡§imagined community¡¨, which leads the cleavage in the Indonesian national society. Lack of efficient institution for national integration at the beginning of the national independence, the cooperation politics in the New Order stage, both tended to build the inequality between different ethnic groups, which is the main reason for racial conflict after the democratization, and also the general factor affecting the ethnic politics in Indonesia. Individual factors affecting the ethnic politics in Indonesia include elements of the culture in religion, of the economy in region and the history in international politics, of the racial immigration and economy¡Kwhich form the ethnic consciousness and ethnic identity. Under the effects of the general and individual levels, nowadays the Indonesian ethnic politics presents itself as¡GA. Religion: Muslim parties contestation, the religious demonstration outside the institution, and the regional conflicts in religion. B. Region: secessionism, islanders demanding for regional autonomy or for federalism. C. Race: race violence against Indonesian Chinese, regional racial murders caused by the interior immigration policy. This dissertation concludes with elements of the above three levels, which show the phenomenon of contemporary ethnic politics in Indonesia.

This study is based upon the idea that foreign language (FL) classrooms exist apart from their target language communities. While historically, this has been a geographic truth, divides between FL learners and native speakers may also reflect symbolic social distance. Given the symbolic, if not geographic, isolation of the FL classroom from the real world, this study presumes that a challenge inherent to the endeavor of FL education is that the authentic, real-world language and culture under study are, by definition, not naturally present in the FL classroom. This study considers how this challenge, referred to as the challenge of authenticity, is managed in one FL classroom. Seven eighth-grade students and their teacher comprise Classroom 204, a beginning Spanish FL classroom at a private school in the southwest U.S. This qualitative case study uses classroom observations, audio-recordings, classroom artifacts, and participant interviews as data to consider not only how authenticity is imported, imagined, and conjured by participants in Classroom 204, but how authenticity is assigned value therein. Data is analyzed largely with discourse analysis of transcripts of classroom talk about (and classroom talk that constituted) various facets of authenticity, value, and the real world. Ecology theory serves as a broad theoretical lens through which to understand (and accept) the complexity inherent to the social phenomena being researched. Benedict Anderson's (1991) theory of imagined communities is adopted to understand the boundaries that delineate the inside of the FL classroom from the outside, and Bourdieu's (1992) notion of symbolic capital is used to understand the ways by which authenticity becomes valuable (and, conversely, how that which is valuable becomes authentic). Findings suggest that, while participants are largely oriented to real-world manifestations of Spanish language and culture, authenticity is not most present in Classroom 204 in the form of stuff imported from elsewhere. Rather, authenticity emerges out of the highly local, socially-immediate interactions and value systems unique to Classroom 204. Suggestions for both pedagogy and future research focus on approaches that acknowledge and capitalize on the power of local authenticity in the FL classroom, as cultivated by local social actors. / text

Transculturalism refers to how cultural barriers are transcended and how cultures meet. Because the transcultural perspective reflects hitherto unrepresented spaces, it revises and innovates literary canons. This study investigates aspects of transculturalism in texts dealing with travel by the Canadian writer Janice Kulyk Keefer. It also explores how these aspects might alter our view of Canadian literature. The transcultural perspectives between mainstream Canada and Ukraine, Europe and Acadie have been analysed through three tropes of travel: departure, passage and arrival. Keefer’s texts have been read in accordance with Mikhail Bakhtin's dialogic theories to chart transcultural encounters and clashes. This thesis argues that a historic consciousness of their ethnic group gives the young generation a transcultural position that enables them to profit from their dual cultural competence. Although Imagined Communities are affirmed as receptacles of the cultural heritage, the impending environmental catastrophe demands that the national interests that they represent be abandoned for international co-operation. In Keefer’s European texts the transcultural aspects reflect how travel becomes synonymous with quests and epiphanies. Travelling is described as a learning process in Rest Harrow where the protagonist’s increasing cultural competence changes her from a tourist to a real traveller. The transcultural aspects also unmask prejudices, collisions and failed transitions. In this context Imagined Communities are criticized as agents of the colonial discourse, chauvinism, and intolerance. The transcultural perspective also reveals that patriarchal paradigms and the silencing of persecutions victimize the young generation. Furthermore, their ignorance of the mother tongue works as a linguistic barrier shutting them out from their ethnic group. Keefer's Acadian texts support Bakhtin's contention that isolated groups become intolerant to strangers and deviants. While the transcultural perspective unmasks tourists' perception of other countries as idiosyncratic, also the travellers' own ironic postmodernist view of themselves as tourists and of the artificiality of tourism is featured. The cultural assumptions of literary discourse are challenged by border blurring phenomena such as story-telling, the camivalesque, intertextuality and historiographic metafiction. Thus the morality of Keefer's transcultural approach lies also in her literary technique. The alternative perspective inherent in transculturalism makes individuals break away from their given cultural context to embrace a new transcultural ethos. / <p>Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1996</p> / digitalisering@umu

This thesis explores the idea of a liminal space, as being dreamlike, suspended in time and physically unlocatable. It questions and exploits the boundary between abstraction and figuration in painting. This investigation has been considered from a subjective viewpoint allowing a distancing of space to illuminate new perceptions and experiences through the language of painting. The project has sought to explore the relationship between the natural world and seeing, to deepen and emphasize the other worldliness of an in-between space. This third space has been evoked by a process of abstracting pictorial content, juxtaposition of elements, colour and composition. The thesis is constituted of practice-based 80%, accompanied by an exegesis 20%.

Esta pesquisa, que aborda jornalismo de revista e leitura, constrói o conceito de leitor imaginado e propõe um mapa metodológico para que os pesquisadores possam localizar e compreender este leitor imaginado. Partindo da perspectiva interacionista, compreendemos a leitura como um fenômeno de negociação de sentidos que é constitutivo do jornalismo. Na primeira parte da tese, exploramos o campo da leitura em relação ao quadro teórico do discurso para propor a definição conceitual do leitor imaginado. A figura do leitor imaginado se elabora como uma “posição”, inscrita no texto (verbal e não-verbal) de modo a permitir a negociação de sentidos entre autor e leitor real. Nessa perspectiva, autor e leitor real não lidam com um texto, mas com outro sujeito – o leitor imaginado –, mesmo que ele exista apenas como virtualidade. Na segunda parte do trabalho, investigamos o universo empírico das revistas e elaboramos um mapa metodológico, estabelecendo os indicadores que permitem ao pesquisador localizar, identificar e problematizar o leitor imaginado no jornalismo de revista. O mapa metodológico aponta que o pesquisador deverá observar três dimensões na conformação das publicações: 1) Dimensão Institucional; 2) Dimensão Publicitária; e 3) Dimensão Editorial. Cada uma dessas dimensões congrega particularidades, referidas como indicadores específicos que devem ser observados. Na Dimensão Institucional: a) os índices de segmentação; b) a publicidade de si; e c) os materiais promocionais. Na Dimensão Publicitária: a) os tipos de produtos; e b) os índices verbais e não-verbais sobre o leitor presentes nas peças publicitárias. Na Dimensão Editorial: a) o conteúdo jornalístico; b) a visualidade; e c) as manifestações do leitor explícito. / This research, which addresses magazine journalism and reading, develops the concept of the imagined reader and proposes a methodological guide so that researchers may locate and understand this imagined reader. From an interactionist perspective, we understand reading as a phenomenon of meaning negotiation which is constitutive of journalism. In the first part of the thesis, we explore the reading field on relation to the theoretical framework of discourse in order to propose a conceptual definition of the imagined reader. The form of the imagined reader is elaborated as a “position” inscribed in text (verbal and non-verbal) in a way that allows the negotiation of meanings between author and real reader. In this perspective, author and real reader don’t deal with a text, but with another subject – the imagined reader –, even if he exists only as a potentiality. In the second part, we investigate the empirical universe of magazines and elaborate a methodological guide, establishing indexes that allow the researcher to locate, identify and reflect upon the imagined reader in magazine journalism. The methodological guide indicates that the researcher must observe three dimensions of the conformation of magazines: 1) Institutional Dimension; 2) Advertising Dimension; and 3) Editorial Dimension. Each one of these dimensions congregates particularities, referred as specific indexes that must be observed. In Institutional Dimension: a) indexes of segmentation; b) advertising of itself; and c) promotional materials. In Advertising Dimension: a) types of products; and b) verbal and non-verbal indexes about the reader present in advertisements. In Editorial Dimension: a) journalistic content; b) visuality; and c) manifestations of the explicit reader.

This study is a qualitative research of Japanese "chuzai" families (short-term residents) concerning parental perspectives toward children's education in Southern Illinois. The primary data was collected by questionnaires, individual and group interviews, and school observations. The main participants of this study were five mothers of the "chuzai" group in Southern Illinois, in which questionnaires, individual and group interviews were conducted. Furthermore, in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the children's education, school visits were made to the Japanese Saturday School and the ELL (English Language Learner) program of the local school which the children attended, including classroom observations. Additionally, interviews with the principal of the Japanese school and the ELL teacher were conducted, and questionnaires were also distributed to all the parents whose children attended the Japanese Saturday School. The notion of imagined communities (Anderson, 1991; Norton, 2001) was employed as the theoretical framework in order to examine "chuzai" people's current lives in Southern Illinois and their attitudes toward their children's education. The study reveals that "chuzai" families are different in various ways from both "eiju" (permanent residents) and Japanese communities in larger cities. Even though the Japanese community in Southern Illinois is small and features limited access to Japanese products, they maintain their Japanese lifestyle and strong connection with Japanese people in their community remarkably well. Interestingly, they show positive attitudes toward living in Southern Illinois, but they also have concerns due to their transiency as "chuzai." In relation to perspectives on children's education, this study suggests that parents have positive perspectives toward maintaining their Japanese culture, as well as learning the English language and experiencing American culture. Their heritage as Japanese strongly affects their daily practices even on a subconscious level; furthermore, their status of "chuzai" emphasizes the importance of keeping up their children's academic skills with the Japanese standard. At the same time, they also consider this short-term stay in the U.S. as an advantage in terms of providing new experiences and an opportunity for their children to learn English. The findings indicate that parents' imagined communities for their children's future have a great impact on their current investment (Norton Peirce, 2000). "Chuzai" families envision their future lives in Japan because they plan to return eventually, thus affecting their hopes for their children to be successful while readapting to schools in their home country. In this regard, Japanese Saturday school plays a crucial role as support for preparing children for their return to Japan regarding academic and social skills. In addition to the importance of becoming successful in Japan, parents also believe that the experience in the U.S. and English skills broaden their children's future in a global economy. The ELL program at the local school helps children in terms of learning English in order for them to be able to manage school life in the U.S. This study suggests that parental perspectives influence their children's education, and it is important for educators to understand the students' backgrounds and needs in order to provide appropriate education.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:18:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilviaTeske.pdf: 2006816 bytes, checksum: 1f1bb3d3bb116a89534c2b99a5546f2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research reflects my developed artistic procedures with the goal of bringing the fiction concept as a presence on the road relevant to the act of writing the life, here I propose dislocating from the real focus to the imagined one. I tried to reflect a fiction concept that takes place by means of selection, subtraction, filtering or extraction of photographic material related to my life story, adding the use of the word as artistic material that by touching the images brings a discursive practice where at the same time it reveals, reinvents the official story. I use as procedure the idea of writing out as an act of revision of what has been lived, searching for autonomy in the choice of what I write about life, of which fiction I want to keep, modify or invent. Dealing with authors such as Michel Foucault and the concept of heterotopias, Michel Leiris about the tangency, and Walter Benjamin about the allegories, I tried to reflect issues of contemporary photography and its potential as a material of appropriation, also making use of specific theorists, such as Philippe Dubois, Rosalind Krauss and Andre Rouille. Having also as company artists working with autobiographical issues it was possible to revisit the obvious to look at it with distrust and suspicion throwing myself into the boundless abyss, the unofficial draft of life / Esta pesquisa reflete meus procedimentos artísticos desenvolvidos com o objetivo de trazer o conceito de ficção como uma presença em trânsito pertinente ao ato de escrever a vida, que aqui proponho deslocar do foco do real para o imaginado. Busquei refletir um conceito de ficção que se dá por meio da seleção, subtração, filtragem ou extração de material fotográfico referente à minha história de vida, acrescido da utilização da palavra como material artístico que, ao tangenciar as imagens, traz uma prática discursiva que, do mesmo modo que revela, reinventa a história oficial. Utilizo como procedimento a ideia de passar-a-limpo , vendo-o como um ato de revisão do vivido, procurando uma autonomia nas escolhas do que quero escrever sobre a vida, de qual ficção desejo manter, modificar ou inventar. Lidando com autores como Michel Foucault e o conceito de heterotopias, Michel Leiris acerca da tangência, e Walter Benjamin sobre as alegorias, busquei refletir questões da fotografia contemporânea e seu potencial enquanto material de apropriação, recorrendo também a teóricos específicos dessa área, tais como Phillipe Dubois, Rosalind Krauss e André Rouillé. Tendo, ainda, como companhia artistas que trabalham com questões autobiográficas foi possível revisitar o óbvio para olhá-lo com desconfiança e suspeita e atirar-se ao abismo dos sem fronteiras, ao rascunho da vida não oficial

Esta pesquisa, que aborda jornalismo de revista e leitura, constrói o conceito de leitor imaginado e propõe um mapa metodológico para que os pesquisadores possam localizar e compreender este leitor imaginado. Partindo da perspectiva interacionista, compreendemos a leitura como um fenômeno de negociação de sentidos que é constitutivo do jornalismo. Na primeira parte da tese, exploramos o campo da leitura em relação ao quadro teórico do discurso para propor a definição conceitual do leitor imaginado. A figura do leitor imaginado se elabora como uma “posição”, inscrita no texto (verbal e não-verbal) de modo a permitir a negociação de sentidos entre autor e leitor real. Nessa perspectiva, autor e leitor real não lidam com um texto, mas com outro sujeito – o leitor imaginado –, mesmo que ele exista apenas como virtualidade. Na segunda parte do trabalho, investigamos o universo empírico das revistas e elaboramos um mapa metodológico, estabelecendo os indicadores que permitem ao pesquisador localizar, identificar e problematizar o leitor imaginado no jornalismo de revista. O mapa metodológico aponta que o pesquisador deverá observar três dimensões na conformação das publicações: 1) Dimensão Institucional; 2) Dimensão Publicitária; e 3) Dimensão Editorial. Cada uma dessas dimensões congrega particularidades, referidas como indicadores específicos que devem ser observados. Na Dimensão Institucional: a) os índices de segmentação; b) a publicidade de si; e c) os materiais promocionais. Na Dimensão Publicitária: a) os tipos de produtos; e b) os índices verbais e não-verbais sobre o leitor presentes nas peças publicitárias. Na Dimensão Editorial: a) o conteúdo jornalístico; b) a visualidade; e c) as manifestações do leitor explícito. / This research, which addresses magazine journalism and reading, develops the concept of the imagined reader and proposes a methodological guide so that researchers may locate and understand this imagined reader. From an interactionist perspective, we understand reading as a phenomenon of meaning negotiation which is constitutive of journalism. In the first part of the thesis, we explore the reading field on relation to the theoretical framework of discourse in order to propose a conceptual definition of the imagined reader. The form of the imagined reader is elaborated as a “position” inscribed in text (verbal and non-verbal) in a way that allows the negotiation of meanings between author and real reader. In this perspective, author and real reader don’t deal with a text, but with another subject – the imagined reader –, even if he exists only as a potentiality. In the second part, we investigate the empirical universe of magazines and elaborate a methodological guide, establishing indexes that allow the researcher to locate, identify and reflect upon the imagined reader in magazine journalism. The methodological guide indicates that the researcher must observe three dimensions of the conformation of magazines: 1) Institutional Dimension; 2) Advertising Dimension; and 3) Editorial Dimension. Each one of these dimensions congregates particularities, referred as specific indexes that must be observed. In Institutional Dimension: a) indexes of segmentation; b) advertising of itself; and c) promotional materials. In Advertising Dimension: a) types of products; and b) verbal and non-verbal indexes about the reader present in advertisements. In Editorial Dimension: a) journalistic content; b) visuality; and c) manifestations of the explicit reader.

Esta pesquisa, que aborda jornalismo de revista e leitura, constrói o conceito de leitor imaginado e propõe um mapa metodológico para que os pesquisadores possam localizar e compreender este leitor imaginado. Partindo da perspectiva interacionista, compreendemos a leitura como um fenômeno de negociação de sentidos que é constitutivo do jornalismo. Na primeira parte da tese, exploramos o campo da leitura em relação ao quadro teórico do discurso para propor a definição conceitual do leitor imaginado. A figura do leitor imaginado se elabora como uma “posição”, inscrita no texto (verbal e não-verbal) de modo a permitir a negociação de sentidos entre autor e leitor real. Nessa perspectiva, autor e leitor real não lidam com um texto, mas com outro sujeito – o leitor imaginado –, mesmo que ele exista apenas como virtualidade. Na segunda parte do trabalho, investigamos o universo empírico das revistas e elaboramos um mapa metodológico, estabelecendo os indicadores que permitem ao pesquisador localizar, identificar e problematizar o leitor imaginado no jornalismo de revista. O mapa metodológico aponta que o pesquisador deverá observar três dimensões na conformação das publicações: 1) Dimensão Institucional; 2) Dimensão Publicitária; e 3) Dimensão Editorial. Cada uma dessas dimensões congrega particularidades, referidas como indicadores específicos que devem ser observados. Na Dimensão Institucional: a) os índices de segmentação; b) a publicidade de si; e c) os materiais promocionais. Na Dimensão Publicitária: a) os tipos de produtos; e b) os índices verbais e não-verbais sobre o leitor presentes nas peças publicitárias. Na Dimensão Editorial: a) o conteúdo jornalístico; b) a visualidade; e c) as manifestações do leitor explícito. / This research, which addresses magazine journalism and reading, develops the concept of the imagined reader and proposes a methodological guide so that researchers may locate and understand this imagined reader. From an interactionist perspective, we understand reading as a phenomenon of meaning negotiation which is constitutive of journalism. In the first part of the thesis, we explore the reading field on relation to the theoretical framework of discourse in order to propose a conceptual definition of the imagined reader. The form of the imagined reader is elaborated as a “position” inscribed in text (verbal and non-verbal) in a way that allows the negotiation of meanings between author and real reader. In this perspective, author and real reader don’t deal with a text, but with another subject – the imagined reader –, even if he exists only as a potentiality. In the second part, we investigate the empirical universe of magazines and elaborate a methodological guide, establishing indexes that allow the researcher to locate, identify and reflect upon the imagined reader in magazine journalism. The methodological guide indicates that the researcher must observe three dimensions of the conformation of magazines: 1) Institutional Dimension; 2) Advertising Dimension; and 3) Editorial Dimension. Each one of these dimensions congregates particularities, referred as specific indexes that must be observed. In Institutional Dimension: a) indexes of segmentation; b) advertising of itself; and c) promotional materials. In Advertising Dimension: a) types of products; and b) verbal and non-verbal indexes about the reader present in advertisements. In Editorial Dimension: a) journalistic content; b) visuality; and c) manifestations of the explicit reader.

Esta tese investiga o estilo no futebol como fenômeno de significação, argumentando que o comentário ao jogo funciona como tradução do que se vê em campo. Entendemos que os estilos, em geral associados a nações, só existem pelo olhar subjetivo coletivo dos observadores (comentaristas e aficionados, mas também, por reverberação, da parcela não torcedora de uma comunidade), os quais traduzem o estilo a cada partida, a cada acontecimento futebolístico na história. Essas práticas discursivas, por sua vez, se concretizam no que chamamos narrativas do estilo produto da tradução do que Dominique Maingueneau classifica como o discurso primeiro do futebol no discurso segundo dos observadores, acumulado sistematicamente na língua literária que, segundo Benedict Anderson, reúne comunidades imaginadas nacionais em torno de jornais (mas este trabalho considera a hipótese de que outras mídias também sirvam como esse ponto de encontro) e romances, ou seja, no chão comum das narrativas impressas. Dois estudos de caso ilustram nossa argumentação teórica, ambos baseados na análise de textos de jornais: a partir de relatos sobre turnês de clubes britânicos a Buenos Aires nos anos 1920, investigamos a construção do que Richard Giulianotti conceitua como uma oposição sintática entre as comunidades nacionais de Inglaterra e Argentina; num segundo momento, buscamos as variações semânticas, ainda nos termos de Giulianotti, envolvendo comunidades locais/regionais em sua relação com a nação em foco, o Arsenal de Londres e, novamente, a comunidade imaginada inglesa. O futebol, concluímos, só ganha sentido pleno numa sequência narrativa midiática e enraizada historicamente. As narrativas do estilo constroem um enredo comum espécie de folhetim permanente e amálgama das identidades comunitárias. Por essa tendência à folhetinização, tanto na forma (simbiose com o veículo, a mídia) quanto no conteúdo (o acontecimento como matéria-prima fundamental), o futebol, sugerimos por fim, está para a cultura dos modernos esportes de competição como o romance também derivado do folhetim para a cultura literária, ambos como linguagens traduzíveis em narrativas e estilos / This thesis investigates the style in football as a signifying phenomenon, arguing that the language of the game translates into the commentary on what is seen on the pitch. We consider that the styles, generally associated with nations, only exist by the observers collective and subjective interpretations. These observers (commentators and fans, but also the non-fan part of a community) translate the style by the event match by match in football history. These discursive practices, in turn, take the form of what we call narratives of style, in a process that Dominique Maingueneau ranks as a translation of the primary discourse of football into the secondary discourse of the observers, systematically accumulated in the literary language which, according to Benedict Anderson, brings together national imagined communities around newspapers (but this thesis considers the hypothesis that other media might also play the same role) and novels, i.e., the common ground of printed narratives. Two case studies illustrate our theoretical arguments, both based on the analysis of press reports: firstly, from the tours British clubs took in Buenos Aires in the 1920s, investigating the construction of what Richard Giulianotti sees as a syntactic opposition between the national communities of England and Argentina; subsequently, we seek the semantic variations, still in Giulianottis terms, involving local/regional communities in their relationship with the nation and focusing on the Arsenal, from North London, and again the English imagined community. Football, we conclude, only reaches its full meaning as historically rooted media narratives. The narratives of style form this serialized and permanently renewed story that amalgamates community identities. Footballs form (in symbiosis with the media) and content (the event as a basic source of storytelling), we would like to argue at last, suggests that the game works for the culture of modern competitive sports as the novel also originally derived from serialized stories published in newspapers does for the literary culture at large, both of them languages translatable into narratives and styles